菊花茶中砷含量特征及砷健康风险评价

菊花茶是深受人们喜爱的一种饮品,但其干燥过程及加工工艺不当会造成菊花茶的重金属污染,尤其是和硫磺矿伴生的重金属砷。以市售菊花茶为研究对象,采用硝酸-双氧水消解体系,高压密闭消解系统和原子荧光光谱法分析测定了其中砷(As)含量,对典型超标菊花茶样品进行不同冲泡方式的筛选,确定其适宜的饮用方式,并根据我国绿色代用茶行业标准和WHO砷最大日允许摄入量(ADI)对菊花茶中砷的人体健康风险做出评价。结果表明,菊花茶中砷的含量范围在0.01～3.52mg·kg-1,91.1%的样品符合绿色代用茶的《中华人民共和国农业行业标准》(0.5mg·kg-1),其中砷含量最高的为药用祁菊花达3.52mg·kg-1,所有样品中超标的8个菊花茶样品种类分别为祁白菊(2个),杭白菊(2个),黄山贡菊(1个)和野菊花(1个),怀菊和药用祁菊各1个,75%的超标样品为散装饮品;选择超标的2个典型菊花茶样品(杭白菊和药用祁菊花)进行冲泡方式筛选,得出适宜的饮用方式为:用水茶质量比例为25∶1的开水清洗菊花茶5min,然后用开水冲泡5～20min再饮用。随菊花茶进入人体的最大日摄入量(极限值)为43.7～169μg·d-1,其占ADI(allowable daily intake)的比值范围在34.1%～132%,其中随药用祁菊花进入人体的As最大日摄入量与ADI的比值超过100%,这表明砷经菊花茶饮品摄入人体内所潜在的健康风险不容忽视。砷超标的菊花茶经过冲泡后饮用,砷的人体日摄入量13.1～36.3μg·d-1,其占ADI的比值范围在10.3%～28.4%。因此,经过洗茶后再冲泡饮用,砷的日摄入量显著降低(P<0.01),建议饮用菊花茶时洗1次茶后再冲泡饮用。     

茶叶中砷含量特征及不同摄入方式对茶叶中砷生物可给性的影响

本研究选取不同产地不同品种的茶叶作为研究对象,分析其砷含量特征,并采用人工胃肠模拟系统,研究茶叶以不同摄入方式(茶水、原茶、粉末)进入人体对砷生物可给性的影响.结果显示,17个不同产地不同种类茶叶样品中砷含量为ND—1.16±0.03 mg·kg-1,23.5%的样品未检测出砷浓度,11.8%的样品砷含量超过绿色食品-代用茶《中华人民共和国农业行业标准》(0.5 mg·kg-1),这是因为在加工过程中硫磺熏制干燥会造成茶叶砷污染;选择含砷量较高的茶叶样品研究不同摄入方式对砷生物有效性的影响,结果表明在胃肠阶段茶水中砷生物可给性显著大于原茶和粉末的摄入方式,其中在胃阶段粉末样品砷生物可给性显著大于原茶样品砷生物可给性,而在肠阶段原茶和粉末样品砷生物可给性差异不大.茶以3种不同摄入方式进入人体,在胃肠液中溶出浓度为0.02—2.80μg·L-1,小于WHO和我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749—2006)中砷的限量标准10μg·L-1,不会对人体造成健康风险.     

肠道微生物对土壤中铜、锌、锰生物可给性的影响

为了更全面、准确地评价土壤中金属元素对人体的健康风险,研究土壤中金属元素在结肠阶段的生物可给性具有重要意义。通过采集我国一些地区的6种土壤,利用in vitro方法(PBET和SHIME联用)研究土壤中Cu、Zn、Mn在胃、小肠、结肠阶段的生物可给性。研究显示,土壤中Cu、Zn、Mn在胃阶段的生物可给性分别为23.8%~63.0%、21.2%~64.4%、11.7%~35.6%;从胃阶段到小肠阶段,土壤中Cu的生物可给性提高了0.4%~14.4%,而土壤中Zn在小肠阶段的生物可给性降低了6.7%~38.7%。结肠阶段,土壤中Cu、Zn、Mn的生物可给性分别为2.4%~12.9%、5.7%~18.7%、6.2%~18.9%,与小肠阶段相比,分别降低了21.7%~56.9%、0.4%~36.8%、4.5%~19.1%。结果表明,在肠道微生物存在的情况下,土壤中Cu、Zn、Mn在结肠阶段有较低的人体健康风险。     

