平原河网地区滨岸带外来植物入侵现状及影响研究——以上海青浦区为例

河流滨岸带作为一种典型的开放系统,在受到外界干扰的条件下极易被外来植物所入侵并受到严重影响。以上海青浦区为例,通过对河流滨岸带生态系统入侵植物分布及现状调查,以及对两种入侵植物：白花三叶草（Trifolium repens）和加拿大一枝黄花（Solidago canadensis）群落的物种多样性及其土壤特性的实证研究,探讨外来植物入侵对河流滨岸带生态系统造成的影响。结果表明：目前该地区河流滨岸带外来入侵植物共有14科24种,其科、种数分别占到该生态系统所有植物的48．3％与26．1％。入侵植物白花三叶草与加拿大一枝黄花在春、秋两季均显著降低了河流滨岸带植物群落的物种多样性。此外,两种人侵植物也对当地河流滨岸及土壤特性造成了不同程度的影响,其中对土壤含水量、pH值的影响最为显著。该研究填补了平原河网地区河流滨岸带生态系统外来植物入侵研究的空白,有助于今后开展对该生态系统的评价、恢复及管理工作。     

湖库滨岸带土地利用对潜水中氮磷削减率的影响

研究了太湖西部的天目湖和大溪水库以裸地、草地、林地和裸露滩地为主的4种覆盖类型滨岸带潜水中氮磷浓度的空间变化,分析了不同滨岸带对潜水中氮磷的削减率,并对影响潜水氮磷浓度及削减率的主要因素进行分析。结果表明,滨岸带潜水中氮的主要形态为硝态氮,其质量浓度变化范围为0.48~6.83 mg·L-1,氨氮浓度普遍较低,草地和林地滨岸带对硝态氮削减效果较好,平均削减率分别为68.3%和63.4%,而耕地滨岸带潜水中硝态氮浓度有升高趋势。滨岸带潜水中磷的主要形态为溶解性磷,裸地对磷的削减率较高,达32.0%,草地和林地滨岸带对磷的削减率较低,总体上滨岸带对氮的削减率要远高于磷。分析认为影响研究区滨岸带氮磷削减率的主要因素是土壤结构、植被类型和水文状态。     

不同滨岸带土壤反硝化潜力及影响因子

以太湖西部3个中小流域为研究区,于2017年7月15日—20日,采集各流域内3种典型滨岸带表层(0—20 cm)土壤,测定土壤理化性质和反硝化潜力,探讨不同流域滨岸带土壤反硝化潜力的差异和变化规律,并确定土壤反硝化潜力的主要影响因子.研究结果表明,各流域土壤反硝化潜力存在明显差异,天目湖流域、合溪流域和苕溪流域土壤反硝化潜力分别为0.294±0.226 (μg N (N_2O)·(g·h)~(-1))、0.542±0.327 (μg N (N_2O)·(g·h)~(-1))和0.821±0.494 (μg N (N_2O)·(g·h)~(-1)),总体表现为城镇化程度越高,土壤反硝化潜力越大.在相同流域内,林地滨岸带土壤反硝化潜力最大,其次为草地滨岸带和荒地滨岸带.相关分析结果表明,土壤反硝化潜力与土壤含水率、硝态氮含量、有机质含量和微生物碳含量都显著正相关(n=54,P0.01).结合回归分析,表明土壤含水率、硝态氮含量和微生物量碳含量是苕溪流域滨岸带土壤反硝化潜力的主要影响因子;土壤有机质含量和硝态氮含量分别是合溪和天目湖流域滨岸带土壤反硝化潜力的主要影响因子.综上,滨岸带土壤反硝化潜力与人类活动强弱有密切联系,其主要影响因子在不同城镇化背景下的流域间也各不相同.     

