无机高分子絮凝剂聚合硅酸铝铁的研究

以ALCL3，FeCl3，Na2SiO3和盐酸为原料，采用NaOH作为碱化聚合剂，合成了具有不同碱化度（B），不同Al/Fe/Si摩尔比的铝铁硅共聚物（简称PAFSC），通过PH滴定法测定分析了铝、铁在其水解共聚合过程中PH值的变化，然后通过透射电镜和混凝实验对共聚物的晶形貌像和絮凝作用进行了研究，通过对模拟具有色悬浊水样的絮凝实验，并与现有的其它无机絮凝剂作比较后可以看出：在同样投加量情况下，PAFSC处理的水具有更低的剩余浊度和色度。     

利用钢厂废物制备复合型无机高分子絮凝剂PAFC的研究

利用钢厂废物高炉瓦斯灰制备复合型无机高分子絮凝剂聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)，考察了最佳溶出条件和水解聚合条件．通过控制水解聚合温度、加碱量和水解聚合反应时间，探索出了较好的水解聚合条件，即反应温度100℃左右，反应时间3h，灰酸比1：3．制备的复合型无机高分子絮凝剂PAFC稳定性好．对高岭土废水的浊度去除率为99．36％．     

废弃鸡毛化学降解工艺研究

研究了酸、碱条件下不同化学药品对鸡毛降解的影响,从而筛选出有效的助剂以提高复合氨基酸的产率;并在水解温度恒定、水解剂硫酸3mol·L-1或氢氧化钾6mol·L-1及常压条件下,采用正交试验研究了固液比、助剂用量、水解时间对水解率的影响。结果表明:酸、碱处理条件下不同处理间差异显著,酸处理条件下以金属盐作用效果最好,增产率18. 0%;碱处理条件下以硫化钠作用效果最好,增产率达39. 8%。在水解温度115~120℃及常压条件下,水解剂为3mol·L-1硫酸处理的最佳水解工艺为固液比1∶3、助剂用量120g·kg-1、水解时间10h; 6mol·L-1氢氧化钾作为水解剂时的最佳水解工艺为固液比1∶3、助剂用量120g·kg-1、水解时间12h。     

聚合铝絮凝动态过程研究

本文采用新型动脉动絮凝检测技术，测定了不同碱化度（Ｂ值）的聚合铝凝聚絮凝过程中絮集物颗粒的形成与增长过程的动态变化差异，结果表明，该技术对监测凝聚絮凝过程中絮集物的形成与增长是十分敏感的，絮凝指数（Ｒ）可在线地反映絮集物动态增长过程的变化，高碱化度聚合铝（Ｂ＝２．５），比低碱化度聚合铝及氯化铝具有更快的絮凝絮凝速度和形成更大的絮集物颗粒，通过絮凝指数的测定，并结合剩余浊度和ζ电位测定数据，为深入了     

浅论铝盐的水解和吸附电中和过程中被凝聚物浓度的影响

通过对凝聚机理和铝盐在水中水解过程的分析，提出了铝盐水解物吸附起胶本电和中和数学模式，论述了被凝聚物浓度对铝盐水解过程的影响，在实际的凝集过程中，铝盐的水解和向胶体表面的吸附是同时进行的，部分铝盐在完成水解之前就以中间产物的形态吸附于胶体表面，胶体溶液的浓度愈高，这种倾向就愈强，由于较低水解度的物种具有较高的单位电位浓度，它们能显示较强的电中和能力，因此，随着胶体溶液浓度增高，达到最佳凝聚ζ电位所     

新型聚铝硅复合絮凝剂的制备及性能研究

本文初步制备了两种新型聚铝硅复合絮凝剂：聚铝硅（含活化硅酸聚合铝，ＰＡＣＳｉ）和聚硅铝（聚硅酸硫酸铝，ＰＳｉＡＳ），研究对比了ＰＡＣＳｉ，ＰＳｉＡＳ与ＰＡＣ的絮凝性能。考察了硅酸聚合程度，硅、铝含量对其絮凝性能的影响，结果表明，提高硅酸聚合程度或硅、铝含量的增加均有利于增强絮凝性能，且随（Ｓｉ）／（Ａｌ）比值的提高，其絮凝性能也明显增加，在铝含量相同情况下，聚铝硅和聚硅铝的絮凝性能均优于聚合氯化铝     