重庆市居民重金属膳食摄入水平研究

为了解重庆市居民砷、镉、汞的膳食摄入水平,采用分层多级整群随机抽样方法,经城乡经济排序,并按公共营养学要求,选取重庆市1213户居民为调查对象,应用中国总膳食研究方法,采集了当地12类主要食物样品,采用原子吸收分光光度法(AAS)和冷原子吸收分光光度法(CVAAS)测定了砷、镉、汞的含量,并运用FAO/WHO推荐的ADI值/PTWI值评价了居民膳食摄入的健康风险.结果显示,1)蛋类砷含量为允许限量的3.0倍;水果类镉含量为允许限量的2.4倍,汞含量为允许限量的4.0倍;2)各年龄组对砷、汞的膳食摄入量均低于ADI值,对镉的摄入量则大大超过ADI值.谷类和水果是各年龄组人群摄入砷、镉的主要膳食来源,水果类是汞的主要膳食来源;3)农村居民摄入的3种重金属含量均低于城镇居民,城乡居民对砷、汞的摄入量在允许限量ADI值的范围内,但通过食物摄入的镉含量超过了允许限量ADI值,达到ADI值的121%.     

污染土壤中铅、砷的生物可给性研究进展

土壤铅、砷污染已成为重要的环境问题,并可对人体健康造成严重危害。对食物链途径的有效控制使得从口部无意摄入的土壤铅、砷对人体,特别是对儿童铅、砷摄入总量的贡献率越来越大,甚至成为主要来源。土壤中铅、砷直接进入人体的消化系统并可被人体胃肠道溶解出的部分称为其生物可给性。有效、准确地判定土壤中铅、砷的生物可给性已经成为解决儿童铅、砷中毒的关键科学问题。因此,有关土壤中铅、砷的生物可给性及其在人体健康风险评价中的应用受到了越来越多的关注。文章综述了污染土壤中铅、砷生物可给性的研究方法及各方法的优缺点,并从土壤性质、模拟胃肠条件等方面分析了影响土壤中铅、砷生物可给性的主要因素和存在的问题,还进一步论述了土壤中铅、砷生物可给性在人体健康风险评价中的应用。最后,提出了今后该领域应重点加强土壤铅、砷生物可给性的标准参考物、模拟胃肠条件的优化以及土壤铅、砷生物可给性在人体健康风险评价中的应用等方面的研究。以期充分发挥铅、砷等环境污染物的生物可给性研究方法的潜力,更好地为控制土壤污染、保护人类健康服务。     

不同含磷化合物修复铅污染土壤后的人体健康风险评价

磷酸盐钝化铅是铅污染土壤的重要修复技术之一.但磷酸盐修复土壤铅污染后,土壤铅对人体的健康风险仍缺乏系统研究.本研究通过向铅污染土壤添加五种不同的含磷化合物(KH_2PO_4、NH_4H_2PO_4、CaHPO_4,植酸和卵磷脂),分析了其对铅污染土壤的钝化效果,运用in vitro和SHIME模型评估修复后土壤铅对人体的健康风险.结果表明,添加含磷化合物30 d后,五种处理均有效降低了铅的DTPA和CaCl_2可提取态,分别降低了62.5%—66.5%和27.8%—49.5%,其中植酸和CaHPO_4处理效果较好,卵磷脂处理效果较差.5种处理中,铅的生物可给性在胃、小肠和结肠阶段有显著差异,分别为8.67%—9.31%、0.88%—1.55%、2.06%—2.76%,由于受pH的影响,铅在胃阶段生物可给性最高且各处理之间差异不明显,在小肠阶段KH_2PO_4处理土壤铅的生物可给性最低,卵磷脂处理铅的生物可给性最高,结肠阶段NH_4H_2PO_4处理土壤铅的生物可给性最低,卵磷脂处理铅的生物可给性最高.结肠阶段铅的生物可给性均高于小肠阶段的,可见肠道微生物促进了土壤中Pb的溶出,提高了铅的生物可给性,增加了人体的健康风险.在添加同等含量的含磷化合物修复铅污染土壤后,KH_2PO_4处理对人体健康风险最小,卵磷脂最大.     

