退耕还湖后安庆沿江湿地土壤颗粒分形特征

以安庆沿江不同退耕还湖方式(白荡湖区,低坝高网式养鱼;菜子湖区,自然恢复湿地)和不同历史利用方式(水耕和旱耕)的湿地土壤为研究对象,分析退耕还湖后湿地土壤的颗粒分形特征变化。结果表明,退耕还湖后白荡湖区湿地土壤颗粒分形维数和<0.01 mm粒径颗粒含量降低,且历史水耕湿地土壤颗粒分形维数降幅小于历史旱耕湿地;菜子湖区湿地土壤颗粒分形维数和<0.01 mm粒径颗粒含量升高,且历史水耕湿地土壤颗粒分形维数增幅大于历史旱耕湿地。2个湖区湿地土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤细黏粒、粗黏粒和细粉粒含量呈显著正相关(P<0.01),与粗粉粒、细砂粒和粗砂粒含量呈显著负相关(P<0.01),与土壤有机质、全磷和有效氮含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),土壤颗粒分形维数和土壤养分含量的聚类分析结果总体相似。土壤颗粒分形维数可作为评价退耕还湖后湿地生态恢复过程中土壤演变状况的重要参考指标。     

干热河谷植物沙丘形态及植物功能性状特征与土壤分形维数的关系北大核心CSCD

为了解植物沙丘形态及植物功能性状特征对坡面泥沙拦截的作用机制,以干热河谷典型区蒋家沟流域为研究区,采用典型样地调查、野外实地观测和室内试验处理的方法,测定失稳性坡面42个植物沙丘(包括扭黄茅20株、拟金茅13株、丛毛羊胡子草9株)的形态特征、植物功能性状特征和沙丘土壤的颗粒组成,并运用分形理论计算分形维数,分析分形维数与植物沙丘形态特征及功能性状特征间的相关关系.结果表明:(1)3种植物沙丘的形态特征及植物的功能性状特征均无显著差异性.(2)3种植物沙丘间、沙丘与上方30 cm处的土壤各粒径百分比含量和分形维数均无显著差异.(3)干热河谷植物沙丘土壤颗粒的分形维数(D)与植物含水率、根系深度呈极显著正相关性(P <0.01),与沙丘长度显著正相关(P <0.05),与植物其他形态、功能性状特征和沙丘其他形态特征间均无显著相关性.上述研究表明不同植物沙丘各类特征间均无显著差异;沙丘未改变坡面原有土壤颗粒的分布特征;沙丘土壤分形维数可表征植物含水率、根系深度及沙丘长度的大小.结果有助于加深植物控制土壤侵蚀效应的认识,可为干热河谷水土流失治理提供科学依据.(图5表1参35)     

寒温带兴安落叶松林土壤团聚体特征及其影响因素研究

以寒温带兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)林为研究对象,分析其土壤团聚体的分布及其有机碳含量特征,并探讨各土壤因子对团聚体稳定性的影响。在兴安落叶松林内设置28块30 m×30 m的样地,以0—10、10—20、20—40、40—60 cm分层取土样,测定各理化指标含量、不同粒级土壤团聚体及其有机碳含量。结果表明,兴安落叶松林土壤团聚体各粒级含量高低为(0.25—2 mm粒径)团聚体>(<0.053 mm粒径)团聚体>(0.053—0.25 mm粒径)团聚体,各粒级团聚体表层(0—10 cm)含量均显著区别于其他各层;土壤团聚体的平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)分别为0.53 mm和0.22 mm,分维数(D)为2.78,土壤团聚体稳定性较高且存在剖面差异;土壤有机碳主要分布于0.25—2 mm粒径的大团聚体中(34.51g·kg^-1),贡献率为52.10%,粒径0.053—2 mm土壤团聚体中有机碳含量最低(6.30 g·kg^-1),贡献率为16.42%;随土层深度增加,各粒级团聚体有机碳含量和0.25—2 mm团聚体有机碳贡献率逐渐减小,<0.25 mm团聚体贡献率逐渐增大,40 cm以下各粒级贡献率趋于稳定;兴安落叶松林土壤团聚体的粒径分配和稳定性受到林龄和林型的显著影响;大团聚体(0.25—2mm)含量与土壤总有机碳(SOC)呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),微团聚体(<0.25 mm)含量与Al、Mg等金属氧化物含量呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05);大团聚体(0.25—2 mm)含量和MWD、GMD指标与pH值呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.01),与土壤含水量、速效钾、有效磷、有机磷呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。综上,土壤有机质和金属氧化物分别为兴安落叶松林土壤0.25—2 mm大团聚体和<0.25 mm微团聚体的主要胶结物质,土壤水分、养分和酸碱条件对团聚体的形成和稳定产生影响。     