聚铝铁硅絮凝剂的合成方法及其混凝效能

采用硅酸钠碱化聚合方法制备聚铝铁硅絮凝剂，研究它们的ｐＨ弛豫规律及其稳定性，并通过流动电流测定了其电动特性，最后进行了混凝除浊（富里酸）效果对比研究。初步得到了稳定性及絮凝效果均较好的聚合铝铁硅絮凝剂的工艺合成方法。     

Al(Ⅲ)与Fe(Ⅲ)溶液共聚合研究

以AlCl_3·6H_2O和FeCl_3·6H_2O混合溶液通过滴加NaOH溶液的方法制备了不同Al/Fe(摩尔比,下同)和不同[OH]_b/[Al+Fe]值的共聚物.测定了聚合过程和熟化过程中的pH值变化,并对不同碱化度和熟化时间下的聚合物进行了混凝效能实验.结果表明,在共聚过程中,Fe(Ⅲ)与 OH~-的络合速度比Ai(Ⅲ)快,即 Fe(Ⅲ)具有较强的共聚合活性.Al/Fe,[OH」_b/[Al+Fe]值对铝铁共聚物形态分布有明显影响.不同条件下共聚物混凝对比实验表明,在Al/Fe为5:5,[OH]_b/[Al+Fe]为 1.6,熟化时间为24h时,显示出了较优异的混凝效能.     

聚合硅酸铝铁絮凝剂的制备及其水解和絮凝特性

聚合硅酸铝铁(PAFSC)作为一种新型絮凝剂，它保留了铝铁各自均聚物的优点，克服了聚合氯化铝(PAC)处理水样时残余铝含量较高和聚合氯化铁(PFC)稳定性较差的缺点．本文利用共聚和复合两种工艺制备PAFSC，研究Al／Fe／Si摩尔比和碱化度(B)对絮凝效果的影响．     

"类龟式"Al13盐酸盐的制备及絮凝性能

采用氯化铝溶液电解法、氯化铝溶液溶铝法、稀盐酸溶铝法、氯化铝溶液碱性阴离子树脂交换法、氯化铝溶液补水蒸馏法、氯化铝溶液压溶氢氧化铝或氧化铝法等促使氯化铝水解-聚合的方法,通过控制起始溶液的浓度、水解-聚合的程度和体系的温度,制成"类龟式"Al13含量超过96.5%的聚合氯化铝结晶,其中电解法制备的产物纯度达99.9%,盐基度61.48%,总铝(Al2O3)33.75%,水不溶物0.01%,Alb达97%.化学分析、X-射线粉末衍射和X-射线单晶结构解析结果表明,产物是一种由十三个铝氧八面体连接组成的Al13(OH)24Cl15·37H2O化合物.高岭土模拟水样和黄河水样絮凝试验表明,絮凝效果优于市售固体聚合氯化铝、氯化铝和硫酸铝,经絮凝处理的黄河水主要水质质量指标达到国家生活饮用水标准GB5749-85的要求.     

几种萃取剂对土壤中重金属生物有效部分的萃取效果

采用6种萃取剂:pH=7的0.01mol/L CaCl_2、pH=7.3的0.005mol/L DTPA+0.1mol/L TEA(三乙醇胺)+0.01mol/L CaCl_2O.1mol/L NaNO_3、0.43mol/L HOAc、pH=7的0.05mol/L EDTA和pH=4.65的0.5mol/L NH_4OAc+0.02mol/L EDTA浸取液.对污染土壤中的重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、的进行了萃取,并比较了萃取剂的萃取能力。实验结果表明,HOAc、EDTA以及NH_4OAc-EDTA萃取各种重金属的能力远远大于其它几种萃取剂的萃取能力,是比较理想的萃取剂。     

Excellent performance of Cu-Mn/Ti-sepiolite catalysts for low-temperature CO oxidation

