铜陵铜矿尾矿理化性质的变化对植被重建的影响

通过野外调查和室内分析,对铜陵不同弃置堆放时间的铜矿尾矿的理化性质及植被定大状况进行了研究。结果表明,随着堆放时间的推移,表层尾矿的稳定性增加,基质结构改善,持水肥能力提高,有机质,全氮,有效磷,速效钾,有效铜及水溶性盐类含量上升,ｐＨ值降低,有的到化现象。     

铜陵市铜尾矿土壤动物群落生态研究

对安徽省铜陵市铜尾矿地6种生境中土壤动物群落进行野外调查和室内分析，研究不同弃置堆放时间的铜尾矿地土壤的动物群落结构及其与尾矿基质理化性质、植被状况等生境条件之间的关系。结果表明，尾矿堆放时间、区位地貌和植被状况的不同，尾矿基质的理化性质发生变化，导致土壤动物的种类组成和数量分布具有明显差异。土壤动物在土体中的表聚性强，绝大部分集中分布于A层(0～5cm)；土壤的物理性质越稳定，土壤动物越丰富；土壤肥力越高，土壤动物越丰富多样。即尾矿地土壤的生境条件越优越，土壤动物群落的物种丰富度越大，个体数量分布越多，群落多样性越高。这些研究结论为尾矿区的生态修复和可持续利用提供了参考依据。     

植被恢复的生态效应研究进展

植被在水土保持、水源涵养及生态系统的固碳过程中起着重要的作用。植被恢复是指运用生态学原理,通过保护现有植被、封山育林或营造人工林、灌、草植被,修复或重建被毁坏或被破坏的森林和其他自然生态系统,恢复其生物多样性及其生态系统功能。目前,植被的自然及人工恢复是改善脆弱生态系统及退化生态系统生态环境现状最有效的措施。植被在恢复过程中对地上植被生态系统,物种多样性的恢复有着重要影响,同时通过凋落物及根系的输入,可以有效改善地下生态系统,增加土壤的养分含量、改善土壤的物理结构、增加土壤生物的生物量及活性。文章以地上及地下生态系统为出发点,综述了植被恢复过程中自然及人工恢复过程中不同的植被类型、不同的恢复时间下植物物种组成和多样性、土壤理化性质及土壤微生物群落的变化。植被的自然及人工恢复在一定程度上均能增加植物物种的多样性,随着恢复年限的增加物种的组成发生改变且多样性呈增加趋势,但一些特殊环境下不当的人工恢复可造成植被演替向退化方向发展,降低生物多样性。不同的植被类型由于其生长方式的不同对土壤理化性质和土壤微生物的影响存在差异,随着恢复年限的增长,土壤理化指标及微生物学指标呈现先增加而后趋于平稳的状态。针对已有的研究进展,提出在未来的研究过程中,一方面应该增加更多的对比研究,对不同环境下,不同的恢复物种,不同的恢复方式进行更深入地探讨;另外一方面应增加不同尺度的研究,现有的研究多集中在样地尺度,未来应在更大尺度上进行分析;再者,地上及地下生态系统之间的相互关系及影响机理一直是土壤学科研究的热点,植被恢复过程中应增加更多该方面的机理研究。     

上饶市某铜矿废弃地土壤重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

以上饶某铜矿废弃地土壤为研究对象,共采集50份采场边坡废弃地土壤样品,对该铜矿区废弃地土壤重金属污染特征、来源及其对人体的健康风险进行探析,为矿山开采及废弃地重金属污染防治提供理论依据。使用原子吸收分光光度计测定Cu、Cd、Cr、Pb和Zn含量并对其理化性质进行测定,分析该铜矿废弃地重金属含量及其与理化性质之间的相关性。采用单因子指数法结合内梅罗综合指数法和健康风险评价模型对该矿区废弃地土壤重金属污染状况及人体健康风险进行评价。结果表明,该矿区土壤重金属中Cu和Cd均远超过国家土壤环境二级标准和江西省土壤背景值,Zn、Pb和Cr含量都超过江西省土壤背景值;Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu和Zn的变异系数分别为95%、98%、71%、60%和18%。聚类分析结果表明,Cd受理化性质的影响较为显著。主成分分析表明,土壤样品中的Cd受TN的影响较大,各重金属均受到理化性质的不同程度影响,且在不同的主成分上的比重各异,表明它们具有同源性。污染指数评价结果表明,5种重金属中Cu和Cd的污染最为严重,Cr的污染相对较轻。健康风险评价结果表明,5种重金属对成人和儿童产生的非致癌暴露风险值均为CrCdPbCuZn,其中Cr对周围居民所产生的健康风险不容忽视。     

