流动注射在线萃取—火焰原子吸收光谱法测定人发中微量镉和铅

本文建立了一个流动注射在线萃取－火焰原子吸收测定人发中微量镉和铅的方法，对含Ｃｄ和Ｐｂ分别为０．０２μｇ／ｍｌ和０．２０μｇ／ｍｌ的溶液，其相对标准偏差分别为３．４％和３．８％（ｎ＝９），Ｃｄ和Ｐｂ的灵敏度分别提高２１倍和２３倍，分析速度达３６次／ｈ，Ｃｄ和Ｐｂ的回收率分别在８７．３％－９７．０％和９１．９％－１０７．３％之间，文中还详细研究了各种实验参数的选择，测定人发样的结果与文献值相符。     

甲基纤维素在重量法测土壤硅中的应用研究

在重量法测定土壤全硅中，用甲基纤维素作凝聚剂，试验结果表明，用该凝聚剂与动物胶作凝聚剂测定土壤全硅的结果基本一致。甲基纤维素法的回收率为９３．８％—１０８．３％，标准差为０．３０％，变异系数最大为０．８８％；动物胶法的回收率为９２．３％—１０５．３％．用两种方法测定同一样品，两者间的绝对相差最大只有０．５％；ｔ检验表明，ｔ＝０．３６１＜ｔ（０．０５）＝２．２０，差异极不显著．因此，甲基纤维素可作为重量法测土壤硅的凝聚剂．     

用全差示分光光度法对人发中锌含量的测定

本文提出了一个用全差示分光光度计测定人发中锌含量的方法。称取0.01—0.1g人发样品,用1％的洗涤剂浸泡0.5h,经洗净烘干,用氮酸,过氯酸(4:1)消解,并在pH7的醋酸-醋酸纳缓冲溶液中,以5-Br-PADAP-吐温-80进行显色,在全差示分光光度计上进行测定,取得了满意的结果。     

土壤和植物中硼酸的离子排斥色谱法分析研究

本文研究了用酒石酸－甘露醇作淋洗液，氢氧化钠作再生液测定土壤和植物中硼酸的离子排斥色谱条件。硼酸的检测限为０．０５ｍｇ／ｌ相对标准偏差１．８５％，样品测定回收率为１００±１０％。     

催化动力学光度法测定水中痕量亚硝酸根

基于亚硝酸根对溴酸钾氧化甲基紫的反应具有催化作用，建立了测定亚硝酸根的催化动力学光度法，研究了最佳测试条件，用于测定水样和标准样品中的亚硝酸根，获得满意结果，方法检出限为０．１６μｇ．５０ｍｌ＾－１，线性范围为０．２５－１２．０μｇ．６０ｍＬ＾－１，回收率在９０％－１０８％之间。     

原子吸收分光光度法测定植株中钙、镁的几种样品前处理方法的比较

本文比较了原子吸收分光光度法测定植株中钙、镁的三种样品前处理方法：干友化法、１ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＣｌ振荡提取法（振荡法）和１ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＣｌ静止浸泡提取法（浸泡法）．结果表明，振荡法和浸泡法对钙的测定结果平均分别为干灰化法的１０１％和９２．０％，对镁的测定结果平均分别为１０３％和９７．６％．振荡法和浸泡法与干灰化法之间不存在显著性差异（α＝０．０５），它们之间有极显著的正相关性（相关系数在０．９９以上）．因此，在大批量样品的常规分析中，１ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＣｌ提取法可代替干灰化法．     

同时测定人发中铜,铁,锌的分光光度法测定

本文提出了一种分光光度同时测定铜，铁，锌的新方法，在弱酸性介质及抗坏血酸和乳化剂ＯＰ存在下，以５－Ｂｒ－ＰＡＤＡＰ为显色剂，根据形成的配合光谱特征，选择５４５．５６６和７６０ｎｍ为测定波长，按系数倍率法和两波长标准加入法原理处理测量数据，直接测定了人发中铜，铁，锌的含量，结果满意。     

三氮的离子色谱法连续测定研究

本文首次提出用电导检测器和紫外检测器串联,对氮的三种形态(N-NO_2~-,N-NO_3~-,N-NH_4~+)进行连续测定;盐酸/甘氨酸作淋洗液,HPIC-CS_5作分离柱,建立了同时测定“三氮”灵敏的色谱方法,方法的线性相关系数大于0.999,各离子的相对标准偏差均小于0.5％,对样品的测定,回收率均在100％％+5％以内,与标准方法比较,结果颇为一致。     

