1株微小杆菌对4种蓝藻的生长影响

利用过滤的天然珍珠养殖水参照BG11配制加富培养液,将1株能促进鱼害微囊藻生长的微小杆菌属菌株(Exiguobacterium sp.013,简写为E.sp.013)进行纯化扩大培养后与铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、水华微囊藻(Microcystis flosaquae)、平裂藻(Merismopedia sp.)和惠氏微囊藻(Microcystis wesenbergii)按一定菌、藻密度比例同时接种后进行为期24 d的培养试验,利用特定生长率和细胞密度等指标观察并检验E.sp.013菌株对4种蓝藻生长的影响,同时检测培养液中优势菌群的数量变化趋势.结果表明:E.sp.013菌对铜绿微囊藻、水华微囊藻和惠氏微囊藻具有显著促生长和延长稳定生长期作用,对平裂藻不具有显著促生长作用,但对延长其稳定生长期具有显著效果;试验培养过程中E.sp.013菌落数量占所有菌落总数的比例始终高于46％,处于绝对优势地位,表明E.sp.013菌具有调控其他菌群的能力.     

南京城市西部遗产廊道规划

南京城市西部历史时期是城市的重要边界,现在逐渐演变成老城与新区之间的核心地带,成为公共活动的重要地区,保护其自然、文化遗产和生态环境具有非常重要的意义。在对其现状调查分析的基础上,梳理遗产点的历史概况、现状及其分布情况,提出规划遗产廊道的意义,探讨规划的具体思路,为南京遗产保护提供了新的视角。     

洞庭湖生态环境承载力分析

洞庭湖湖内冬枯水季节，有芦苇面积530km^2，草地面积800余km^2，泥滩地面积367km^2，天然水域面积约993km^2。湖洲之间隔水相望，河沟水系纵横交错，具“水浸皆湖，水落为洲”的地貌特征，呈现出支离破碎的形态面貌和典型的自然湿地景观。文章在大量调查的基础上，从自然和人文两个方面对洞庭湖的生态环境承载力或环境压力进行分析。     

利用回归分析确定降水入渗补给量

目前常用降水量乘以降水入渗补给系数的方法计算降水入渗补给量,此法不能表现降水特征、蒸发等因素对降水入渗补给的影响．为解决不同时间尺度、不同降水特征和蒸发情况下的降水入渗补给量,在分析郑州地下水均衡试验场地中渗透仪实测入渗量、降水和蒸发资料的基础上,利用均匀设计法选取最优的与降水入渗补给量关系密切的前期降水量和蒸发量的期次,然后利用回归分析建立各岩性和埋深的年、月和日尺度上的降水入渗函数,可以比较准确的计算降水入渗补给量．表3,参9．     

广东西部主要土壤的光谱特征

以广东省西部不同地区的三种不同类型的红土:赤红壤、黄壤、砖红壤为例,研究了这些红土土壤的光谱反射特性,进行了光谱波形特征及一些吸收波段特征的分析,对这三种土壤的光谱特征进行了对照比较,并且对土壤的各个剖面层的光谱差异进行了分析.结果表明,三种土壤其光谱特征基本相似,都是属于"陡坎型".氧化铁的吸收波段明显.并且整个波谱曲线的反射率都比较低.但是不同红土的光谱又有各自的特性.不同母岩发育的同一类土壤及其同一个土壤不同的剖面层都因为有机质、氧化铁等的含量不同其反射率曲线有一定的差异.玄武岩发育的砖红壤的反射率曲线比较平直些,曲线的反射率更低,这意味着玄武岩发育的砖红壤中比花岗岩等其他母质发育的赤红壤和黄壤富含更多的铁铝三氧化物.这些分析结果可能为这些类别红土的识别和分类提供诊断指标.     

不同饲粮对生猪产污情况的影响

研究了精饲料和精青配合饲料饲养下育肥猪排污量和主要污染物含量的差异.结果表明,与饲喂精饲料相比,饲喂精青配合饲料的生猪产粪量降低18.97%,产尿量降低38.56%.精饲料饲养50d后,生猪体质量仅比精青配合饲料饲养平均增加1.5kg,采用精青配合饲料饲养的生猪体质量每增加lkg饲料成本投入比精饲料饲养减少21.68%.精青配合饲料喂养生猪不仅可减少污染物的排放量,还可节约饲料投入成本,提高养猪效益.     