博罗县下村农场坡地赤红壤的结构特征及其意义

探讨了博罗县下村农场坡地赤红壤的结构特征及其生产意义。结果表明,下村农场坡地赤红壤的质地较粗,土壤的团聚体含量较高,土壤的孔隙性较差;土壤粘粒、有机质,尤其是后者对土壤结构状况影响很大,土壤结构系数与土壤粘粒含量呈显著正相关,土壤1—0.05mm粗微团聚体含量、10—0.25mm水稳性团聚体及其几何平均直径值,均与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关。坡地土壤的开发利用,应注意防治水土流失,减少团聚体的破坏,并特别注重提高土壤有机质含量,以改善土壤结构状况。     

广东坡地红壤颗粒组成状况的研究──Ⅲ.土壤颗粒组成与土壤理化性质的关系

根据所收集的土壤理化分析资料,探讨了广东坡地红壤类颗粒组成对土壤理化性质的影响．研究结果表明,土壤＜0．01mm物理性粘粒或是＜0．001mm粘粒含量与土壤结构系数、＜0．005mm孔隙度、土壤持水量、土壤阳离子代换量、土壤有机质、土壤N和P含量均呈显著正相关;＜0．001mm颗粒含量与土壤有效持水量呈显著指数相关。由此可见,土壤颗粒组成是影响土壤肥力的重要因素。     

化肥减量配施有机肥和秸秆对华北潮土团聚体分布及稳定性的影响

为了探明化肥减量配施有机肥和秸秆对华北潮土区小麦-玉米轮作田土壤团聚体含量、大小和稳定性的影响,设置常规施肥(CK)、化肥减量处理(F)、化肥减量配施秸秆还田(FS)、化肥减量配施有机肥(FM)、化肥减量配施有机肥和秸秆(FSM)共5个处理定位试验,分别测定各处理土壤有机质和全氮含量,并采用干筛法和湿筛法测定分析土壤团聚体的粒径分布、0.25 mm粒级的含量、平均质量直径(mean weight diameter,MWD)、几何平均直径(geometric mean diameter,GMD)和分形维数(particle-sized dimension,PSD)。结果表明:小麦季,FS、FM和FSM处理显著提高了土壤有机质和全氮含量,并显著提高了机械稳定性和水稳定性团聚体0.25mm粒级的含量、MWD和GMD,显著降低了水稳定性团聚体PSD,各处理之间机械稳定性团聚体PSD差异不显著。玉米季,FM处理显著提高了土壤有机质含量。FS、FM和FSM处理的0.25 mm粒级水稳定性团聚体的含量均显著高于CK。FSM处理显著提高了机械稳定性团聚体0.25 mm粒级的含量、MWD和GMD;FM处理显著降低了水稳定性团聚体PSD。小麦季PSD和玉米季干筛团聚体PSD与粒径0.25mm团聚体的含量呈显著负相关关系,玉米季湿筛团聚体PSD与粒径0.25 mm团聚体的含量呈极显著负相关关系。综上,在华北潮土区化肥减施配施有机肥、作物秸秆可促进表层土壤团聚体的形成,并提高其稳定性,是维持土壤肥力有效的管理措施。     