川中丘陵区不同植被类型土壤理化性质及水文效应

为揭示紫色土区不同植被类型土壤理化性质和水文效应空间分布特征,测定官司河流域紫色土区柏木麻栎混交林(Cupressus funebris,Quercus acutissima)、柏木纯林、方竹林(Chimonobambusa quadrangularis)和农地4种植被类型土壤理化性质、土壤孔隙状况及水文特征.结果表明:(1)土壤有机碳含量表现为柏木麻栎混交林方竹林柏木纯林农地.柏木麻栎混交林土壤有机碳(18.04 g/kg)、全氮(1.51 g/kg)、全磷(1.49 g/kg)、全钾(53.1 g/kg)、速效氮(81.69 mg/kg)、速效磷(2.14 mg/kg)积累作用最好.(2)不同植被类型土壤容重均值表现为农地柏木纯林柏木麻栎混交林方竹林,随土层加深,4种植被类型容重变化规律不同,其中农地增加幅度最大,为9.34%.(3)0-100 cm土层自然含水量、毛管持水量、最大持水量、含蓄降水量均表现为柏木麻栎混交林最高,田间持水量表现为农地最高.随着土层加深,不同植被类型水文效应规律变化差异较大.综上所述,不同植被类型不同土层深度土壤理化性质和水文效应特征差异显著,柏木麻栎混交林较柏木纯林更适宜在研究区推广种植,方竹林对该区土壤状况适应性较好,结果可为川中丘陵区紫色土人工林经营管理、生态环境恢复及水源涵养功能评价提供理论依据.(图2表4参30)     

火力发电厂灰渣场地理化性质对植物生长的影响

经实地考察分析，对芜湖火力发电厂灰渣场地理化性质和植物生长的关系进行了研究。结果表明，芜湖发电厂灰渣汤地自然定居的植物仅30种，大部分定居物种适于风力传播的繁殖体，它和渣汤周边的植物繁殖体源有重要关系。灰渣汤地理性质不良，养分不平衡而贫癠和重金属浓度过高是限制植物定居的主要因素。     

火力发电厂灰渣场地理化性质对植物生长的影响

经实地考察分析 ,对芜湖火力发电厂灰渣场地理化性质和植物生长的关系进行了研究。结果表明 ,芜湖发电厂灰渣场地自然定居的植物仅 30种 ,大部分定居物种是适于风力传播的繁殖体 ,它和渣场周边的植物繁殖体源有重要关系。灰渣场地物理性质不良、养分不平衡而贫瘠和重金属浓度过高是限制植物定居的主要因素。     

稀土矿废弃地不同植被恢复模式对土壤肥力的影响

以2007年在长汀稀土废弃地建立的不同植被恢复模式为研究对象,于2012年通过对不同模式下土壤的理化性质分析,筛选出南方离子型稀土矿开采废弃地最佳植被恢复模式。植被恢复模式主要采用适应能力强的乡土植物(宽叶雀稗Paspalum wettsteinii、胡枝子Lespedeza bicolor、木荷Schima superba、枫香Liquidambar formosana、火力楠Michelia macclurei、山杜英Elaeocarpus sylvestris、油茶Camellia oleifera),按草-灌-乔方式不同配置模式进行植被恢复。2012年在长汀稀土废弃地的堆积池和取土场两个功能区每个试验地上,布设10个10 m×10 m样方,分析土壤理化性质,同时在每块试验地上使用10cm×10 cm×10 cm白铁盒采集5个样品,用于分析土壤水稳定团聚体。采用隶属函数综合评判法对各种植被恢复模式进行土壤肥力评价。研究结果表明:取土场与废弃堆中不同植被恢复模式土壤理化性质存在显著差异,取土场植被恢复后土壤p H值、容重降低,其余指标则表现出不同程度提高;废弃堆植被恢复后土壤理化性质变化与取土场略有不同,表现为土壤容重、水解性氮比对照地下降,其余指标有所提高。不同植被恢复模式的土壤肥力存在显著差异,"宽叶雀稗+胡枝子+木荷+枫香+山杜英"模式的肥力指数达0.544,是长汀稀土矿取土场较好的植被恢复模式,对土壤肥力的改良效果较好;"宽叶雀稗+胡枝子+木荷+枫香+巨桉"恢复模式的肥力指数达0.472,对废弃堆的土壤肥力改良效果较好。     

