枯水期鄱阳湖及其滨湖水体氮磷等污染物分布与藻华风险研究

在以往研究重点关注鄱阳湖主湖区水生态环境基础上,在枯水期对鄱阳湖及其滨湖水体等鄱阳湖邻近污染汇湖网络进行了氮磷等主要营养物质及浮游植物调查,并从全局角度对结果进行了主成分分析评价和藻华成因Pearson相关分析,为系统全面评估鄱阳湖整体水环境污染状况及藻华风险预警提供科学依据。得出主要结论如下:枯水期鄱阳湖及周边水体的营养盐浓度普遍偏高,如藻华关键指标因子总磷主湖区平均达到0.22 mg·L-1,"五河"平均为0.12 mg·L-1,鄱阳湖主湖区营养盐浓度如总氮和总磷总体呈现南高北低分布,如总磷南部平均0.29 mg·L-1,北部0.14 mg·L-1,可能主要受南部受污染较重的入湖支流赣江和饶河污染输入影响。主成分分析结果表明,枯水期湖泊型水体水质主要受总磷、总氮、温度及p H影响,上述指标值越高,主成分分析的水质评价结果越差;河流型水体则主要受总氮、氨氮、温度、p H和透明度影响。滨湖湖泊中柘林湖水质良好,对修河和鄱阳湖水质起较好的促进作用,入湖河流的中小河流如博阳河水质较"五河"水质好,"五河"中赣江和饶河污染尤为严重。枯水期鄱阳湖和艾溪湖均发生了蓝藻水华,微囊藻是鄱阳湖蓝藻水华的绝对优势种。对鄱阳湖蓝藻水华区水体毒素分析表明,其水体溶解性微囊藻毒素浓度达到了1.60μg·L-1,其中MC-RR占蓝藻毒素总量的92.6%,MC-LR占5.2%,MC-YR占0.8%,其它类型毒素异构体约占1.4%,总体毒害风险尚不高。对数据进行相关分析表明,秋季高温气候、湖区高浓度的氮和有机物污染可能是该区域湖泊藻类增殖和水华暴发的主要成因。     

保定市日间、夜间大气PM_(2.5)中无机组分的特征及来源分析

以超声萃取/ICP-MS、微波消解/IC(离子色谱)检测技术对保定市(2016年1—4月)PM_(2.5)样品上的水溶性离子、无机元素等无机成分进行分析,并通过PM_(2.5)质量浓度、水溶性离子含量、无机元素相关性等对PM_(2.5)上无机污染物来源进行解析.结果发现:水溶性离子12种,占PM_(2.5)质量60%以上;除NO-2外,所有水溶性离子夜间浓度高于日间,其中NO-3的夜间最低浓度是日间的12倍,SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+的夜间浓度也是日间的近2倍,此外所有样品中二次离子NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+含量最高,分别占水溶性离子的21.1%—60.5%、16.9%—40.0%、2.0%—24.1%;无机元素34种,其中重金属元素12种,其余为地壳、稀有金属及放射性元素,其中除地壳元素日间浓度高于夜间外大部分无机元素夜间浓度高于日间.5种有毒元素中,As超标率大于60%,Pb、Hg均未超出国家环境空气质量标准限值.总Cr日夜浓度分别为2.6—9.0、3.2—12.9 ng·m~(-3),超标率也大于60%.结果显示保定市大气PM_(2.5)上水溶性离子主要来源于机动车尾气排放,其次为燃煤,生物质燃烧及烹饪也有一定的贡献;无机元素主要来源于建筑及土壤扬尘,其次为燃煤及机动车等排放.     

北京北部水源地水化学特征及硫同位素变化

分析了北京市北部水源地所在流域丰水期和枯水期的水化学特征和硫同位素变化.结果表明,研究区地表水pH值呈弱碱性,水化学组成以HCO3-和Ca2+为主,Mg2+和SO24-次之.通过对主离子组成的分析,发现研究区水化学特征的主要控制因素是岩石风化,其中绝大部分是受碳酸盐岩的影响.研究区内δ34S值在4.9‰—10.7‰之间,平均值为7.9‰,其中密云水库库区及潮河、白河δ34S平均值分别为8.7‰、6.0‰、8.2‰.研究区内SO24-离子浓度与δ34S值在一定程度上呈负相关,SO24-离子浓度十分集中,降水中的SO24-离子浓度很低,而δ34S值较高.根据质量守恒原理计算出硫元素来源于硫酸盐岩的溶解比例为30.72%—42.47%;来源于硫化物氧化的比例为21.74%—33.49%;来源于大气输入的比例为35.77%.     