洪涝灾害干扰下受损自然恢复林地土壤基本性状及分形维数特征

选取重大洪涝灾害干扰下受损自然恢复3种不同林地(毛竹林、杉木林、次生阔叶林)为研究对象,以未受损林地为对照,测定不同林型土壤基本性状指标(包括土壤颗粒组成在内的物理性质、主要养分含量),并运用分形理论计算了分形维数D值,探讨分形维数与土壤基本性状的相关关系.结果表明:(1)3种不同林型土壤均以粉粒含量占比最大,分形维数在2.58-2.70之间,0-10 cm土层分形维数表现为毛竹林杉木林次生阔叶林,受损自然恢复林地未受损林地,其中次生阔叶林的受损自然恢复林地与未受损林地差异显著.(2)毛竹林与次生阔叶林土壤容重表现为受损自然恢复林地显著大于未受损林地,土壤含水量、毛管持水量、非毛管孔隙度与总孔隙度则相反,受损自然恢复与未受损杉木林间土壤物理性质的差异较小;各林型土壤养分含量随土层深度的增加而降低,且受损自然恢复林地显著低于未受损林地,总体恢复状况表现为杉木林次生阔叶林毛竹林.(3)土壤分形维数与土壤黏粒含量、土壤容重存在显著正相关关系,与有机质、全氮、土壤含水量、毛管持水量、非毛管孔隙度及总毛管孔隙度存在显著负相关关系.因此,分形维数能够客观地表征土壤的结构特征以及土壤养分肥力特征;受损恢复林地土壤条件还未达到未受损林地的水平,对恢复状况较差的毛竹林,可以适当地进行人工植树造林,优化群落结构,进而改善土壤条件,促进灾害干扰下受损植被的恢复进程.     

岩溶山区不同土地利用方式对石灰土基本特性的影响

以重庆金佛山为例,针对岩溶山区不同土地利用系统,分析了土壤容重、孔隙度、质地、有机质、阳离子交换量等土壤基本特性对不同土地利用方式的响应.结果表明,由于土地利用强度不同,常绿阔叶林地土壤质量最优,耕地最差,退耕地的部分土壤特性得到恢复.土壤特性对不同土地利用方式的响应程度由高到低依次为有机质、阳离子交换量、黏粒含量、容重、孔隙度.有机质与阳离子交换量、机械组成的分形维数、容重和孔隙度均呈极显著相关,有机质是岩溶生态环境中石灰土壤质量演变的重要因子.     

招远市区土壤及常见绿化植物汞污染特征

为查明长期黄金开采冶炼对城市汞污染的影响,以"金都"招远为研究对象,于2011年4月,采集了招远市区常见绿化植物柏树、落叶松、冬青的茎叶样品30份,并同步采集相应表层土壤样品34份。采用冷原子吸收法测定样品总汞含量,分析了土壤的理化性质。结果表明,招远市区表层土壤中汞含量范围为0.002~0.815 mg·kg-1,平均值为0.149 mg·kg-1。土壤汞含量与有机质呈极显著正相关,与p H、粗颗粒比例呈显著正相关关系,而与阳离子交换量、黏粒比例呈显著负相关。不同城市区域相比,处于金矿区污染源下风向、且与矿区距离较近的梦芝区土壤汞含量要显著高于其它区域。常见绿化植物茎叶汞含量范围为0.021~0.782 mg·kg-1,不同植物中的汞含量没有显著差异,但同种植物中茎、叶中汞含量存在极显著正相关。植物中的汞在各城市区域没有显著差异,与土壤汞含量也不存在显著相关性。研究结果显示,招远市区土壤和植物受周边金矿开采和黄金冶炼的影响,存在一定程度汞污染。     

农田沙漠化过程对土壤性质和作物产量的影响

地处北方半干旱农牧交错带东端的科尔沁沙地,是我国现代沙漠化最严重的地区之一。选择科尔沁沙地不同沙漠化阶段（非沙漠化、轻度、中度、重度和严重沙漠化）农田,研究了沙漠化发展过程对土壤有机碳、全氮、颗粒组成、土壤温度、土壤持水能力以及作物生物量的影响。结果表明,随着农田的风蚀,土壤发生粗化和有机质含量下降,土壤环境明显恶化,导致生物产量大幅度下降。从非沙漠化农田分别到轻度、中度、重度和严重沙漠化农田,100 cm深土壤有机碳含量下降34.4%、52.8%、81.6%和90.9%,全氮含量下降42.4%、58.5%、82.7%和92.6%。从非沙漠化农田到严重沙漠化农田,2～0.1 mm的土壤颗粒含量从64.4%增加到96.1%,0.1～0.05 mm的颗粒含量从28.8%减少到2.7%,小于0.05 mm的颗粒含量从5.9%减少到0.7%。严重沙漠化农田土壤温度比非沙漠化农田高3.0℃,土壤饱和持水量和田间持水量分别比非沙漠化农田低45%和53%,单株地上部生物量比非沙漠化农田低31%。非沙漠化、轻度、中度和重度沙漠化农田单位面积玉米产量分别比严重沙漠化农田高3.4、3.5、2.5和1.5倍。在科尔沁沙地,加强农田防护林建设,实施保护性耕作和增施有机肥是防止农田沙漠化和提高作物产量的根本措施。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.     