南岳森林土壤的研究-Ⅲ.土壤颗粒组成

本文介绍了南岳森林土壤颗粒组成状况及其与环境间的关系,以及土壤的颗粒组成状况对其理化性质的影响。研究表明,南岳土壤质地主要为粉壤土、面砂土和壤粘土等。土壤质地的差异主要受植被类型、植物生长状况、放牧严重与否的影响,其次是受坡度和气候条件的影响。土壤颗粒组成状况显著地影响土壤的速效磷、速效钾、浸水容重、吸湿率、烧失率、pH值等,对土壤紧实度、有机质、碱解氮也有一定的影响。     

相思谷尾矿8种定居植物对重金属吸收及富集特性

通过野外调查和室内实验,探讨铜陵市相思谷铜尾矿自然定居的芒(Miscanthus sinensis)、羊蹄(Rumex japonicus)、何首乌(Polygonum multiflorum)、苦荬菜(Ixeris denticulata)、荩草(Arthraxon hispidus)、1年蓬(Erigeron annuus)、小飞蓬(Conyza canadensis)、高粱泡(Rubus lambertianus)8种植物对重金属Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd吸收与富集特性,为铜尾矿废弃地植被恢复和重金属污染土壤的植物修复提供理论依据。结果表明:铜陵相思谷铜尾矿中全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质等营养成分均极显著低于对照的土壤(P0.01);铜尾矿中的重金属铜质量分数高达2 224.167 mg·kg-1,锌、镉等重金属极显著高于对照土壤的含量(P0.01),铅含量显著高于对照土壤的含量(P0.05)。相思谷铜尾矿营养成份低,重金属Cu含量过高是抑制植物定居的主要因子。通过对8种植物体内不同部位的重金属含量分析发现,8种植物对重金属的吸收主要集中在根部。地上部分重金属含量最高的植物为芒,其Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd质量分数分别为314.487、85.710、199.681、2.650 mg·kg-1。通过对转移系数和富集系数分析发现,芒对Cu、Pb和Cd的转移能力最强,分别为0.701、1.797和1.432,羊蹄对Zn的转移能力最强,为1.743。芒的地上部分对重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的富集系数均最高,分别为0.141、0.408、0.239、0.240;芒的地下部分对重金属Cu、Cd的富集系数最高,分别为0.202、0.168。因此,芒不仅可作为铜尾矿植被恢复的植物,同时也用于重金属污染土壤的修复植物。     

Environmental geochemistry of the abandoned Mamut Copper Mine (Sabah) Malaysia

The Mamut Copper Mine (MCM) located in Sabah (Malaysia) on Borneo Island was the only Cu–Au mine that operated in the country. During its operation (1975–1999), the mine produced 2.47 Mt of concentrate containing approximately 600,000 t of Cu, 45 t of Au and 294 t of Ag, and generated about 250 Mt of overburden and waste rocks and over 150 Mt of tailings, which were deposited at the 397 ha Lohan tailings storage facility, 15.8 km from the mine and 980 m lower in altitude. The MCM site presents challenges for environmental rehabilitation due to the presence of large volumes of sulphidic minerals wastes, the very high rainfall and the large volume of polluted mine pit water. This indicates that rehabilitation and treatment is costly, as for example, exceedingly large quantities of lime are needed for neutralisation of the acidic mine pit discharge. The MCM site has several unusual geochemical features on account of the concomitant occurrence of acid-forming sulphide porphyry rocks and alkaline serpentinite minerals, and unique biological features because of the very high plant diversity in its immediate surroundings. The site hence provides a valuable opportunity for researching natural acid neutralisation processes and mine rehabilitation in tropical areas. Today, the MCM site is surrounded by protected nature reserves (Kinabalu Park, a World Heritage Site, and Bukit Hampuan, a Class I Forest Reserve), and the environmental legacy prevents de-gazetting and inclusion in these protected area in the foreseeable future. This article presents a preliminary geochemical investigation of waste rocks, sediments, secondary precipitates, surface water chemistry and foliar elemental uptake in ferns, and discusses these results in light of their environmental significance for rehabilitation.     