大气甲醛卫生检验方法的分析条件

对《居住区大气中甲醛卫生检验标准方法分光光度法》(GB／T16129-1995)中实验条件进行了实验研究，研究表明进口和天津显色剂的灵敏度有差别，但对测定结果无影响；最佳显色时间为2-8min；样品在0℃～4℃条件下保存4d对测定无影响。     

株洲市生态城市建设

概述了生态城市的特点、功能及世界生态城市的发展现状，分析了株洲城市经济发展情况及建设生态城市的必要性，在此基础上提出了株洲生态城市建设的措施。     

‘香玲’核桃试管苗生长条件的优化

为优化核桃试管苗生长条件,向核桃优良品种规模化栽培提供大量优良的种植材料,以‘香玲’核桃实生苗为材料,对基本培养基的类型(MS,DKW,WPM)和凝固剂种类(琼脂,Phytagel,二者结合)进行了筛选,并采用完全随机试验设计研究了细胞分裂素种类和浓度对其试管苗生长的影响.试验结果表明:基本培养基与凝固剂的种类,以及细胞分裂素的种类与浓度对芽苗生长的影响很大.以DKW为基本培养基,2.2 g/L Phytagel为凝固剂,激素配比为0.8 mg/L BA+0.01 mg/L IBA,有利于芽苗增殖,增殖可达4.70;后在0.8 mg/L KT+0.01 mg/L IBA进行壮苗,即可进行生根培养.不同基因型对基本培养基中无机盐成分的需求不同,含有较丰富矿物质的Phytagel有利于芽苗生长.BA促进腋芽的萌动和增殖,而KT则有利于壮苗.图4表3参22     

城市污泥超声波处理技术

较全面的介绍了超声波处理污泥的效果，以及目前取得的研究进展，并简要讨论了今后的发展趋势。在适当的操作条件下，超声波可以迅速改变污泥结构，释放菌胶团包含水，从而促进污泥减量化和稳定化。高强度的处理也可以加快污泥水解、提高污泥可生化性、提高沼气产量。同时可消毒有害病菌。     

施肥对落叶松人工林林地土壤肥力的可持续性的影响

以14年生和34年生落叶松人工林为研究对象，对该林分所在的白浆化暗棕壤林地进行施肥试验。设置了9个施肥处理和1个无肥对照，运用土壤生物和养分指标讨论了不同林龄落叶松人工林林地土壤肥力可持续性指数。结果表明：(1)不同施肥处理对土壤肥力可持续性指数影响不同；(2)同一施肥处理对不同林龄的土壤可持续性指数影响也不同；在林木生长最快的幼龄期施肥，提高土壤肥力可持续性指数的效果要明显高于在林木近熟期施肥；(3)施用有机肥有利于提高生物管理指数，单施化肥可增加土壤氮、磷的管理指数；(4)有机肥和化肥混施是提高林地土壤可持续性指数的最好施肥方式。     

基于RS和GIS的嫩江下游土地沙漠化景观格局变化特征分析

以2004、2008年的MODIS数据为主要数据源,在ArcGIS 9.0、ERDAS IMAGE 9.0等软件支持下,利用FRAGSTATS软件分析土地沙漠化的景观格局变化.结果表明,研究区域沙漠化土地以轻度和中度沙漠化土地为主;各景观要素的边缘密度和斑块密度呈现一致性的减少,表明斑块形状趋向简单,景观整体破碎化程度降低,边缘效应影响减小;除水域景观外,其他景观要素的形状指数和分维数都呈现一致性的下降,表明整体景观的形状都向着简单化和稳定性方向发展,各景观要素的散布与并列指数和聚集度指数都呈现一致性的增加,反映出各要素斑块趋向大型化发展,景观整体连接度增强,破碎化程度降低,景观相互作用和空间关系增强.     

Potential environmental impact of dissolution of raw phosphate in sea water of the Gulf of Aqaba

Dissolution of raw phosphate (apatite) in sea water of the Gulf of Aqaba was investigated through lab incubation experiments. Three types from three different sources (Al-Hasa, Al-Abyad and Esh-Shydiya) have been used for these experiments. Impact of quantity, grain size, and source (type) of raw phosphate on dissolution rate were studied. Statistical analysis shows significant differences between the results obtained from comparing each two weights; as weight of apatite increased, dissolved inorganic phosphate-phosphorus (DIP) and fluoride in sea water solution increased. The differences between the dissolution rates of raw phosphate from the three sites were not significant while the differences between the different grain size fractions were significant. Dissolution rates were inversely related to particle size. Using a worst-case scenario, a conservative estimate of the maximum increase in DIP in seawater of the Gulf of Aqaba due to the apatite particles lost to the sea during ship loading resulted in DIP concentrations of 0.03 μM per year. As the residence time of the water in the Gulf of Aqaba is about one year, the DIP concentration will not increase by more than 0.03 μM under the estimated annual quantity of exported phosphate. Fluoride will not increase by more than 0.03 mg/l under the same conditions.     