The Ti-modified sepiolite (Ti-Sep)-supported Mn-Cu mixed oxide (yMn5Cu/Ti-Sep) catalysts were synthesized using the co-precipitation method. The materials were characterized by the X-ray diffraction scanning electron microscope, N₂ adsorption-desorption, H₂-TPR, O₂-TPD, and XPS techniques, and their catalytic activities for CO oxidation were evaluated. It was found that the catalytic activities of yMn5Cu/Ti-Sep were higher than those of 5Cu/Ti-Sep and 30Mn/Ti-Sep, and the Mn/Cu molar ratio had a distinct influence on catalytic activity of the sample. Among the yMn5Cu/Ti- Sep samples, the 30Mn5Cu/Ti-Sep catalyst showed the best activity (which also outperformed the 30Mn5Cu/Sep catalyst), giving the highest reaction rate of 0.875 × 10^–3 mmol·g^–1·s^–1 and the lowest T _50% and T _100% of 56°C and 86°C, respectively. Moreover, the 30Mn5Cu/Ti-Sep possessed the best low-temperature reducibility, the lowest O₂ desorption temperature, and the highest surface Mn³⁺/Mn⁴⁺ atomic ratio. It is concluded that factors, such as the strong interaction between the copper or manganese oxides and the Ti-Sep support, good low-temperature reducibility, and good mobility of chemisorbed oxygen species, were responsible for the excellent catalytic activity of 30Mn5Cu/Ti-Sep.

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基于SPOT5影像多辐射校正水平的植被绿量遥感估算

选用南京市SPOT5图像的灰度值(DN)、星上辐射率(SR)、表观反射率(TOA)和地物反射率(PAC)数据,提取了两种植被指数(VI),即归一化植被指数(NDVI)和比值植被指数(RVI),并与地面实测的绿量(LVV)进行相关分析,建立了165个关系模型.结果表明,LVV与VI呈极显著的相关关系,其相关系数多以相对均质植被高于植被总体,基于灰度值高于常用的地物反射率为主.LVV-VI关系模型的R~2均值以多元线性回归模型最高(0.821),指数模型最低(0.536),而1～3次多项式模型均接近0.7.每种植被样方优选出一个模型,即阔叶林LVV-7.802 RVI_(PAC)-2.455(R~2=0.827,RMSE=0.498);针阔叶混交林LVV=-15.421 RVI_(TOA)+26.971 RVI_(DN)-8.261(R~2=0.918,RMSE=0.356);灌木LVV=-342.591 NDVI_(DN)~3-20.553 NDVI_(DN)~2+14.013 NDVI_(DN)+1.509(R~2=0.764,RMSE=0.689);草地LVV=2.934 RVI_(PAC)+2.147 RVI_(TOA)-3.193(R2=0.903,RMSE=0.464);总体植被LVV=1.789RVI_(PAC)-6.814NDVIs+4.258NDVI_(PAC)+12.854 NDVI_(DN)-0.342(R~2=0.810,RMSE=0.638).这些优选模犁的自变量包括了4种辐射校正水平下提取的两种植被指数,显示基于不同辐射校正水平的植被指数在植被LVV遥感反演中具有一定的应用潜力.     

硝基多环芳烃的正辛醇—水分配系数

用摇瓶法测定了九种硝基多环芳烃的正辛醇-水分配系数,研究发现用Leo碎片法可以较好地估算NO_2-PAHs化合物的正辛醇-水分配系数。在正辛醇-水分配系数(K_(ow))与水溶解度(S)之间建立了相关方程: lgK_(ow)=-0.925lgS-0.00697(mp-25)+4.164(S用mg/l表示时); lgK_(ow)=-0.885lgS-0.00727(mp-25)+4.815(S用mol/m~3表示时)。     

Early responses of soil ammonium and nitrate nitrogen to forest gap harvesting of a Pinus massoniana plantation in the upper reaches of Yangtze River北大核心CSCD

To understand the short-term effects of forest gap by human harvesting on soil available nutrient in Pinus massoniana plantations, the variations of soil ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) concentrations in the gap center and gap edge during growing season were observed in seven gaps of different size (Gl: 100 m2; G2:225 m2; G3:400 m2; G4:625 m2; G5:900 m2; G6:1225 m2; G7:1600 m2) and pure understory of a 39-year-old masson pine plantation in a hilly area of the upper reaches of Yangtze River. The results showed that in the early stage of gap formation, the gap size had significant effect on NH4+-N, the season changes on NP3--N, and the interaction effect of gap size and seasonal variation on NH4+-N and NO3--N. The difference of NH4+-N and NO3--N between the gap center and gap edge was not significant. (I) The NH4+-N content was 4.30-11.99 mg kg-1, and NO3--N content was 2.57-10.81 mg kg-1. There was no obvious difference in NH4+-N and N03--N among gaps of different size in early or late growing seasons, when both increased first and decreased afterwards in the middle of growing season. The gaps of 100∼400 m2 area had a higher content of available nitrogen. (2) The seasonal dynamic differed between NH4+-N and NO3--N, with the former lower in middle growing season whereas the latter higher in the middle growing season but lower in the end of growing season. The soil NH4+-N was higher than NO3- -N in the early and late periods, but lower in the middle period. (3) The soil NH4+-N and NO3--N in parts of gaps were lower than understory in the early and late growing season. (4) Correlation analyses showed that NH4+-N had significant positive correlation with microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), and NO3--N with soil temperature, MBN and organic matter. But the impact of soil water content on available nitrogen was not significant. These results suggested that soil temperature and microbial activity variation caused by gap harvesting are the main factors affecting soil available nitrogen content of Pinus massoniana plantations.     