福建省稻米中的砷水平及其健康风险研究

为更好了解区域水平上水稻(OryzasativaL.)砷所引起的健康风险,在福建省9个地区采集了206份水稻样品并对其总砷和无机砷含量进行了分析,然后在此基础上建立风险评价模型并对其健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,福建省水稻精米中总砷平均含量为(0.105±0.091)mg·kg-1,无机砷平均含量为(0.045±0.019)mg·kg-1。全省所有样品中无机砷含量符合中国国家标准规定的限量标准(MCL)0.15mg·kg-1。通过膳食调查的数据和水稻无机砷含量对每天通过稻米消费无机砷摄入量进行了计算,全省平均每天无机砷摄入量为13.50μg,并且9个地区每天无机砷摄入量均超过了美国国家研究委员会所规定的最大限量标准10μg·d-1。根据无机砷摄入量和癌症斜率因子所构建的癌症风险模型结果表明,福建省稻米无机砷所引起的癌症风险为每100000有37.5人,虽然低于中国的平均水平(每100000有61人),但是超过了美国国家环境保护局所规定的可以接受的癌症风险的上限(每100000人有10人)。因此,需要进一步通过流行病学方面的调查来确定福建省稻米无机砷摄入和健康风险之间的关系。     

土壤中铜的生物可给性及其对人体的健康风险评价

为了研究土壤中铜的生物可给性与土壤理化性质之间的相互关系以及人体无意摄入土壤铜的风险,采集我国一些地区的15个土壤样品,利用in vitro方法研究了这些土壤中铜的生物可给性及其对人体的健康风险。结果表明,有2个土壤样品中铜的含量高过我国土壤环境质量标准的三级标准,有8个土壤样品中铜的含量高过二级标准;土壤中铜的溶解态浓度及其生物可给性变化很大,胃肠阶段铜的溶解态含量分别为5.2~308.8 mg·kg~(-1)和5.9~348.5 mg·kg~(-1),平均值分别为74.8 mg·kg~(-1)和82.0 mg·kg~(-1);而铜的生物可给性分别为183%~66.6%和213%~77.4%,平均值分别为442%和51.1%。胃阶段铜的生物可给性与土壤有机质和pH呈显著正相关,而与粘粒呈显著负相关,与铁铝氧化物有显著相关性;小肠阶段铜的生物可给性与土壤有机质和pH呈显著正相关,与土壤中总铜和锰氧化物含量呈显著负相关。如以胃阶段为判断,无意摄人土壤中铜对儿童的TDI(tolerable daily intake)贡献率除浙江富阳为2.51%外,有12个土壤样品低于1.00%,最低为0.11%。如以小肠阶段为判断,无意摄入土壤中铜对儿童的TDI贡献率除浙江富阳和浙江台州的土壤分别为2.83%和2.01%,另有12个土壤样品低于1.00%。可见,对于本研究中大多数土壤,通过口部无意摄入土壤中铜的对人体并没有很高的风险。     