退化滨水景观带植物群落生态修复技术研究进展

滨水带是重要的生态交错带,物质、养分和能量流动速率高,具有较高的生态、经济和美学价值。近年来,由于缺乏科学合理的生态规划意识,我国滨水带多被建成近直立人工护岸,加之自然、人为干扰力度的加强,滨水岸线生境破坏,生物群落丧失,滨水带退化,水岸生态环境日趋恶化。通过对滨水带生态景观功能分析,研究滨水带退化原因与机理,系统归纳了国内外退化滨水景观带植物群落生态修复相关技术的研究现状,深入探讨了生境恢复、生物廊道恢复、景观格局美化和水岸生态系统结构与功能优化等方面的研究内容,并提出今后滨水带生态修复技术研究方向,以及基于生态学、景观学、水力学、土力学、生物学、经济学等多学科背景的滨水景观带植物群落定量分析、配置方法。最后指出,滨水景观带植物群落生态修复技术研究需进一步分析我国水岸生态系统退化机理、细化滨水深槽-浅滩序列、量化滨水植被配置宽度与生物多样性关系、深化稳定化长效管理技术等,为我国退化滨水生态景观带植物群落生态修复集成技术的研究与实践提供参考,以全面有效的提高生态环境质量。     

关于改善和保护我国生态环境的建议

生态环境恶化是当代人类面临的重大的全球性问题之一。 建国以来,我国虽在江河整治、水土保持、植树造林,污染防治等方面取得很大成就。最近几年,有关部门制定了一系列保护环境的方针政策、标准、法规,以及在环境科学研究和技术改造、推广、规划、管理等方面作了很大努力,使我国局部环境污染已有所改善。但是,由于人口增长快,消费指数上升,资源需求增加,对生态环境压力不断增大,加之我们对生态规律缺乏认识,产生一些违反自然规律的失误,管理混乱等多种原因,法制不全,造成一些地区资源和环境的破坏,我国生态环境面临着恶化的趋势。特别是水源短缺和水污染加重,水资源危机正在     

“第八届全国环境化学大会”通知(第一轮)

<正>(2015年11月5—8日,广州)环境污染成为制约我国经济发展的瓶颈之一,如何在发展经济的同时保护好生态环境是我国面临的重大任务.环境化学学科不仅面临巨大的挑战,也迎来重要的发展机遇.近年来,随着国家对科技投入的加大,我国环境化学研究发展迅速,在化学污染物的检测、环境行为、演变趋势、生态效应、毒理与健康风险和控制技术等方面都取得了新的进展,为保护生态环境、人类健康以及社会经济永续     

西部矿产资源开发的生态环境损害与监管

我国西部地区是重要的国家生态安全屏障,大规模的矿产资源开发在一定程度上造成了生态环境损害,成为制约区域经济社会可持续发展的重要因素。在辨析矿山生态环境损害相关概念的基础上,阐述了西部12省(市、自治区)矿产资源概况与开发特点,剖析了矿山土地毁损、生态完整性破坏、水土流失/土地沙漠化和环境污染等主要生态环境损害问题与不利影响,并从严格执行矿山生态环境保护的相关政策,健全国家层面的矿山生态环境监管机制,制定西部地区矿山生态环境损害的监测、风险评估、保护与恢复治理的专项规划,以及落实地方各级政府和企业的矿山生态环境损害责任4个方面,提出了我国西部矿产资源开发生态环境监管的对策建议,以期为加强我国西部地区矿山生态环境保护与恢复治理以及促进区域可持续发展的生态安全屏障保护与建设提供决策参考。     

