甲基纤维素在重量法测土壤硅中的应用研究

在重量法测定土壤全硅中，用甲基纤维素作凝聚剂，试验结果表明，用该凝聚剂与动物胶作凝聚剂测定土壤全硅的结果基本一致。甲基纤维素法的回收率为９３．８％—１０８．３％，标准差为０．３０％，变异系数最大为０．８８％；动物胶法的回收率为９２．３％—１０５．３％．用两种方法测定同一样品，两者间的绝对相差最大只有０．５％；ｔ检验表明，ｔ＝０．３６１＜ｔ（０．０５）＝２．２０，差异极不显著．因此，甲基纤维素可作为重量法测土壤硅的凝聚剂．     

汞矿地区人发中甲基汞的气相色谱测定

本文采用气相色谱法测定人发中甲基汞，对人发的酸度，浸取时间，人发与酸液的比例，以及无机汞存在的影响作了测定和选择，方法的平均回收率９６．６％，精确度２．８％，方法可靠性用氢化物原子荧光法核对，结果一致，并对我国某矿区职工，儿童及产妇发样分析结果作了讨论。     

拮抗菌对黄瓜枯萎病菌的室内生物活性

测定了从沤肥浸渍液和土壤中分离并筛选得到对黄瓜枯萎病菌的室内生物活性的6个菌株，编号为94－I、94－Ⅱ、94－Ⅲ、96－Ⅰ和98－Ⅱ，测定其孢子悬浮培养16h时对黄瓜枯萎菌的抑制率分别为48．29％、0．00％、60．69％、39．28％、61．29％和72．32％，孢子和菌丝有的变畸形并产生大泡囊；平皿拮抗试验表明，其活体浓度为50％时对黄瓜枯萎病菌的抑制率最大分别为74．52％、83．27％、90．60％、88．59％、89．35％和94．30％；而其相同浓度高压蒸汽灭活后的代谢产物对黄瓜枯萎病菌的抑制率最大分别为33．215、52．22％、62．84％、46．57％、47．61％和70．34％。     

家畜沤肥浸渍液对青椒枯萎病的防治及作用机理

研究表明家畜沤肥浸渍液对青枯萎病具有显著防治效果，其中猪粪沤肥浸液在温室盆栽的防治效果为88．5％，马粪、牛粪沤肥浸渍液在温室盆栽的防治效果分别为56．6％和65．5％，作用机理研究结果表明，①三种沤肥浸渍液对青椒枯萎病菌的厚坦孢子、小孢子都具有强烈的溶菌作用。②沤肥微生物中具有对青椒枯萎病菌有强烈的拮抗作用的细菌。③沤肥浸渍液处理青椒后，β－1，3－葡聚糖酶，多酚氧化酶，苯丙氨酸转氨酶活性分别增高12．0％、367．0％和20．0％。④沤肥浸渍液处理青椒后，其植株高度、叶片厚度和叶脉直径均比对照有所增高。显示防病机理既有拮抗作用，又有诱导抗性作用。表5参12     

6种矿质元素对青菜中硝酸盐含量的影响

通过盆栽试验，研究了B、K、Mn、Mg、Zn、Co对青菜中硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明：增施硼酸钠后第20天，青菜硝酸盐含量比对照降低14．84％-19．56％；增施K、Mn、Mg、Zn、Co也能降低青菜硝酸盐含量。每盆增施0．1gZnSO4后第10天，青菜中硝酸盐含量比对照减少18．96％，每盆增施0．1gK2SO4后第20天，青菜中硝酸盐含量比对照减少21．42％；矿质元素的施用量对青菜硝酸盐含量影响较大。     

废矿堆中黄铁矿氧化控制新技术--有机盐包膜法

于３０℃时研究了有机盐包膜对湿润和干燥条件下经接氧化亚铁矿杆菌的黄铁矿氧化的控制作用，湿润下经有机盐包膜的矿石样品的氧化程度与对照相比下降了９７．８％；直接添加有机盐的下降了９６．４％，两种淋洗收集液中有关元素的浓度经ＩＣＰ测定明显低于对照。干燥下微生物未能发挥对黄铁矿的氧化作用，但经包膜后的样品与对照相比，氧化程度又下降了７５．２％，这些结果表明，有机盐包膜既有明显的抑制黄铁矿的化学氧化作用，又     

