给水原水中纳米级颗粒物的存在研究

1实验方法 取珠江原水(水温26℃,浊度为21.9NTU,pH值为6.96)分别经过各级微滤或超滤.用准弹性激光散射装置即时测定滤液中颗粒物的分布及经一千分子量滤膜过滤、放置24h后滤液中颗粒物的分布,测定原水及各级滤液的总有机碳及元素含量.     

气溶胶颗粒物含碳组分的测定

本文讨论了气溶胶粒子中元素碳、有机碳的测定方法,其中包括燃烧热解法、光学法、光学-燃烧热解法等。在应用燃烧热解法测定不同污染源样品时,应小心操作,以避免出现有机碳转化为元素碳的现象,从而影响测定结果的准确性。同时讨论了元素碳、有机碳的分离方法及采样滤膜对环境中有机物吸附和对测定结果的影响。     

碳热还原二氧化硫的热力学平衡验证

用煤或焦炭作还原剂，将烟气中的二氧化硫直接还原为元素硫是一种很有应用前景的烟气处理方法。本文采用循环法研究了碳的类型、温度、以及碳用量对反应达到平衡时硫收率和ＳＯ２转化率的影响。实验结果表明，与文献的理论计算结果相比，碳用量对平衡组成的影响基本一致，而温度的影响则不尽相同。     

韶关市小坑林场山杜英幼林植被层生物量和碳储量的分配格局

森林碳储量是森林生态系统碳库的重要组成成分,在全球碳循环中发挥着重要的作用。以韶关小坑林场山杜英(Elaeocarpus sylvestris)林为研究对象,研究其植被层和凋落物层的生物量、碳储量分配格局,为山杜英人工林的固碳能力和碳汇功能研究提供参考。在林地内建立3个20 m×20 m的样地,采用径阶标准木法,选取10株标准木,按照枝、叶、干和根分别进行取样。每个样地分别设置5个灌木样方(2 m×2 m)、草本样方(1 m×1 m)和凋落物样方(1 m×1 m)样方,收获样方内全部的灌木和草本及凋落物,并各取300 g样品,带回实验室分析。结果表明,山杜英林生物量为34.89 t·hm~(-2),平均碳质量分数为463.79 g·kg~(-1),碳储量为16.65 t·hm~(-2);山杜英林垂直结构的各组分中,乔木层的生物量(26.76 t·hm~(-2))和碳储量(12.85 t·hm~(-2))最大,占比分别为76.70%和77.18%;乔木层各组分中,树干的生物量(13.60 t·hm~(-2))和碳储量(6.62t·hm~(-2))最大,占比分别为50.82%和51.52%。山杜英林树干碳储量是乔木层碳储量的主体,因此应充分利用其生长特性,最大限度地增加树干碳储量,从而增加林分植被层碳储量。该林分具有较大的碳汇潜力,可通过提高林分密度以提高林分的碳储量。     

杭州市大气PM_(2.5)中碳分布特征及来源分析

碳是城市空气中颗粒物的主要成分之一.PM2.5中的碳主要以有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的形式存在.本文对杭州市大气中PM2.5颗粒物进行研究,探讨有机碳和元素碳的分布特征.     

西安城区冬季污染天单颗粒气溶胶的化学组分特征及混合状态

本研究利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)于2018年12月6-12 日在西安市开展高时间分辨率的实时在线观测.观测期间颗粒物数浓度和PM2.5质量浓度变化趋势一致,表明颗粒物数浓度可以反映大气污染状况.结合自适应共振神经网络算法和人工分类方法,将颗粒物共分为7类,分别是元素碳颗粒(EC)、有机碳与元素碳混合颗粒(OC...     