稻壳炭施用对太湖滨岸灰潮土氮磷淋失及土壤性质的影响

探究稻壳炭施用对太湖滨岸灰潮土养分淋失的抑制效应,以及对灰潮土性质的改良作用,为太湖滨岸植被带恢复提供理论依据。通过16周的土柱淋溶试验,研究了不同施用率(0%,1%,2%和5%)稻壳炭与肥料(NH_4NO_3和KH_2PO_4)混施后,对太湖滨岸灰潮土氮磷淋失以及土壤性质的影响。结果表明,随着稻壳炭施用量的增加,灰潮土土柱渗滤液中铵态氮累积淋失量减少11.7%—26.6%,硝态氮累积淋失量减少32.4%—67.3%。然而,当稻壳炭施用率为2%和5%时,土柱渗滤液中磷酸盐累积淋失量分别显著增加了32.1%和54.2%。稻壳炭施用16周后,灰潮土土壤总氮含量显著增加,土壤有效磷含量在2%和5%施用率下显著增加。同时,添加稻壳炭使土壤铵态氮含量显著减少,而土壤硝态氮含量显著增加,这表明稻壳炭添加增强了滨岸灰潮土土壤硝化作用。灰潮土土壤微生物生物量碳在2%和5%的稻壳炭施用率下分别显著增加了22.4%和36.8%,土壤微生物生物量氮在5%的稻壳炭施用率下显著增加了48.4%。随着稻壳炭施用量的增加,灰潮土土壤容重减小,而pH值、土壤总孔隙度以及土壤持水能力增加。因此,施用稻壳炭减少了太湖滨岸灰潮土土壤氮素的淋失,但当施用率为2%—5%时,增加了土壤磷素淋失的风险;添加稻壳炭使土壤总氮,有效磷以及土壤微生物生物量增加,这将有利于太湖滨岸植被带的恢复。     

西藏生态整体性水平测度

为了探讨资源-环境双重约束下地处我国生态环境脆弱区的西藏的生态整体性特征,利用生态环境质量指数和生态现代化指数（EMI）对地处我国西南边陲的西藏地区的生态现代化水平进行了分析。结果表明：全球生态现代化水平在区域之间存在比较明显的空间分异。2004年西藏生态现代化指数为50,在全国排名为3位,较2000年的排名16位有了明显的提高。生态进步指数、经济生态化指数好于其他4个少数民族地区,但社会生态化指数落后于其他4个少数民族地区,人均SO2排放与新疆、广西相同,但高于内蒙古和宁夏;1980—2007年西藏现代化程度虽然有所提升,但远低于世界平均水平和中等发达国家以及我国平均水平和其他4个少数民族地区;1996—2007年西藏区域环境水平呈＂W＂型变动态势。资源转化率和水污染指数呈＂N＂型不稳定变动,生态保护指数和环境治理指数呈剧烈变动,生态脆弱性和环境支持系统的不稳定性没有明显改观。因此,西藏应立足地缘和资源优势,充分考虑西藏生态地域、生态系统服务功能、生态资产、生态敏感性以及人类活动对生态环境胁迫等要素的综合影响,依据青藏高原高寒生态大区和高寒草甸生态区、青藏高原高山草原、高寒草甸生态地区生态区划,发展人工设计生态方案的生态重建途径。建立严格的生态补偿制度,逐步提升生态现代化水平。     

全国环保工作确定2000年四大要点

为把一个清洁的环境带入新世纪,在全国主要污染物排放总量得到有效控制的基础上,我国目前业已确定了2000年全国环保工作的四大要点.第一要点是全面完成“一控双达标”任务.“一控双达标”是今年环保工作的重中之重,国家环保总局提出必须全力以赴完成各项任务,确保目标实现.认真落实污染物总量控制计划实施方案,全面完成12种主要污染物总量控制目标.严格新建项目的环境管理,通过清洁生产、以新带老、区域环境综合整治等手段,实现增产不增污或增产减污.为此,将抓紧工业污染源达标工作,加快重点城市环境功能区达标进度,深入开展城市环境综合整治.其次是抓紧抓好重点流域区域城市海域污染防治.坚决实现重点流域治理的阶段目标,到年底,实现淮河、太湖流域水体变清,辽河、海河、滇池、巢湖水质明显改善的目标.控制大气环境质量恶化的趋势,确保北京市到年底环境质量和城市面貌明显改善.发布和实施《渤海碧海行动计划》,重点控制陆源污染.再次是切实加强生态环境保护.各省、自治区、直辖市要利用遥感等技术手段进行生态环境调查,抓好重点地区的生态功能区划和生态保护规划;启动三江平源、黄河中上游和长江中上游特殊生态功能区划试点,划定一批特殊生态功能保护区;研究建立生态环境影响评价指标体系,加强生环     