团花锦蛇、绿锦蛇和三索锦蛇的核型及Ag-NORs

报道了锦蛇属团花锦蛇（Ｅ．ｄａｖｉｄｉ）、绿锦蛇（Ｅ．ｐｒｖｓｉｎａ）和三索锦蛇（Ｅ．ｒａｄｉａｔａ）３个种的核型和Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ,团花锦蛇的型２ｎ＝３６（８Ｖ＋６ｓＶ＋２Ｉ＋２０Ｍ）,绿锦蛇的核型２ｎ＝３６（７Ｖ＋７ｓＶ＋２Ｉ＋２０ｍ）,三索锦蛇的核型２ｎ＝４０（６Ｖ＋３ｓＶ＋２ｓＩ＋５Ｉ＋２４ｍ）;①团花锦蛇和绿锦蛇的染色体数目和结构与此属大多数咱的相似,;②此种为雄性,未见染色体异型。③Ａｇ     

松花江水中酚类化合物生物降解性的测定及QSBR研究

以松花江水中细菌为接种源,用碘量法分别测定了１８种酚类化合物的ＢＯＤ５值采用ＱＳＡＲ程序软件计算得分子量ＭＷ、分子体积ＭＶ、疏水性参数ｌｇＰ及电离常数ｐＫａ．用ＭＭＰ软件计算了四种分子连接性指数(２ｘ,４Ｘ,２ｘＶ及４ｘＶ)．对１８种及训练组中的１４种酚类化合物ＢＯＤＴ值分别与其结构参数进行了回归分析,得到如下最佳回归方程:应用所得ＱＳＢＲ模型,拟合了１８种化合物的ＢＯＤ５值,计算了残差,预测了实验组中４个化合物的ＢＯＤＴ值,并初步探讨了生物降解机理．     

海洋赤潮藻球形棕囊藻在氮磷富营养下的细胞增殖

利用常见海洋赤潮微藻球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)为试验研究材料,以舵海洋微藻营养液为对照(1P1N:磷质量浓度为5×10-3g·L-1.氮质量浓度为75×10-3g·L-1),设置3组富磷和富氮营养处理(3P1N:磷质量浓度为15×10-3 g·L-1,氮质量浓度为75×10-3 g·L-1;1P3N:磷质量浓度为5××10-3 g·L-1,氮质量浓度为225×10-3 g·L-1;3P3N:磷质量浓度为15××10-3 g·L-1,氮质量浓度为225×10-3 g·L-1),利用细胞记数和叶绿素荧光测定等方法研究了藻细胞在不同富磷和富氮条件的增殖情况.结果显示,不同浓度磷和氮营养下的藻体荧光值变化在试验周期内均呈现"S"型曲线,表明藻细胞的生长经历缓慢期,快速期和平缓期3个阶段;同时,不同的富磷和富氮营养条件对球形棕囊藻的叶绿素荧光值有一定的影响,其中在对照1P1N下的藻体荧光值最低,在试验结束时(第10天)只有850 μg·L-1,而在3P1N,1P3N和3P3N条件下的藻体荧光值均达到900 μg·L-1以上,显著高于1P1N下的藻体荧光值,表明富磷和富氮营养可以促进藻细胞的生长增殖,但在试验设置的不同富磷和富氮营养下的藻体荧光值之间没有显著的差异.就不同磷和氮营养条件下的藻最大比生长速率而言,3P3N和3P1N条件下的最大,均达到0.77 d-1,明显高于1P1N和1P3N条件下的藻最大比生长速率(分别只有0.70 d-1和0.69 d-1).此外,试验结束时细胞密度的变化趋势与藻体荧光值相似,富磷和富氮营养条件下的细胞密度显著高于1P1N下的细胞密度,而富磷和富氮营养条件下的细胞密度间也不存在显著的差异.研究结果揭示,水体中的高磷和高氮营养浓度是导致藻细胞大量快速增殖的一个主要因素,而利用叶绿素荧光来测定藻细胞增殖是一种快速、简便,灵敏和可靠的方法,可在今后赤潮监测过程中多加利用,以能及时、准确地预测预报赤潮爆发.从而减少其对环境和经济的影响.     