Lead in a residential environment in Jamaica

The background levels of lead in Jamaica in soils and sediments, estimated at 37 mg kg^–1, are relatively high compared with world averages. Several areas have values in excess of this due to mineralisation and pollution. One such is the residential Hope Flats/Kintyre area in which levels of lead up to 2.5% are found in the soils and up to 8 g kg^–1 in the water of the nearby Hope River. The blood lead levels of a sample of children were in the range 5.7–57 g dl^–1. The high lead levels suggest a potential health risk, particularly for the children. This can be minimised by programmes which include community education, case management and abatement to reduce the lead exposure.     

硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难以降解的污染物之一。因其用途广泛,大量残留于土壤,水体和大气中,造成的环境污染日趋严重。多种植物对该类污染物具有吸收、富集和代谢降解作用,利用植物对其环境污染进行治理是一种有效的方法。文章在总结国内外有关硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究基础上,重点阐述了植物对硝基芳香化合物的吸收、转运和代谢过程,分析了吸收、代谢机理以及影响吸收的因素;硝基芳香化合物的理化特性、浓度和植物自身特性及其它外界条件都会影响植物对该类化合物的吸收,植物可以通过体内降解、体外联合代谢、根部释放酶催化的机制实现该类化合物的降解。目前,硝基芳香化合物进入植物细胞膜的机理认知不足,模拟模型缺乏有力数据验证;代谢机制中参与反应的酶、化合物等体系和反应产物环境特性仍不明确,植物修复可行性缺乏有力证据。未来将在模型预测构建、降解机理和修复工程的实际应用方面作进一步探究,以形成系统的认知,为硝基芳香化合物污染土壤和农产品的生态风险评价以及植物修复提供理论依据。     

Genotypic variation in element concentrations in brown rice from Yunnan landraces in China

The mineral elements present in brown rice play an important physiological role in global human health. We investigated genotypic variation of eight of these elements (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) in 11 different grades of brown rice on the basis of the number and distance coefficients of 282 alleles for 20 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Six-hundred and twenty-eight landraces from the same field in Yunnan Province, one of the largest centers of genetic diversity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the world, formed our core collection. The mean concentrations (mg kg⁻¹) of the eight elements in brown rice for these landraces were P (3,480) > K (2,540) > Mg (1,480) > Ca (157) > Zn (32.8) > Fe (32.0) > Cu (13.6) > Mn (13.2). Mean P concentrations in brown rice were 6.56 times total soil P, so the grains are important in tissue storage of P, but total soil K is 7.82 times mean K concentrations in brown rice. The concentrations of the eight elements in some grades of brown rice, on the basis of the number and distance coefficients of alleles for 20 SSR markers for the landraces, were significantly different (P < 0.05), and further understanding of the relationship between mineral elements and gene diversity is needed. There was large variation in element concentrations in brown rice, ranging from 2,160 to 5,500 mg P kg⁻¹, from 1,130 to 3,830 mg K kg⁻¹, from 61.8 to 488 mg Ca kg⁻¹, from 864 to 2,020 mg Mg kg⁻¹, from 0.40 to 147 mg Fe kg⁻¹, from 15.1 to 124 mg Zn kg⁻¹, from 0.10 to 59.1 mg Cu kg⁻¹, and from 6.7 to 26.6 mg Mn kg⁻¹. Therefore, germplasm evaluations for Ca, Fe, and Zn concentrations in rice grains have detected up to sevenfold genotypic differences, suggesting that selection for high levels of Ca, Fe, and Zn in breeding for mass production is a feasible approach. Increasing the concentrations of Ca, Fe, and Zn in rice grains will help alleviate chronic Ca, Zn, and Fe deficiencies in many areas of the world.     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.