江苏沿海地区海洋灾害类型及其防治探讨

根据江苏沿海地区的地质地貌及气候的特点,综合分析了危害江苏沿海的海洋灾害类型,主要有海洋地质灾害、气候灾害和生物灾害等三种类型。地质灾害主要包括海岸侵蚀、海岸坍塌、和海平面上升;气候灾害主要包括台风风暴潮;生物灾害主要包括赤潮、湿地滩涂面积缩小等。提出相应的防治措施:(1)加强对海岸带地质背景和地质灾害研究,应用GIS和RS等先进技术建立海洋灾害信息系统;(2)加强海防工程建设,加高海堤提高质量,以防御灾害性海浪、风暴潮等侵袭;(3)应用生态学原理,建立沿海生态防护网,增强对风暴潮抵御能力保护沿海湿地资源;(4)加强对海洋灾害及防御知识的教育和对防灾减灾的管理等。     

大亚湾惠州岸段城市化发展与海岸带生态系统保护协调研究

在分析海岸带生态系统结构、功能特点的基础上，指出大亚湾惠州岸段可持续发展的途径就是实现经济开发与海岸带生态环境保护之间的协调发展，为此，提出了区域生态－－经济系统综合效益表达工，并运用该表达式，从大亚湾海水环境保护的角度出发，得出了惠州大亚湾沿岸地区在１９９４年－２０１０年间工业发展的合理速度。     

The practice of coastal zone management in Portugal

The practice of coastal zone management in Portugal is very recent. Key issues and considerations about natural shoreline dynamics, main policy instruments, and lessons learned from the EU Demonstration Programmes on Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Portugal will be outlined in this paper in an attempt to understand how the practice of ICZM and its prospects are. Coastal zone management problems and their associated side effects, as well as national and international evolution patterns will be drawn. Some means of achieving better coastal zone management practices and ways of addressing some of its forefront issues are also identified. Special attention will go to erosion problems. The pressure induced by urban development and economic activities on coastal areas is increasing. Poor sediment availability combined with years of neglected management and over-exploitation of resources have had a negative impact, and there are many areas showing evidence of coastal erosion. There is a need to improve policies and instruments of coastal planning and management. Coastal zone management plans are being developed for the nine sectors of the continental Portuguese coast, providing a full analysis of coastal systems and a delimitation of uses in relation to the carrying capacity of the shoreline.     

渤海湾海岸带表层沉积物中黑碳的分布特征

在渤海湾西海岸潮间带、近海和主要河流采集了85个表层沉积物样品,对黑碳（BC）的质量分数及其分布规律进行了研究,并探讨了BC与沉积物粒度的关系。结果表明：（1）渤海湾海岸带表层沉积物中BC的平均质量分数为（0.65±0.42）mg·g^-1,占总有机碳的比例为16.8%±7.5%,均高于我国其它海岸带;（2）潮间带沉积物中BC的质量分数存在明显的南北分区差异（以天津港码头为界）,北区（0.92mg·g^-1）比南区（0.22mg·g^-1）平均高4倍以上;近海和河流样品BC的质量分数也有一定程度的＂北高南低＂趋势,表明BC在海岸带运移扩散的继承性,河流输入可能是主要途径;（3）潮间带沉积物粒度表现为＂北区细＂（以粘土质粉砂主）而＂南区粗＂（以砂为主）,反映两个区域的水动力条件和沉积环境不同,是造成BC质量分数区域差异的主要原因。     

苏北盐城海岸带陆源氮磷污染负荷估算初探

海岸带陆源氮磷污染输入是导致近海赤潮的主要原因,但目前尚缺乏系统的调查研究。文章采用野外实地调查和文献调研相结合的方法,从农田径流、养殖废水排放、居民生活污水和工业废水排放等几个方面,初步估算了盐城海岸带陆源氮磷污染负荷的分配情况。结果表明,盐城海岸带主要陆源污染源中,养殖水域氮磷排放总量为7641t和480t,分别占排放总量的75.1%、63.5%;其次为居民工矿的生活生产污水,其氮磷排放量为2083t和232t,占总排放量的20.5%、30.7%;农田目前看来不是盐城海岸带主要的陆源污染源,排放量仅占4.4%和5.8%。在当前海岸带陆源污染源治理中,除采取有力措施控制养殖水域养分流失外,农村和乡镇生活生产污水的排放也应引起重视。     