河西走廊东段大气降水特征及水汽来源分析

通过连续收集降水样品对河西走廊东段大气降水特征及水汽来源进行研究,运用相关分析、因子分析、富集因子和HYSPLIT模型,探讨2013年7月3日—2014年7月3日河西走廊东段降水常量离子的化学特征,结果表明,河西走廊东段p H值介于6.86—8.71,降水样品的电导率分布在78.42—502.50μS·cm-1之间.Ca~(2+)、Na~+、Cl~-、NO-3和SO_4~(2-)是降水中的主要离子,Ca~(2+)和Na+的浓度占阳离子总浓度的77.43%,而Cl-、NO-3和SO_4~(2-)占阴离子总浓度的99.12%,降水中阳离子浓度的大小顺序为Ca~(2+)Na+NH_4~+K+Mg~(2+),降水中阴离子浓度的大小顺序为SO_4~(2-)NO-3Cl-NO_2~-F-;夏季大气降水中总离子浓度最低(50.61 ueq·L-1),而冬、春两季浓度较高,且春季最高(115.45 ueq·L-1);而单个降水离子的最高浓度却多出现在3—7月份;河西走廊东段的降水离子主要受陆源以及工农业生产和人类活动控制,海盐离子的影响极小.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地纵向沙垄区沙尘水溶性离子的垂直分布

文章分析了2014年9—10月期间3场沙尘天气过程塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中大气环境观测试验站80 m梯度观测塔7个高度沙尘样品的水溶性离子分布.结果表明,各高度主要离子成分为Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、Na~+、Ca~(2+),4种离子浓度之和占总浓度的比例均高达91%以上.水溶性离子的相对含量较低,各高度水溶性离子质量之和在粒子总质量中的含量均不足2%.水溶性离子浓度随高度的变化趋势为:16 m以下,随着高度升高,水溶性离子浓度呈下降趋势;24 m处所有水溶性离子浓度迅速增大达到峰值,水溶性离子浓度波动较大;24—80 m随着高度升高,水溶性离子浓度整体上呈下降趋势,但9月10日水溶性离子浓度在63 m有略微的增大趋势.水溶性离子在沙尘中的结合形式为NaCl、CaSO_4、Na_2SO_4以及少量的CaCl_2、K_2SO_4和KCl等.     

鄱阳湖流域参考作物蒸散量变化特征及其归因分析

为分析气候变化下鄱阳湖流域参考作物蒸散量(ET_0)的变化特征及其影响因子,利用鄱阳湖流域13个气象站1960—2014年逐日气象观测资料和Penman-Monteith公式计算ET_0,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验、累积距平、敏感曲线和线性回归等方法分析了鄱阳湖流域ET_0变化特征及主要气象因子对年ET_0变化的贡献。结果表明:鄱阳湖流域多年平均ET_0为1 054.1 mm,从南至北呈减少趋势,但总体相差不大;年内季节性差异明显,夏季ET_0为冬季的3.53倍。近55年来,鄱阳湖流域ET_0除春季呈上升趋势外,其他季节均呈下降趋势,其中夏季呈显著下降趋势(P0.01);流域年ET_0总体呈显著下降趋势(P0.01),其年均速率为~(-1).09 mm·a~(-1),其中,气温对ET_0的影响为0.55 mm·a~(-1),相对湿度对ET_0的影响为0.47 mm·a~(-1),风速对ET_0的影响为~(-1).27 mm·a~(-1),年日照数对ET_0的影响为-0.83 mm·a~(-1)。因此,日照时数和风速的减少是引起鄱阳湖流域ET_0下降的主要原因。鄱阳湖流域年ET_0变化对相对湿度、平均气温、日照时数、风速等气象因子变化响应强度依次减弱。该研究对于开展气候变化对鄱阳湖流域水资源影响评估具有一定的科学意义和应用价值。     

新疆伊犁喀什河流域地表水水化学特征及控制因素

利用2019年1月至7月伊犁喀什河流域的水化学测试数据,采用Piper三线图、相关性分析、Gibbs模型等方法,分析喀什河流域的地表水水化学特征及其控制因素,并对其物质来源进行探讨.结果 表明,喀什河流域地表水呈弱碱性(7.77≤pH≤8.16),TDS介于184.8-588.12 mg.L-1之间,其浓度均值(243.48 mg.L-1)低于世界半干旱区地表水TDS的均值(370 mg·L-1),同时低于干旱区地表水TDS的均值(440 mg·L-1),但高于世界河流的均值(115 mg·L-1);阳离子以Ca2+为主,HCO3-为其主要阴离子,两者分别占其相应离子总量的82.8％和82.6％;研究区主要离子浓度总体随海拔升高而降低,主要原因是高海拔流域冰雪融水占比高;水化学类型以HCO3-Ca·Mg和HCO3-Ca型为主;地表水主要离子受岩石风化作用和阳离子交换作用的影响,主要离子来源于碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩的风化溶解,HCO3-、Mg2+、Ca2+与SO42-主要来自白云岩等碳酸岩盐的风化溶解,Na+与K+主要来自长石类硅酸盐岩的风化溶解,人类活动对离子组分的影响较弱.     