溶出伏安法测定人发中硫

本文就人发中硫的测定条件、发样处理以及干扰实验进行了探讨,加入一定量的碘化钾可消除氯、溴、碘的干扰。本法简便,相对标准偏差小于3.0％。     

杉木林凋落物产量、分解率与储量的关系

在福建三明采用2种方法测定27a生杉木林的杉木叶和小枝凋落物的分解率．采用网袋法(孔径0．5mm尼龙网袋)测定的杉木叶和小枝凋落物残留率Olson指数模型的分解系数(k值)分别为0．7692a^-1和0．2501a^-1，相应的第1年的分解率分别为53．66％和22．13％；另一种测定矗值的方法较为准确，是通过计算凋落物年产量与地面凋落物储量的比值得到，采用该方法计算的杉木叶和小枝凋落物的矗值分别为1．788a^-1和0．8622a^-1，分别是网袋法测定值的2．32和3．54倍，相应的第1年的分解率分别为83．27％和57．78％，分别是网袋法测定值的1．55倍和2．61倍．采用后一种方法测定的凋落物分解率可以解决尼龙网袋法测定分解速率结果偏低的问题．     

Environmental contamination and risk assessment of mercury from a historic mercury mine located in southwestern China

A field survey of mercury pollution in environmental media and human hair samples obtained from residents living in the area surrounding the Chatian mercury mine (CMM) of southwestern China was conducted to evaluate the health risks of mercury to local residents. The results showed that mine waste, and tailings in particular, contained high levels of mercury and that the maximum mercury concentration was 88.50 μg g^?1. Elevated mercury levels were also found in local surface water, paddy soil, and paddy grain, which may cause severe health problems. The mercury concentration of hair samples from the inhabitants of the CMM exceeded 1.0 μg g^?1, which is the limit recommended by the US EPA. Mercury concentrations in paddy soil were positively correlated with mercury concentrations in paddy roots, stalks, and paddy grains, which suggested that paddy soil was the major source of mercury in paddy plant tissue. The average daily dose (ADD) of mercury for local adults and preschool children via oral exposure reached 0.241 and 0.624 μg kg^?1 body weight per day, respectively, which is approaching or exceeds the provisional tolerable daily intake. Among the three oral exposure routes, the greatest contributor to the ADD of mercury was the ingestion of rice grain. Open-stacked mine tailings have resulted in heavy mercury contamination in the surrounding soil, and the depth of appreciable soil mercury concentrations exceeded 100 cm.     

人发铅、锌含量的研究

从山西省临汾市及其效区，收集了1518份健康人的头发样品（年龄从新生儿到70岁），用原子吸收光谱法测定其锌（Zn)和铅（Pb）的含量，结果表明：女性头发中锌的含量高于男性，而男性头发中铅的含量高于女性，从婴儿组（＜1岁）到青春发育组（15－19岁），发锌含量随着年龄的增长而增加，从青春发育组到老年组（61－70岁），发锌含量随着年龄的增长而降低，新生儿头发中含铅量量低，从新生儿到幼儿期91－2岁），发铅含量随着年龄的增长而增加，从幼儿期开始，随着年龄增长，发铅含量不断下降，这些结果意味着，人体中铅与锌可能是相互拮抗的，结果还表明，城市居民（除新生儿外）的发铅含量高于郊区居民的发铅含量，然而，城市和郊区居民的发锌含量未见差异。     

锑矿区人发中铋的污染状况

采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法（HG-AFS）,对经过硝酸-高氯酸消解后的锡矿山矿区和贵阳市人体头发样品中重金属铋（Bi）含量进行分析。结果表明,锡矿山矿区和贵阳市人体头发中Bi的检出率分别为95.5%、22.7%,矿区居民人体头发中Bi含量显著高于作为对照的贵阳市居民人体头发中的Bi含量。锡矿山矿区男性和女性居民人发中Bi质量分数范围分别为0.0079～0.1842μg？g-1、0.0080～0.1403μg？g-1,平均值（中位数）分别为0.0480（0.0280）μg？g-1、0.0482（0.0397）μg？g-1,矿区较高的人发Bi含量主要集中在30～49岁的中年人群中。通过独立样本t检验发现,锡矿山矿区男性和女性发样中Bi含量差异不显著（p〉0.05）。研究结果说明锑矿开采和冶炼区域重金属Bi对人体健康的危害明显比非矿区严重。     

Exposure profiles of mercury in human hair at a terai belt of North India

Human hair is frequently used as a bioindicator of mercury exposure. Mercury (Hg) has for centuries been a useful metal in a variety of applications. Unfortunately, this usefulness is counterbalanced by its neurotoxicological health impact. The US Environmental Protection Agency recommends keeping the hair Hg level <1.0 µg/g. Therefore, an investigation has been performed in order to ascertain the hair Hg levels among the people living at the terai belt of North India. Hair samples were collected from 111 individuals and were placed in an identified plastic bag, stapled to prevent the shift of the hair strand. Samples were analyzed by combustion, gold amalgamation, atomic absorption spectrometry (C-GA-AAS). The mean Hg level in hair was 0.28 µg/g for the whole group ranging from 0.0012 to 1.9091 µg/g. The mean hair Hg levels were 0.16 µg/g for men and 0.12 µg/g for women, indicating that men had higher hair Hg levels than women. Total hair Hg was found to be significantly associated with age, gender and fish consumption frequency. 98 % of the total sample had hair Hg concentrations less than 1.0 µg/g, i.e, within safe dose, whereas only 2 % had Hg concentrations greater than 1.0 µg/g, thereby exceeding the safe dose.