A model for the implementation of ICM in the Mediterranean region

The Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Protocol in the Mediterranean means the coastal zone can be better protected and problems can be targeted in a coordinated manner. This research developed a model to improve Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) implementation in the region. The methodology collected data from Mediterranean coastal zone experts via semi-structured interviews and a review of Mediterranean Coastal Foundation ICM Conferences in 2007, 2008 and 2009. Results identified issues and recommended solutions at various points in the policy process and these were used to propose a model for the implementation of ICM. Research demonstrated the need for non symbolic engagement with science especially during the ex-ante, interim and ex-post reports of implementation. Improved and considered horizontal governance and capacity building was highlighted as crucial. Findings also emphasised the importance of legislatively supported bottom-up policy implementation for the Mediterranean to help develop local coastal management ownership. Finally, the particular complexity of coastal policy in an administratively and culturally diverse region was identified as the main difficulty for successful implementation of coastal policies.     

Self-purification capacity and management of Baltic coastal ecosystems

It is expected that the Baltic region becomes a major centre of economic growth and prosperity in Europe already during this decade (Anon. 2000). Therefore, an Agenda 21 for the Baltic region (Baltic 21) was developed to ensure a sustainable development. Especially the coastal ecosystems are subject to increasing anthropogenic pressure e.g. eutrophication, traffic, harbours, tourism or offshore wind parks. Eutrophication remains the main ecological problem in the Baltic Sea and has serious negative social and economical consequences. Inner and outer coastal waters play an important role as buffers and filters for the Baltic proper. Consequently, the utilization and preservation of their self-purification capacity is of great importance. Combined results of our own coastal research and of the international workshop ‘Baltic coastal ecosystems: structure, function and coastal zone management’ (Rostock University, November 2001) are presented here. Conclusions for an improved integrated coastal zone management of Baltic coastal ecosystems will be presented.     

Developments in dutch coastline management: Conclusions from the second governmental coastal report

In 1990 the Dutch government decided to stop any further long-term landward retreat of the coastline. This policy choice for a ‘dynamic preservation’ is primarily aimed at safety against flooding and at sustainable preservation of the values and interests concerning the dunes and beaches. Five years later, a first overview of the benefits and bottlenecks of the new coastal defence policy could be presented, which was published in the second governmental coastal report ‘Kustbalans 1995’ (coastal balance 1995). This consists of three elements: (1) evaluation of the implementation of ‘dynamic preservation’, (2) the consequences of several natural and anthropogenic developments in the coastal zone and (3) integrated coastal zone management. The present report describes experiences of Dutch coastline management and summarizes the main conclusions of the second governmental report. The overall conclusion of the evaluation study is that the 1990 choice for ‘dynamic preservation’ was right. Sand supply is an effective method of coastline maintenance, which also serves functional uses in the beach and dune area. However, nearly a doubling of the supply volume is necessary to compensate for sand losses in the coastal zone. A more integrated management of the coastal zone is necessary to find an equilibrium between the interests of socio-economic development and the maintenance of a natural, dynamic system.     

Developments in Dutch coastline management: Conclusions from the second governmental coastal report

In 1990 the Dutch government decided to stop any further long-term landward retreat of the coastline. This policy choice for a ‘dynamic preservation’ is primarily aimed at safety against flooding and at sustainable preservation of the values and interests concerning the dunes and beaches. Five years later, a first overview of the benefits and bottlenecks of the new coastal defence policy could be presented, which was published in the second governmental coastal report ‘Kustbalans 1995’ (coastal balance 1995). This consists of three elements: (1) evaluation of the implementation of ‘dynamic preservation’, (2) the consequences of several natural and anthropogenic developments in the coastal zone and (3) integrated coastal zone management. The present report describes experiences of Dutch coastline management and summarizes the main conclusions of the second governmental report. The overall conclusion of the evaluation study is that the 1990 choice for ‘dynamic preservation’ was right. Sand supply is an effective method of coastline maintenance, which also serves functional uses in the beach and dune area. However, nearly a doubling of the supply volume is necessary to compensate for sand losses in the coastal zone. A more integrated management of the coastal zone is necessary to find an equilibrium between the interests of socio-economic development and the maintenance of a natural, dynamic system.