流动注射在线萃取—火焰原子吸收光谱法测定人发中微量镉和铅

本文建立了一个流动注射在线萃取－火焰原子吸收测定人发中微量镉和铅的方法，对含Ｃｄ和Ｐｂ分别为０．０２μｇ／ｍｌ和０．２０μｇ／ｍｌ的溶液，其相对标准偏差分别为３．４％和３．８％（ｎ＝９），Ｃｄ和Ｐｂ的灵敏度分别提高２１倍和２３倍，分析速度达３６次／ｈ，Ｃｄ和Ｐｂ的回收率分别在８７．３％－９７．０％和９１．９％－１０７．３％之间，文中还详细研究了各种实验参数的选择，测定人发样的结果与文献值相符。     

催化动力学光度法测定水中痕量亚硝酸根

基于亚硝酸根对溴酸钾氧化甲基紫的反应具有催化作用，建立了测定亚硝酸根的催化动力学光度法，研究了最佳测试条件，用于测定水样和标准样品中的亚硝酸根，获得满意结果，方法检出限为０．１６μｇ．５０ｍｌ＾－１，线性范围为０．２５－１２．０μｇ．６０ｍＬ＾－１，回收率在９０％－１０８％之间。     

土壤中残留苯磺隆的高效液相色谱分析

本文报道了一种固相萃取净化，高效液相色谱测定土壤中苯磺隆的残留分析方法，不同土壤的添加回收率平均为８３．３％，８６．３％，７７．２％，线性范围２．５５－５１０ｎｇ，利用本法分析苯磺隆，精确、简便、快速。     

杉木林凋落物产量、分解率与储量的关系

在福建三明采用2种方法测定27a生杉木林的杉木叶和小枝凋落物的分解率．采用网袋法(孔径0．5mm尼龙网袋)测定的杉木叶和小枝凋落物残留率Olson指数模型的分解系数(k值)分别为0．7692a^-1和0．2501a^-1，相应的第1年的分解率分别为53．66％和22．13％；另一种测定矗值的方法较为准确，是通过计算凋落物年产量与地面凋落物储量的比值得到，采用该方法计算的杉木叶和小枝凋落物的矗值分别为1．788a^-1和0．8622a^-1，分别是网袋法测定值的2．32和3．54倍，相应的第1年的分解率分别为83．27％和57．78％，分别是网袋法测定值的1．55倍和2．61倍．采用后一种方法测定的凋落物分解率可以解决尼龙网袋法测定分解速率结果偏低的问题．     

保水剂对番茄生长及水分利用效率的影响

在砂与木屑复合基质中加入不同用量的保水剂,测定基质物理性状,并进行不同水分处理条件下番茄盆栽试验,以研究保水剂对番茄生长及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:在每1 L基质分别加入1、2、4、8 g保水剂时,与对照(未加保水剂)相比,基质持水量分别增加16.35%、34.00%、61.29%和135.16%,容重分别降低3.61%、5.37%、9.42%和14.64%;在水分耗竭试验中,番茄萎蔫天数分别延长13.92%、22.79%、31.65%和45.5%,干物质量分别增加7.90%、21.60%、57.08%、179.50%,株高、叶片数、茎粗、鲜质量也都随保水剂用量的增加而明显增加;在基质相对水分质量分数分别为55%、70%、85%及100%4种处理下的番茄水分胁迫试验中,每1 L基质施用2 g保水剂时,与对照(未加保水剂)相比,水分利用效率分别提高29.93%、28.06%、14.36%、7.42%,株高、生物量也随水分胁迫程度加重而明显提高。     