长江嘉陵江重庆段多环芳烃的分布特征和来源辨析

2014年7月,采集长江嘉陵江重庆段9个断面的地表水和沉积物样品,检测15种多环芳烃(PAHs)含量.结果表明,地表水的∑PAHs浓度范围为65.6—1249 ng·L~(-1),沉积物中∑PAHs浓度范围为68.6—4226 ng·g~(-1),与其历史浓度水平相当;聚类分析表明,化工园区对其下游PAHs分布有一定影响,园区下游地表水和沉积物∑PAHs浓度最高.两江汇流前,地表水4环PAHs占总量的43.63%—61.68%;两江汇流后,2环比例增加,占总量的29.01%—68.72%;沉积物4环PAHs占总量的26.62%—48.74%.在顺流方向,地表水中河左∑PAHs浓度高于河中和河右,沉积物中∑PAHs浓度横向无明显差别,其中化工园区下游可能是受左岸工业影响,地表水中河左∑PAHs浓度是河中、河右的12倍和7倍,沉积物中河左∑PAHs浓度是河右的7倍.环数组成、分子比值和主成分分析表明研究区域地表水PAHs来源主要为木材、煤燃烧源,同时还包括石油燃烧和石油泄漏,沉积物则主要为木材、煤高温燃烧源.     

气溶胶水溶性无机物及有机物的离子色谱测定

利用离子色谱技术同时测定大气气溶胶中的水溶性有机物 (WSOC)与各种无机成分 ,检测出 1 2种无机离子 (F- ,Cl- ,NO-2 ,NO-3 ,SO2 -3 ,SO2 -4 ,PO3-4 ,Na ,NH 4,K ,Mg2 ,Ca2 )及 7种WSOC (甲酸、乙酸、甲磺酸、乙二酸、丙二酸、丁二酸、戊二酸 ) .该方法对无机离子的线性范围为 0 0 1— 1 0 0 0 μg·m- 3,有机物的线性范围为 0 0 0 5—1 0 μg·m- 3,相关系数除NH 4以外均高于 99 9% ,最低检测限为 0 0 0 0 1— 0 0 0 0 5 μg·m- 3,相对标准偏差为 0 43— 1 32 % .利用该技术 ,对北京市 2 0 0 1— 2 0 0 2年度大气PM2 5中水溶性物种的浓度水平进行了测定 .结果表明 ,北京市PM2 5中主要的水溶性组分为SO2 -4 ,NO-3 和NH 4,其浓度水平分别为 1 1 1 ,7 8和 6 2 μg·m- 3,各占PM2 5 质量的 1 0 6% ,7 4%及5 7% ,而WSOC的浓度水平为 0 0 1 1— 0 1 1 8μg·m- 3,占PM2 5质量浓度的 0 0 1— 0 1 % ,其中 ,乙二酸的浓度最高 ,其次为乙酸、丁二酸 ,丙二酸等 .     

赣江水系水化学时空特征及影响因素

为研究赣江水系水化学的时空特征,于2015年1月、7月采集干流与主要支流水样37个,测定了水体离子浓度.结果表明,各离子浓度排序为:阳离子Ca~(2+)Na~+K~+Mg~(2+)NH_4~+,阴离子HCO_3~-SO_4~(2-)Cl~-,水化学类型为HCO_3-Ca型且为弱矿化度水,枯水期离子浓度显著高于丰水期.基于各采样点离子浓度聚类分析结果,将赣江流域在空间上分为3个区域,A1(桃江、袁水和锦江流域)、A2(琴江、梅江、平江、恩江、泸水流域),A3(A1和A2以外的赣江流域).3个区域的总溶解固体(TDS)大小顺序为:A1A3A2.从自然因素看,赣江流域的水化学组成主要受到岩石溶滤作用的影响,枯水期A3蒸发作用较明显.受工业和采矿废水影响,A1的NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-、Na~+含量最高,同时酸性废水的排放促进了溶滤作用,Ca~(2+)浓度也最高;A3受城市生活污水的排放影响明显,Cl~-、Na~+含量较高;A2的各离子浓度最小,水化学组分主要受到岩石溶滤的作用.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.