食品中砷和硒生物可给性研究及健康风险/有益性评价

硒(Se)是人体必需的微量元素,一般通过大米和海鲜摄入。然而大米和海鲜是人体砷(As)暴露的主要途径之一。采用ICP-MS对广州市售的大米和3种鱼中砷和硒浓度进行了检测,并通过体外(in vitro)模拟胃肠消化(PBET)法对鱼肉中砷和硒的生物可给性进行了考察。结果表明,大米和鱼肉中砷的浓度分别为0.085～0.168μg·g~(-1)和2.224～5.533μg·g~(-1),硒的浓度分别为0.098～0.190μg·g~(-1)和1.641～2.315μg·g~(-1)。大米和鱼肉中86.86%～99.34%和51.95%～75.64%的砷生物可给,76.73%～85.44%和71.48%～79.83%的硒生物可给。通过大米和鱼肉摄入的硒基本可以满足人体需求。通过大米和3种鱼摄入的无机砷占国际粮农组织和世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)公布的无机砷的每日最高允许摄入量(TWI)2.1μg·kg~(-1)BW的0.5%～35.7%,但是摄入无机砷的致癌风险分别为1.69×10~(-5)～5.81×10~(-4)和2.13×10~(-4)～7.34×10~(-4),是可接受或可容忍的风险的0.17～7.3倍,尤其是小孩,更易摄入砷产生毒害。     

市售面粉及面制品中镉的人体健康风险研究

对非吸烟人群,饮食是镉暴露的首要途径.近年来农产品镉含量超标问题在我国的不同类型重金属污染区被广泛报道,严重危害人体健康.但以往研究多关注大米中镉的人体健康风险,目前对我国市场上销售的面粉及面制品镉含量及健康风险的系统报道还较缺乏.本研究从我国不同省份采集了16份白面粉、16份全麦面粉、16份小麦麸皮及10份全麦面包样品,测定样品中镉的含量;采用体外生理原理提取法(Physiologically Based Extraction Test,PBET)的胃液提取阶段测定样品中镉的人体生物可给性,并基于镉生物可给性评价了面粉及面制品中镉的人体健康风险.白面粉、全麦面粉、小麦麸皮、全麦面包样品中镉的含量分别为6.8—24.9、8.4—50.2、21.8—199.6、13.8—28.0μg·kg~(-1),平均值分别为15.6±5.1、25.7±11.8、64.7±43.5、17.5±4.0μg·kg~(-1),所有白面粉、全麦面粉和面包样品中镉含量均远低于国家安全限定值100μg·kg~(-1).镉含量的整体趋势为白面粉全麦面粉和全面面包小麦麸皮,表明了镉在小麦麸皮中富集浓度要显著高于胚乳部分.基于PBET胃液提取,全麦面粉中镉的生物可给性为60.9%—69.8%(平均值63.6%±3.1%),显著高于麸皮中镉的生物可给性18.5%—61.1%(平均值50.2%±13.5%).基于镉的人体生物可给性,成人摄入面粉及面制品导致的镉摄入量(0.02—0.13μg·kg~(-1) bw·d~(-1))远低于Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives(JECFA)规定的每日允许的最大镉暴露剂量0.5μg·kg~(-1) bw·d~(-1),表明了我国市面上销售的面粉及面制品可以安全食用.本研究通过对市场销售面粉及面制品中镉的含量、人体生物可给性的测定及健康风险的评价,为人们对面粉及面制品品牌及种类的选择提供建议,为规避食品镉危害做出重要贡献.     

Human bioaccessibility of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in urban soils from the city of Torino, Italy

Several physiologically based extraction procedures have been proposed to estimate the fraction of the potentially toxic element content that would be bioaccessible in the human gastro-intestinal tract following accidental ingestion of soil. Many of these procedures are complex, they have been applied to a very limited range of soils, and most work has focussed on arsenic and lead. In the present study, a simplified, two-stage extraction, simulating the human stomach and intestine, was developed and applied to urban soil samples from ten public-access areas in the City of Torino, Italy. The human oral bioaccessibility of chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc was estimated. Lead and zinc bioaccessibilities were found to be higher in the stomach, but chromium was more bioaccessible in the intestine. Analyte concentrations were higher in roadside soils than in soils from parks. A higher proportion of the soil metal content was found in bioaccessible forms at roadsides than in parks. Comparison of the current findings with results of earlier work involving sequential extraction of the same soils indicated that the sequential procedure gave a relative, but not an absolute, indication of bioaccessibility. Calculations based on the bioaccessible analyte concentrations suggest that ingestion of only 2–3 g of some of the roadside soil samples from Torino could deliver the tolerable daily oral intake of chromium, nickel and lead to a 20-kg child. The developed procedure is useful for preliminary screening of soils and prediction of whether their bioaccessible metal contents are likely to pose a risk to human health.     