Nitrogen to phosphorus ratios of two understory plant species in response to nitrogen and phosphorus addition in tropical forest of southern China北大核心CSCD

The secondary tropical forests in southern China have suffered from frequent human disturbance and increasing high N deposition. In order to explore the nutrient limitation status in secondary tropical forests of South China, this 3-year field experiment of nitrogen (+N) and phosphorus (+P) addition investigated nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations of the aboveground tissue (leaf and branch) of two widely distributed understory native species Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum and Uvaria microcarpa in a secondary tropical forest of South China. The results showed that: 1) the N and P concentrations of the two species were significantly different (P < 0.001); N and P concentrations of different tissues in the same species were different; N&P addition greatly affected N and P concentrations in branch rather than new leaf and older leaf. 2) +N treatment had no significant effect on N or P concentrations of either species, but significantly decreased N:P ratios (P = 0.001), at the level of 9% for C. cyrtophyllum and 50% for U. microcarpa, respectively. 3) +P treatment had no significant effect on tissue N concentrations, but significantly increased plant P concentrations (P < 0.001), at 54% for C. cyrtophyllum and 88% for U. microcarpa, respectively; +P treatment significantly decreased plant N:P ratios (P < 0.001), at 28% and 60%, respectively. 4) The alterations of P concentrations of two species had significantly negative correlations with N:P alterations under +N/+P treatment (P < 0.001), suggesting that the alteration of P concentrations in plant tissue was the major driver for N:P alteration. Our results show that N and P addition would affect tissue N and P concentrations of the two species, with +P treatment having relatively greater effect on nutrient concentrations than +N treatment; the branch is more sensitive than new or older leaf in response to nutrient addition. Therefore, P availability may be the limiting factor for plant growth in the tropical forests.     

Controlled sintering for cadmium stabilization by beneficially using the dredged river sediment

● Dredged river sediment was proved as a ceramic precursor rather than a solid waste. ● Cd was stabilized in Cd-Al-Si-O phases at low temperatures via sediment addition. ● < 5% of Cd was leached out from sintered products even after a prolonged time. ● A strategy was proposed to simultaneously reuse wastes and stabilize heavy metals. Cd-bearing solid wastes are considered to be a serious threat to the environment, and effective strategies for their treatment are urgently needed. Ceramic sintering has been considered as a promising method for efficiently incorporating heavy metal-containing solid wastes into various ceramic products. Mineral-rich dredged river sediment, especially Al and Si-containing oxides, can be treated as alternative ceramic precursors rather than being disposed of as solid wastes. To examine the feasibility of using waste sediment for Cd stabilization and the phase transition mechanisms, this study conducted a sintering scheme for the mixtures of CdO and dredged river sediment with different (Al+Si):Cd mole ratios. Detailed investigations have been performed on phases transformation, Cd incorporation mechanisms, elemental distribution, and leaching behaviors of the sintered products. Results showed that Cd incorporation and transformation in the sintered products were influenced by the mole ratio of (Al+Si):Cd. Among the high-Cd series ((Al+Si):Cd = 6:1), CdSiO₃, Cd₂SiO₄, CdAl₂(SiO₄)₂ and Cd₂Al₂Si₂O₉ were predominant Cd-containing product phases, while Cd₂Al₂Si₂O₉ was replaced by CdAl₄O₇ when the mole ratio of (Al+Si):Cd was 12:1 (low-Cd series). Cd was efficiently stabilized in both reaction series after being sintered at ≥ 900 °C, with < 5% leached ratio even after a prolonged leaching time, indicating excellent long-term Cd stabilization. This study demonstrated that both Cd-containing phases and the amorphous Al-/Si-containing matrices all played critical roles in Cd stabilization. A promising strategy can be proposed to simultaneously reuse the solid waste as ceramic precursors and stabilize heavy metals in the ceramic products.