水分梯度下若尔盖高寒泥炭地土壤可溶性有机质光谱特征

川西高寒泥炭地是中国乃至全球最大的高寒土壤碳库之一,目前正经历着干旱化和植被退化的影响。水溶性有机质(DOM)是有机碳中活性较高的组分,对土壤碳动态平衡乃至源汇转换具有重要意义,同时也是联系陆地土壤和水生生态系统之间碳交换的主要载体,对水环境质量有重要影响。为了解干旱化对若尔盖高寒泥炭地土壤可溶性有机质含量及结构特征的影响,以四川省阿坝藏族羌族自治州若尔盖县高寒泥炭地不同水分环境下表层土壤(0-10cm)水溶性有机质(DOM)为对象,采用三维激发发射矩阵荧光光谱、平行因子分析(EEM-PARAFAC)以及荧光区域积分(FRI)等方法,对其数量和光谱学特征进行了比较研究。结果表明:(1)随着土壤干旱化程度加深,若尔盖泥炭地土壤总有机碳和水溶性有机碳含量而显著降低,降低程度分别为55.36%、28.77%;(2)川西高寒泥炭地DOM的荧光光谱特征参数表明,DOM的芳香性与腐殖化程度随着水分的增加而降低,土壤DOM稳定性降低,微生物可利用性降低;(3)平行因子分析结果显示若尔盖泥炭地土壤DOM中以小分子类腐殖质组分载荷最高,微生物活动和转化过程中蛋白物质类组分最低;(4)高原泥炭地土壤DOM中富里酸类有机质和腐殖酸类有机质占比最高,漫岗草甸土壤中腐殖酸占比高于湿地土壤,而湿地土壤富里酸组分占比高于漫岗草甸土壤。总之,若尔盖湿地干旱化将导致泥炭地土壤碳含量显著性降低,可能导致土壤有机碳将大规模排放。     

伊犁河谷不同生境下大麻根茎叶生态化学计量特征

以伊犁河谷的大麻（Cannabis sativa）为研究对象,分析林地、玉米地、麦地、路边等4种样区大麻根、茎、叶生态化学计量特征,了解植物生长机制,研究生境和器官对大麻生态化学计量特征的影响,阐明大麻生长过程中的限制性元素.研究结果表明,在林地、路边大麻各器官的碳含量以及林地大麻C∶P表现为茎>根>叶,玉米地中大麻碳含量为茎>叶>根,在麦地为根>叶>茎,各样区大麻氮含量和磷含量及林地、麦地大麻N∶P表现为叶>茎>根,各样区大麻C∶N及玉米地、麦地、路边大麻C∶P表现为根>茎>叶,在玉米地、路边的大麻N:P为叶>根>茎.不同生境大麻不同器官生态化学计量特征存在一定差异性,路边大麻叶、根的碳含量极显著高于其他样区（P<0.01）,茎的碳含量显著高于麦地（P<0.05）,且高于其他样区,但不显著（P>0.05）;玉米地大麻叶、茎的磷含量和C:N显著高于其他样区（P<0.05）,根的磷含量高于其他样区,但林地与玉米地不显著（P>0.05）,玉米各器官氮含量、C∶P和N∶P极显著低于其他样区（...     

氧分子在碳纳米颗粒表面吸附的密度泛函理论研究

基于密度泛函理论,模拟了氧分子在3种典型碳纳米颗粒(富勒烯、碳纳米管和石墨烯)表面的吸附,计算了氧分子垂直和平行吸附于碳纳米颗粒表面的吸附能和吸附距离,确定氧分子在六元环中心平行吸附为最稳定构型.氧分子在3种碳纳米颗粒表面的吸附作用受到碳纳米颗粒的曲率和表面电荷分布的影响,吸附作用力大小顺序为石墨烯富勒烯碳纳米管.电荷分布结果表明,氧分子在碳纳米管、石墨烯表面吸附时无显著的电荷转移,而富勒烯与氧分子之间有部分电荷(0.21e)转移.     

土壤重金属X射线荧光光谱非标样测试方法研究

采用粉末压片制样,用X射线荧光光谱非标样测试方法测定土壤中Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、As、Cd、Sn、Sb、Pb、Hg等15种重金属元素。研究了样品制备方法和元素测量条件等影响测试准确度的因素。结果表明此方法不需对固体样品进行消化处理,无需制备标准样片,快速、简便、效率高,是一种非破坏性的分析方法,方法的检出限、准确度和精密度基本能够满足土壤中有毒有害重金属的快速筛查要求。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.