地下水水化学成分对类Fenton法氧化硝基苯的影响

实验主要研究了地下水水化学成分对类Fenton法氧化去除硝基苯的影响。采用天然细砂模拟地下含水层介质,利用砂样中的原位铁做催化剂进行类Fenton氧化硝基苯实验。通过不同硝基苯和过氧化氢摩尔比的类Fenton实验,确定两者的最优物质的量比。然后模拟配制Na-SO4、Na-Cl、Ca-HCO3和Ca-SO4型4种水化学成分不同的地下水,在硝基苯和过氧化氢最优物质的量比情况下,研究了地下水水化学成分对类Fenton法氧化去除地下水中硝基苯的影响。反应在棕色瓶中进行,并用20℃恒温培养振荡器,以120 r.min-1的频率对其振荡。分别在10、30、60、90和120 min时取样,用气相色谱法检测硝基苯的质量浓度。结果表明：硝基苯和过氧化氢的最佳物质的量比为1∶200;地下水的水化学成分对类Fenton反应有重要影响,Na-SO4、Na-Cl、Ca-HCO3和Ca-SO4型地下水中硝基苯的最终去除率分别约为91%、92%、75%、82%,反应所需的时间大约为90、30、120和30 min。因此,类Fenton法对硝基苯污染地下水的原位化学修复具有较好效果,研究结果可为硝基苯污染地下水的原位化学修复提供一定的理论依据。     

Analysis of the current situation of environmental policy of China and establishment of distributed environmental policy framework

In this study, China’s current macro-environmental policies as well as their implementation and management tools are analyzed. By using the basic economic methodology, detailed studies are conducted focusing on the implementation effect of contemporary China’s typical environmental policy of the total pollutant discharge quantity control type, and also the two types of environmental management tools are compared from the perspective of implementation costs and policy uncertainty. By introduction of distributed management tools into the implementation of environmental policies, market-oriented means and the methods of economic analysis are introduced into environmental policy decision-making mechanisms, which could afford a new method for changing the current relatively low efficiency of environmental policy, solving the problem of “government failure” in environmental policy implementation, and providing a new way to make environmental policy system more flexible and more efficient. It is of great practical significance to solve China's current structural, complex and accumulative environmental problems.     

山东省循环经济建设的生态效率测度

构建山东省循环经济建设的生态效率评价指标体系,对山东省的生态效率进行测度,并探讨经济发展与环境压力的脱钩/复钩关系.结果表明,2000-2010年,山东省GDP呈快速增长趋势,年均增长率达13.08％,各自然输入要素中用水总量、SO2和COD排放量呈下降趋势.各类自然输入要素的生态效率总体呈逐步提高趋势,其中COD排放、SO2排放和用水总量的生态效率年均增长率分别达18.59％、14.85％和14.13％,这3个指标处于强脱钩状态,其他指标均处于弱脱钩状态.总体而言,经济增长与环境保护的矛盾有所缓解,但能源的大量投入导致碳排放压力仍较大.     

全氟辛烷磺酸短期暴露对不同作物苗期生长的影响

全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)作为一种新型持久性有机污染物,目前国内外对其生态毒性研究主要集中在水环境领域,而高等植物的生态毒性数据尚不完善。因此,本研究采用内培养方式,选取小麦、大麦、小白菜、三叶草、绿豆作为供试植物,利用根伸长、芽伸长、地上部分生物量等评价指标,研究了PFOS短期暴露对不同供试作物苗期生长的影响,建立了PFOS和作物苗期生长的剂量-效应关系,并对不同的评价指标进行相关性分析,筛选出表征PFOS生态毒性的敏感植物。结果表明,不同供试作物培育3 d后,PFOS对其于不同毒性终点的最小EC₅₀值为：小麦352 mg·kg^-1(根伸长)、大麦434 mg·kg^-1(根伸长)、三叶草794 mg·kg^-1(地上部分生物量鲜重)、小白菜829 mg·kg^-1(地上部分生物量鲜重)、绿豆>1 000 mg·kg^-1,因此敏感程度依次为：小麦>大麦>三叶草>小白菜>绿豆。须根系作物小麦、大麦较直根系作物三叶草、小白菜和绿豆敏感,而须根系作物各评价指标的敏感程度依次为：根伸长>地上部分生物量鲜重>芽伸长>地上部分生物量干重,可见小麦的根伸长对PFOS污染最为敏感。各评价指标间均呈正相关关系,表明PFOS对同种植物的不同评价指标影响趋势一致。     