Evaluating land-use suitability of an industrial city in northeast China

Distribution of industrial land use has a crucial influence on the regional environment. Nanfen is a developing industrial city affiliated with Benxi City, northeastern China. The suitability of industrial land use in Nanfen was evaluated to provide a scientific basis for industrial land-use planning and to minimise negative impacts on the local environment. Multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) within GIS was employed to derive a suitability map. The suitability map was compared with current industrial land use to identify areas for relocation of current industries. A total of 25.7% of the urban area in Nanfen was rated as suitable, 28.1% as somewhat suitable, 37.9% as unsuitable and 8.2% as most unsuitable. About 20.6% of the current industrial land was in suitable areas, 46.5% in somewhat suitable areas and 32.9% in unsuitable areas. We further verified the influence of selected factors on the suitability of industrial land use using a field survey. The results confirmed that industrial land-use relocation in Nanfen is required. This study uses ecological suitability evaluation as a basis for land-use planning and has implications for other industrial cities in northeast China that have similar environmental and ecological problems.     

Removal of non-point pollutants from bridge runoff by a hydrocyclone using natural water head

A hydrocyclone using natural water head provided by bridge was operated for the treatment of stormwater runoff. The hydrocyclone was automatically controlled using electronic valve which is connected to a pressure meter. Normally the hydrocyclone was open during dry days, but it was closed after the capture of the first flush. The results indicated that the average pressure and the flow rate were directly affected by the rainfall intensity. The pressure head was more than 2 m when the rainfall intensity was above 5mm·h^-1. The percentage volume of underflow with high solids concentration decreased as the pressure and flow rate increased, but the percentage volume of overflow with almost no solids showed the opposite behavior. The total suspended solids （TSS） concentration ratio between the overflow and inflow （TSSover/TSSin） decreased as a function of the operational pressure, while the corresponding ratio of underflow to inflow （TSSunaer/TSSi,） increased. The TSS separation efficiency was evaluated based on a mass balance. It ranged from 25% to 99% with the pressure head ranging from 1.4 to 9.7 m, and it was proportional to pressure and flow rate. Normally, the efficiency was more than 50% when the pressure was higher than 2 m. The analysis of the water budget indicated that around 13% of the total runoff was captured by the hydrocyclone as a first flush, and this runoff was separated as underflow and overflow with the respective percentage volumes of 29% and 71%. The pollutants budget was also examined based on a mass balance. The results showed that the percentage of TSS, chemical oxygen demand （COD）, total nitrogen （TN）, and total phosphorus （TP） in underflow were 73%, 59%, 7.6%, and 49%, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that the hydrocyclone worked well. It separated the first flush as solids-concentrated underflow and solids-absent overflow, and effectively reduced the runoff volume needing further treatment. Finally, four types of optional post treatment design are presented and compared.     

轻质陶粒滤料生态滤床的挂膜与启动研究

以自行设计的反应器作为生态滤床的基础,采用活性污泥作为接种污泥,采用轻质陶粒作为生态滤床的滤料,对其进行挂膜.在整个挂膜过程中,温度控制在中温条件下,进水pH值控制在7左右,水力停留时间为24 h,进水方式为连续进水,并根据需要对曝气量进行调节.在挂膜过程中对进、出水的COD、NH_3-N、TP、Cl~-和pH进行检测,并刮取少量轻质陶粒上的生物膜制成镜检切片后用多媒体显微镜对生物膜的形态进行观察.研究结果表明,在中温条件下采用活性污泥作为接种污泥,以轻质陶粒为滤料的生态滤床在15 d内挂膜成功;且随着进水污染负荷的提高,其去除率也逐渐提高,其中COD的去除率最后稳定在95%左右,NH3-N的去除率稳定在85%左右,TP的去除率在挂膜后期达到了80%以上;Cl~-作为微生物所需的微量元素在微生物生长高峰期为50%,稳定期保持在20%左右;进水pH保持在7左右,出水pH略高于进水,在8左右;从第13 d和第15 d的切片可观察到轮虫这种象征生物膜成熟的微生物的出现,此外还有大量的丝状菌和菌胶团.     