铜尾矿对油菜生长和生理功能的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了铜陵铜尾矿对油菜生长和生理功能的影响.结果表明,油菜种子能在铜尾矿上萌发,但发芽率和发芽速率均小于正常土壤.尾矿能降低油菜叶绿素含量,而且对叶绿素a/b比值也有影响.在尾矿胁迫下,油菜叶片的细胞膜透性增加,硝酸还原酶活性降低,抗坏血酸含量下降,表明尾矿对油菜具有毒害作用.与对照相比,尾矿处理油菜根系表现为主根变短,侧根数减少,根系体积明显变小.尾矿能明显抑制油菜幼苗的根和茎叶生物量,降低根冠比.随着油菜的生长发育,尾矿的毒害作用更加明显.尾矿对油菜的影响最终反映在油菜的产量上.铜元素的毒害和尾矿的极端贫瘠是影响油菜生长的2个因素.成熟期油菜各器官铜含量大小依次为根＞茎叶＞籽粒,籽粒中铜含量与土壤和尾矿混合物中有效铜含量在α=0.01水平上显著正相关.     

Characterization of hard- and softwood biochars pyrolyzed at high temperature

A wide range of waste biomass/waste wood feedstocks abundantly available at mine sites provide the opportunity to produce biochars for cost-effective improvement of mine tailings and contaminated land at metal mines. In the present study, soft- and hardwood biochars derived from pine and jarrah woods at high temperature (700 °C) were characterized for their physiochemical properties including chemical components, electrical conductivity, pH, zeta potential, cation-exchange capacity (CEC), alkalinity, BET surface area and surface morphology. Evaluating and comparing these characteristics with available data from the literature have affirmed the strong dictation of precursor type on the physiochemical properties of the biochars. The pine and jarrah wood feedstocks are mainly different in their proportions of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, resulting in biochars with heterogeneous physiochemical properties. The hardwood jarrah biochar exhibits much higher microporosity, alkalinity and electrostatic capacity than the softwood pine. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis also show a good correlation between CEC–BET–alkalinity, and alkalinity–ash content. These comprehensive characterization and analysis results on biochars’ properties from feedstocks of hardwood (from forest land clearance at mine construction) and waste pine wood (from mining operations) will provide a good guide for tailoring biochar functionalities for remediating metal mine tailings. The relatively inert high-temperature biochars can be stored for a long term at mine closure after decades of operations.     

Geochemical fractionation of metals and metalloids in tailings and appraisal of environmental pollution in the abandoned Musina Copper Mine,South Africa

The economic benefits of mining industry have often overshadowed the serious challenges posed to the environments through huge volume of tailings generated and disposed in tailings dumps. Some of these challenges include the surface and groundwater contamination, dust, and inability to utilize the land for developmental purposes. The abandoned copper mine tailings in Musina (Limpopo province, South Africa) was investigated for particle size distribution, mineralogy, physicochemical properties using arrays of granulometric, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray fluorescence analyses. A modified Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential chemical extraction method followed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry/atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-MS/AES) technique was employed to assess bioavailability of metals. Principal component analysis was performed on the sequential extraction data to reveal different loadings and mobilities of metals in samples collected at various depths. The pH ranged between 7.5 and 8.5 (average?≈?8.0) indicating alkaline medium. Samples composed mostly of poorly grated sands (i.e. 50% fine sand) with an average permeability of about 387.6 m/s. Samples have SiO₂/Al₂O₃ and Na₂O/(Al₂O₃?+?SiO₂) ratios and low plastic index (i.e. PI?≈?2.79) suggesting non-plastic and very low dry strength. Major minerals were comprised of quartz, epidote, and chlorite while the order of relative abundance of minerals in minor quantities is plagioclase?>?muscovite?>?hornblende?>?calcite?>?haematite. The largest percentage of elements such as As, Cd and Cr was strongly bound to less extractable fractions. Results showed high concentration and easily extractable Cu in the Musina Copper Mine tailings, which indicates bioavailability and poses environmental risk and potential health risk of human exposure. Principal component analysis revealed Fe-oxide/hydroxides, carbonate and clay components, and copper ore process are controlling the elements distribution.     