竹林挥发物主要成分对疾患动物模型生理代谢指标的影响

食诱方法造模制备高脂血症SD大鼠模型,考察了α-蒎烯模拟物-松节油对造模高血脂症SD大鼠血脂代谢指标的影响,以期对竹林释放的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的保健、疾疗效果进行科学评价.结果表明,在实验浓度范围内,α-蒎烯模拟物-松节油对高脂血症SD大鼠的体重无显著影响;能降低其血清总胆固醇和甘油三酯并表现出数量依赖关系,...     

pH和添加有机物料对3种酸性土壤中磷吸附-解吸的影响

研究了pH和添加有机物料对红壤、砖红壤和水稻土中磷吸附-解吸的影响。结果表明,砖红壤和水稻土中磷的吸附量和解吸量均随pH的升高而降低,pH对红壤中磷吸附和解吸的影响很小。土壤阳离子交换量(CEC),铁、铝氧化物含量和有机质含量是影响磷吸附的主要因素。红壤的CEC和有机质含量很低,铁、铝氧化物含量高,因而对磷的吸附量最高。砖红壤和水稻土CEC较高,土壤表面对磷的排斥作用较大,而且较高含量的有机质覆盖了土壤表面的磷吸附位,因此这2种土壤对磷的吸附量低于红壤。添加稻草并进行恒温培养可使红壤和水稻土对磷的吸附量显著减少,但对砖红壤中磷吸附的影响较小。添加稻草使土壤磷的解吸量和解吸率增加,从而增加了土壤中吸附性磷的活性。     

Quality standard codes of reference of Jordanian coastal waters of the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea

Back in 1992, the Gulf of Aqaba Environmental Action Plan (GAEAP), a collaboration between the Aqaba Region Authority (ARA), Jordan and the World Bank, gave considerable emphasis to the environmental protection of the Gulf of Aqaba [The World Bank. Gulf of Aqaba Environmental Action Plan. Report No. 12244JO (1993).]. The document recommended the establishment of a marine reserve and the long term monitoring of the coastal habitats' environmental quality. The combination of a dedicated follow up, the collaborative efforts of ARA and the Marine Science Station (MSS), and the founding of the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA) have turned the recommendations into reality. A comprehensive monitoring program of the Jordanian coastal habitats commenced in 1999. The first three years of the program were financed by a donation from The Global Environmental Facility (GEF). In return, Jordan has committed itself to the maintenance of the monitoring program as an ongoing tool for sustainable coastal management. The monitoring program includes observations on benthic habitat, fish communities, bottom sediments and seawater quality. This paper focuses on the results of seawater-quality monitoring in the first three years. Records of weather conditions, coastal currents, seawater temperature, transparency, salinity, density, pH, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, silicate, particulate matter, chlorophyll a, zooplankton biomass, total coliform, fecal coliform, hydrocarbons and sedimentation rate have been generated monthly since January 1999 at six coastal stations, and one offshore reference station, in the Jordanian waters of the Gulf of Aqaba. The coastal stations are located at sites with different benthic habitats and are occupied by different human activities. Offshore records of density (thermohaline structure), nutrients and chlorophyll a depicted two well-defined seasons; a nutrient-/chlorophyll a-rich, mixed water winter from December to April and a nutrient-/chlorophyll a-poor, stratified water summer from June to October. Short transition seasons appeared in May and November. The mixing and stratification seasons were also clearly depicted in the coastal waters. Statistical analysis of the three-year data collected at the offshore station revealed no significant inter-annual differences in the upper 125 m of the water column with respect to any of the measured parameters. At coastal stations, the water quality at the two northernmost stations was significantly different in comparison to the upper 125 m at the offshore station and to the other coastal stations, with respect to the two key indicator parameters: inorganic nitrogen and chlorophyll a. The three-year findings of the monitoring program are employed to suggest standard codes of reference for the coastal water quality.