Human health risk from Pb in urban street dust in northern UK cities

The presence of Pb in the environment can cause significant health problems. These issues are exasperated when the lead is in a more amenable form for potential ingestion. This study investigates the potential human health risk from Pb in urban street dusts. The lead levels in urban street dust in major city centres in northern UK have been compared to levels determined in 35 cities around the world. With a few exceptions, it was noted that the mean Pb levels in this study exceeded those found in other cities worldwide. Samples (n = 15) of urban street dust were collected across five city centres, and specifically in areas in which pedestrians are likely to concentrate, as well as near historical buildings. Typical total lead concentrations across all sampling sites ranged from 306 to 558 mg/kg. The human health risk was assessed using oral bioaccessibility testing of the urban street dust. The mean oral bioaccessibility data, irrespective of site and sample location, were in the range 43 ± 9 %. The total and bioaccessible concentrations of lead were compared to the estimated tolerable daily intake (TDI_oral) values based on unintentional soil/dust consumption. It is noted, in all cases, that the maximum estimated lead daily intake exceeded the TDI_oral. An alternative approach for assessing the daily intake is proposed based on the actual measured air quality in selected cities on the same day as the sampled urban dust.     

The importance of solid-phase distribution on the oral bioaccessibility of Ni and Cr in soils overlying Palaeogene basalt lavas, Northern Ireland

Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) including nickel and chromium are often present in soils overlying basalt at concentrations above regulatory guidance values due to the presence of these elements in underlying geology. Oral bioaccessibility testing allows the risk posed by PTEs to human health to be assessed; however, bioaccessibility is controlled by factors including mineralogy, particle size, solid-phase speciation and encapsulation. X-ray diffraction was used to characterise the mineralogy of 12 soil samples overlying Palaeogene basalt lavas in Northern Ireland, and non-specific sequential extraction coupled with chemometric analysis was used to determine the distribution of elements amongst soil components in 3 of these samples. The data obtained were related to total concentration and oral bioaccessible concentration to determine whether a relationship exists between the overall concentrations of PTEs, their bioaccessibility and the soils mineralogy and geochemistry. Gastric phase bioaccessible fraction (BAF %) ranged from 0.4 to 5.4 % for chromium in soils overlying basalt and bioaccessible and total chromium concentrations are positively correlated. In contrast, the range of gastric phase BAF for nickel was greater (1.4–43.8 %), while no significant correlation was observed between bioaccessible and total nickel concentrations. However, nickel BAF was inversely correlated with total concentration. Solid-phase fractionation information showed that bioaccessible nickel was associated with calcium carbonate, aluminium oxide, iron oxide and clay-related components, while bioaccessible chromium was associated with clay-related components. This suggests that weathering significantly affects nickel bioaccessibility, but does not have the same effect on the bioaccessibility of chromium.     

Dust from Zambian smelters: mineralogy and contaminant bioaccessibility

Metal smelting is often responsible for local contamination of environmental compartments. Dust materials escaping from the smelting facilities not only settle in the soil, but can also have direct effects on populations living close to these operations (by ingestion or inhalation). In this particular study, we investigate dusts from Cu–Co metal smelters in the Zambian Copperbelt, using a combination of mineralogical techniques (XRD, SEM/EDS, and TEM/EDS), in order to understand the solid speciation of the contaminants, as well as their bioaccessibility using in vitro tests in simulated gastric and lung fluids to assess the exposure risk for humans. The leaching of metals was mainly dependent on the contaminant mineralogy. Based on our results, a potential risk can be recognized, particularly from ingestion of the dust, with bioaccessible fractions ranging from 21 to 89 % of the total contaminant concentrations. In contrast, relatively low bioaccessible fractions were observed for simulated lung fluid extracts, with values ranging from 0.01 % (Pb) up to 16.5 % (Co) of total contaminant concentrations. Daily intakes via oral exposure, calculated for an adult (70 kg, ingestion rate 50 mg dust per day), slightly exceeded the tolerable daily intake limits for Co (1.66× for fly ash and 1.19× for slag dust) and occasionally also for Pb (1.49×, fly ash) and As (1.64×, electrostatic precipitator dust). Cobalt has been suggested as the most important pollutant, and the direct pathways of the population’s exposures to dust particles in the industrial parts of the Zambian Copperbelt should be further studied in interdisciplinary investigations.     