硅酸盐细菌解钾兼拮抗活性菌株的筛选

从紫色土壤中分离筛选出具有解钾拮抗双重活性的硅酸盐细菌CS1和CS29菌株。接菌处理，其水溶性钾分别增加75％和65％，转化率达0．82％和0．72％。两株菌对革兰氏阳性的蜡样芽孢杆菌，金黄色葡萄球菌，藤黄八叠球菌等和革兰氏阴性的大肠杆菌均有较强的抑菌活性。筛选菌株中91．2％具有解钾活性，但拮抗活性菌株只占总数的11．6％，表明二性状之间无相关关系。表4参7     

Loss of organic matter and nutrients from a coastal dune heath in Northwest Denmark caused by fire

The loss of organic matter and nutrients due to a natural fire in a Danish coastal dune heath system (175 ha) was studied for three heath types: dryEmpetrum nigrum heath, moistE. nigrum-Vaccinium uliginosum heath, and wetErica tetralix-Molinia coerulea heath. The highest loss of organic matter, as well as N, P and K, was found in the moist heath (67%, 68%, 20% and 25% respectively). The lowest loss was found in the wet heath (35%, 28%, 14%, and 11% respectively). The loss in the dry heath was intermediate. For the burnt heath in total, loss of organic matter, N, P and K of about 13000, 192, 10 and 6 tons respectively, was estimated. Processes of nutrient loss by fire and regeneration of nutrients are discussed.     

处理污水后陶粒作为栽培基质的试验

以秸秆-粉煤灰陶粒（比表面积为7．925m2·g-1）作为曝气生物滤池（BAF）载体填料,处理城市污水和餐饮废水,其COD、NH3-N和TP去除率分别为90．33％、77．44％、82．41％和86．50％、68．98％、80．30％。对处理污水后陶粒的农用资源化可行性进行评估,考察陶粒不同施用量对小白菜（Brassicachinensis）种子萌发、生长状况和产量的影响。结果表明,处理污水后陶粒的性能指标达到GB8172—87《城镇垃圾农用标准》;陶粒质量分数为20％时小白菜种子发芽率最高,且萌发较快,在5d时达到100％;随陶粒施用量增加,小白菜长势更好,产量大致呈增加趋势,陶粒质量分数为80％时增产率最高,为352．51％。但陶粒施用量越高,栽培基质抗干旱能力越差,陶粒质量分数为20％和40％处理具有较好的土壤保湿效果。     

籼稻单倍体绿芽无性系二倍化的研究

以籼稻单倍体绿芽无性系为材料，研究秋水仙碱等处理对水稻植株染色体二倍化的影响．结果显示：（1）以500mg／L秋水仙碱溶液振荡处理籼稻单倍体绿芽48h，其二倍化率达60％～75％，处理时间过长或处理浓度过高．虽植株染色体二倍率有所提高，但二倍体植株的得率下降；（2）秋水仙碱在愈伤组织阶段处理，其染色体二倍率远高于非愈伤组织化的绿芽二倍率，高达96％～100％，其实未经处理的绿芽愈伤组织再生植株也能获得较高的加倍率；（3）在培养基中添加多效唑（2．5mg／L）也能增加籼稻植株染色体二倍率，由原来的3．3％提高到6．6％．     

壳聚糖/膨润土复合絮凝剂处理染料废水的研究

利用壳聚糖/钠基膨润土复合絮凝剂对活性艳红X3B等11种染料模拟废水及实际印染废水进行絮凝脱色处理。考察了复合絮凝剂投加量、pH值、搅拌速率、搅拌时间等因素对模拟染料废水絮凝脱色的影响。结果表明,在染料浓度为100 mg.L-1,pH为5的条件下,复合絮凝剂投加量为1.25 g.L-1时,3种质量比的复合絮凝剂对活性艳红X3B的脱色率分别达到75%、90%和97%以上;质量比为1∶10的壳聚糖/钠基膨润土复合絮凝剂,对其它活性、还原性、分散性、水溶性等8种印染厂常用染料也具有很好的絮凝脱色作用,脱色率均可达94%以上。对印染废水处理厂进水口废水和经过A/O处理后废水的色度去除率和COD去除率分别可以达到81.05%、83.74%和53.21%、41.22%,具有一定的应用前景。