     

北京市场常见水产品中总汞、甲基汞分布特征及食用风险

以甲苯二次萃取-直接测汞的方法对北京市场常见水产品中的甲基汞进行分析测定,并评价了食用人群的暴露风险。分析样品包括大黄鱼（Pseudosciaena crocea）、虾（Penaeus chinensis）等9种常见海产品以及武昌鱼（Megalobrama amblycephala Yih）、鳙鱼（Aristichthys nobilis）2种淡水海产品。测定结果表明：海产品中总汞和甲基汞质量分数要远高于淡水鱼中的总汞和甲基汞质量分数,总汞绝大多数是以甲基汞的形式存在,所占比例从74.7%到96.0%不等;对其中3种鱼类的鱼体甲基汞分布研究表明：肌肉中的甲基汞质量分数最高,肝脏中次之,鱼鳃中质量分数最低。根据我国水产品甲基汞标准,本研究中水产品甲基汞质量分数均低于国家标准,但根据世界卫生组织（WHO）和美国环保署EPA颁布的甲基汞摄入量参考值,食用银鳕鱼等甲基汞质量分数相对较高的水产品仍然存在一定的风险,应注意限量。     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Size-dependent characterisation of historical gold mine wastes to examine human pathways of exposure to arsenic and other potentially toxic elements

Abandoned historical gold mining wastes often exist as geographically extensive, unremediated, and poorly contained deposits that contain elevated levels of As and other potentially toxic elements (PTEs). One of the key variables governing human exposure to PTEs in mine waste is particle size. By applying a size-resolved approach to mine waste characterisation, this study reports on the proportions of mine waste relevant to human exposure and mobility, as well as their corresponding PTE concentrations, in four distinct historical mine wastes from the gold province in Central Victoria, Australia. To the best of our knowledge, such a detailed investigation and comparison of historical mining wastes has not been conducted in this mining-affected region. Mass distribution analysis revealed notable proportions of waste material in the readily ingestible size fraction (≤250 µm; 36.1–75.6 %) and the dust size fraction (≤100 µm; 5.9–45.6 %), suggesting a high potential for human exposure and dust mobilisation. Common to all mine waste types were statistically significant inverse trends between particle size and levels of As and Zn. Enrichment of As in the finest investigated size fraction (≤53 µm) is of particular concern as these particles are highly susceptible to long-distance atmospheric transport. Human populations that reside in the prevailing wind direction from a mine waste deposit may be at risk of As exposure via inhalation and/or ingestion pathways. Enrichment of PTEs in the finer size fractions indicates that human health risk assessments based on bulk contaminant concentrations may underestimate potential exposure intensities.     

Environmental impact of noise levels in and around opencast bauxite mine

Until recently, noise pollution has not been paid adequate attention as air, water and land pollution. In order to assess (predict) the impact of bauxite mine noise on employees health and in and around bauxite mine environment, general noise sources and equipment noise were monitored. All these noise sources were compared with prescribed standard noise levels laid down by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Data has also been compared with reference site, north block hill top which is barren and virgin plateau/top covered with grass only and free from human interference. Equipment noise levels were much higher than the other zone of the mine which does not have the corresponding standards. Rock breaker recorded the highest noise level with 73.1 +/- 14.2 to 89.5 +/- 10.1 dB (A) while from ripper dozer it was least with 61.0 +/- 17.3 to 76.2 +/- 6.2 dB (A). Meteorological parameters did not have much influence upon equipment noise up to 100 feet from the source.     

海南岛儿童发钙量与土壤交换性钙关系的探讨

通过对海南岛上万名学龄前儿童头发钙含量以及所处地域农耕旱地土壤交换性钙的调查与分析发现：土壤钙与儿童头发钙含量呈极显著正相关;海南岛儿童头发钙均值低于国内其它地方的报道值;土壤环境钙含量的高低,能间接反映人体钙的营养状况。     

Biota as toxic metal indicators

Metal in the environment arises from both natural sources and human activities. Toxic metals in air, soil, and water have become a global problem. They are potential hazards to aquatic, animal, and human life because of their toxicity, bioaccumulative, and non-biodegradable nature. The major impacts of metal pollutants can be stated as ecosystem contamination and health problems of exposed human populations. Those problems have been a cause of increasing public concern throughout the world. Some trace metals are used by living organisms to stabilize protein structures, facilitate electron transfer reactions, and catalyze enzymatic reactions. But even metals that are biologically essential can be harmful to living organisms at high levels of exposure. An increasing concentration of heavy metals in the environment can modify mineral and enzyme functions of human beings. During the last two decades, the interest in using bioindicators as monitoring tools to assess environmental pollution with toxic metals has increased. Bioindicators are flora and fauna members, which are collected and analyzed to measure the levels of metal contaminants. Bioindicators therefore identify health hazards. Various living organisms, such as microbes, fungi, plants, animals, and humans, are used to monitor toxic metals from air, water, sediment, soil, and food chain. Here, we review recent bioindicators, toxicity assessment, and ecological effects.