Mine tailings composition in a historic site: implications for ecological restoration

Ecological restoration, using tolerant plant species and nutrient additions, is a low-cost option to decrease environmental risks associated with mine tailings. An attempt was previously made to establish such a vegetation cover on an abandoned tailings facility in Southern Ireland. Historically, the tailings site has been prone to dusting and is a potential source of contamination to the surrounding environment. The site was examined to determine the success of the previous restoration plan used to revegetate the site and to determine its suitability for further restoration. Three distinct floristic areas were identified (grassland, poor grassland and bare area) based on herbage compositions and elemental analysis. Surface and subsurface samples were taken to characterise tailings from within these areas of the tailings site. The pH of bare surface tailings (pH, 2.7) was significantly more acidic (p < 0.5) than in other areas. Additionally, negligible net neutralising potential resulted in the tailings being hostile to plant growth. Total metal concentrations in tailings were high (c. 10,000 mg kg^?1 for Pb and up to 20,000 mg kg^?1 for Zn). DTPA-extractable Zn and Pb were 16 and 11 % of the total amount, respectively. Metal content in grasses growing on some areas of the tailings were elevated and demonstrated the inability of the tailings to support sustainable plant growth. Due to the inherently hostile characteristics of these areas, future restoration work will employ capping with a barrier layer.     

农用污泥中铜的生态安全阈值研究

本论文采用污泥和土壤外源铜的活性差异系数法研究了农用污泥中铜的生态安全阈值。首先通过比较确定不同土壤条件下污泥中铜和水溶性铜的活性差异的系数,然后利用系数法得到相应土壤条件下污泥铜HC5值(即能够保护95%物种的浓度),并建立了土壤理化性质参数与污泥铜HC5值的量化关系和预测模型。最后与我国现行污泥农用标准值进行了比较,提出了修改建议。结果表明,土壤中来源污泥的铜活性均值约为来源水溶性盐的40%左右。土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)是影响土壤中污泥源铜的毒性的主控因子,可影响污泥铜HC5值变异的84.6%,而土壤pH值和有机碳含量(OC)分别可影响污泥铜HC5值变异的8.4%和1.8%。基于土壤pH、OC和CEC的三因子模型进行预测优于基于土壤pH和CEC的两因子模型,其相关性达到94.8%。与模型预测值相比,我国现行污泥农用标准GB4284-84与CJ/T309-2009中对铜限值的规定均存在着不同程度的保护不足或保护过度问题。     

Acid-forming capacity of lead–zinc mine tailings and its implications for mine rehabilitation

Acid mine drainage problems were experienced in a Pb–Zn mine operation at Lechang, in the northern part of Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China. Geochemical and acid generation evaluations were made on fresh tailings including tailings fine, tailings sand and high sulphide tailings, and oxidised tailings with the aim of providing information on mine rehabilitation. All fresh tailings had a pH higher than 7 while the oxidised tailings had a pH of 4.9 (range 1.6 to 7.4). Only samples with pH < 3 had an electrical conductivity (EC) > 4 dS m-1. Total S contents of all tailings samples were very high with the high sulphide fraction having a mean S content of 38%. All fresh tailings had a high acid neutralisation capacity (ANC) while half of the oxidised tailings had an ANC less than zero. The results from the acid–base account and the net acid generation test indicated that all fresh and oxidised tailings samples were acid-forming except for the sand fraction samples. All tailings samples contained high total concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn but low concentrations of total nitrogen and phosphorus. The preliminary results demonstrated that the tailings were all acid-forming especially the high sulphide fraction which should be kept permanently unexposed under impermeable cap or water.     

黄土露天矿区排土场重构土壤典型物理性质空间差异分析

土壤典型物理性质决定了土壤的肥力状况,同时也影响植物群落的生长。目前矿区复垦方面的研究大多为研究土壤物理性质的空间差异或是植被盖度对表层土壤物理性质的影响,很少有针对不同植被覆盖类型对重构土壤物理性质的影响的研究。运用描述性统计分析法、单因素方差分析法等方法研究平朔矿区重构土壤典型物理性质在水平及垂向方向的差异,并依照研究区植被生长状况进行分组,研究不同植被覆盖类型下的土壤物理性质差异。该研究旨在得到土壤性质及植被间的影响机理,对未来复垦工作的土壤重构及植被重建的提供指导。结果表明,(1)土壤典型物理性质在垂向上均属于弱变异,随着深度增加,复垦效果减弱。土壤容重及孔隙度存在层间显著差异,土壤容重随着土壤深度增加增大,土壤孔隙度随着土壤深度增加减小。(2)研究区重构土壤典型物理性质在水平方向均属于中等变异,随着深度减小,各性质的差异减小。(3)不同植被覆盖类型下的土壤容重和孔隙度在0-10 cm及20-60 cm深度存在显著差异,但在各土壤粒级含量上无显著差异。研究区分布最多的土质类型是壤土。乔木植被生长有助于土壤粒级的减小,草本植被对浅层土壤物理性质改良效果优于深层土壤。未来在进行植被重建工程时应适当根据实地土壤质地情况选择适宜植被。