Human health ambient water quality criteria for 13 heavy metals and health risk assessment in Taihu Lake

• The concentrations of 13 heavy metals in Taihu Lake were analyzed. • Aquatic vegetables intake was first included in deriving human health AWQC. • The human health AWQC for 13 heavy metals in Taihu Lake were derived. • Human health risk assessment for 13 heavy metals were conducted in Taihu Lake. Heavy metals are widely concerning because of their toxicity, persistence, non-degradation and bioaccumulation ability. Human health ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) are specific levels of chemicals that can occur in water without harming human health. At present, most countries do not consider the effects of aquatic vegetables in deriving human health AWQC. Therefore, the intake of aquatic vegetables (Brasenia schreberi) was added to the derivation of human health AWQC and a health risk assessment for 13 heavy metals in Taihu Lake. The human health AWQC (consumption of water, fish and aquatic vegetables) values of 13 heavy metals ranged from 0.04 (Cd) to 710.87 μg/L (Sn), and the intake of B. schreberi had a very significant effect on the human health AWQC for Cu, with a more than 62-fold difference. The hazard quotients of As (2.8), Cd (1.6), Cr (1.4) and Cu (4.86) were higher than the safe level (HQ= 1), indicating that As, Cd, Cr and Cu in Taihu Lake posed a significant health risk. Sensitivity analysis showed that the contribution rate of B. schreberi intake to the human health risk from Cu was 91.6%, and all results indicated that the risk of Cu in B. schreberi to human health should be of particular concern. This study adds the consideration of aquatic vegetable consumption to the traditional method of human health AWQC derivation and risk assessments for the first time, and this approach can promote the development of risk assessments and water quality criteria.     

Nitrate levels in fresh vegetables and berries from central Japan

Nitrate concentrations in 326 recent vegetables and berries sold in Niigata, located in central Japan, were investigated. Maximum nitrate concentrations of 6600 mg kg^?1 were detected in samples of komatsuna (Brassica campestris var. perviridis) and mizuna (B. campestris L.). Mean concentrations ranged from 4 mg kg^?1(blueberry) to 3500 mg kg^?1 (mizuna). Concentrations in spinach ranged from 10 to 6000 mg kg^?1 (mean 1500 mg kg^?1). Nitrate intake from spinach and Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus) were estimated to be 0.7 and 0.8 mg kg^?1 day^?1, respectively. These values are equivalent to 19% and 23% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Nitrate intake at the 90th percentile was estimated to be 1.3 mg kg^?1 day^?1 (35% of the ADI) from spinach and 1.6 mg kg^?1 day^?1 (43% of the ADI) from Japanese radish.     

Use of a physiologically based extraction test to estimate the human bioaccessibility of potentially toxic elements in urban soils from the city of Glasgow,UK

A simple, two-stage, physiologically based extraction has been applied to assess the human bioaccessibility of potentially toxic elements (PTE) in 20 urban soils from a major UK city. Chromium and iron bioaccessibilities were found to be markedly higher in the intestinal phase, whilst lead and zinc bioaccessibilities were higher in the stomach. Copper and manganese bioaccessibilities were generally similar under both extraction conditions. Principal component analysis was used to study relationships amongst bioaccessible element concentrations and land use. Distinctions could be observed between the distributions of the urban metals—copper, lead and zinc—and metals predominantly of geogenic origin, such as iron. There was no clear delineation between roadside soils and soils obtained from public parks. Bioaccessible analyte concentrations were found to be correlated with pseudototal (aqua regia soluble) analyte concentrations for all elements except iron. Results of the BCR sequential extraction did not, in general, provide a good indication of human bioaccessibility. Comparison of bioaccessible PTE concentrations with toxicological data indicated that lead is the element of greatest concern in these soils but that levels are unlikely to pose a health risk to children with average soil intake.