污水处理厂暴露模型参数及对化学品归趋的影响

污水处理厂(STP)暴露预测模型是评估化学品环境归趋的重要手段。调研和实际测定了中国典型污水处理厂的处理工艺、污水特征及环境条件等参数,结果显示,中国STP进水的生化需氧量(BOD5)和悬浮颗粒浓度(SS)普遍低于欧盟。应用欧盟Simple Treat模型,比较了2,6-二叔丁基苯酚、2,4-二叔戊基苯酚和1-萘酚3种化学品在中国和欧盟场景参数下的归趋差异。结果显示,中国场景参数下3种化学品进入污泥的比例较低,向水体中排放比例较高,水环境风险较大。模型灵敏度分析结果表明,进水BOD5、进水SS、活性污泥有机碳含量和环境温度是影响化学品环境归趋的主要因素。     

应用随机性混合数据评价技术评价海口市污水处理厂规划方案

海南省为我国第一个特区省,海口市作为海南省的省会将建成为百万人口左右的国际现代化大城市,因而,海口市的环境规划和污水处理厂的选址规划对创造良好的现代化的城市环境起着重要的作用。本研究着重于海口市污水处理厂规划方案的评价和选择。由于污水处理厂的选址规划不仅牵涉到     

浙江省典型污水处理厂中氯苯类化合物的赋存特征及风险评估

氯苯类化合物(chlorobenzene,CBs)是一类具有高毒性、难降解和易富集性的有机氯化合物,持续受到广泛关注.污水处理厂在城市水污染控制中发挥着重要作用,然而,目前关于污水处理厂中的CBs研究十分有限,其消减规律与排放特征仍不清楚.本研究系统分析了浙江省两家典型污水处理厂中CBs的赋存特征、去除效率及排放潜在风险.发现CBs在各污水处理厂污水中普遍存在,但污染水平较低,出水中CBs的总浓度范围为17.4—75.1 ng·L^-1,远低于我国相关排放标准.二氯苯是进出水中CBs的主要组成成分,占比49.3%—64.1%.厌氧处理及污泥吸附沉淀对CBs的去除效果相对较好,但现有污水处理工艺对CBs的总体去除效果不佳,部分处理单元还存在CBs含量上升情况.基于环境影响度(ambient severity,AS)和风险熵值(risk quotients,RQs)评估结果表明,所研究污水处理厂排放水中CBs对人体健康以及生态风险较小(AS <1,RQs <0.1).研究结果有助于深入了解CBs在污水处理系统中的环境行为和排放风险,也为优化污水处理工艺、进一...     

广州大坦沙污水处理厂有机物的去除及其向空气中的排放

对广州大胆浙江省污水处理厂各工艺阶段污水中挥发性有机物的测试表明,进水中主要有害ＶＯＣｓ为苯系物和卤代烃;进水和出水比较,苯,甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯的去除率接近１００％,污水中几种主要卤代烃的去除效率范围为７９％－８９％。     

上海城市污泥中有机磷酸酯阻燃剂/增塑剂分布的初步研究

采用超声提取、固相萃取和气相色谱质谱联用(GC-MS)分析技术,测定了12个上海市政污水处理厂外排污泥中的8种常见有机磷酸酯(OPs)的浓度水平与分布特征.所有污泥样品中检出多种OPs分布,OPs总含量范围为138—778 ng·g~(-1).主要污染物为三(1-氯-2-丙基)磷酸酯、三苯基磷酸酯、三-(2-氯乙基)磷酸酯(TCEP),浓度范围分别为LOD—206 ng·g~(-1)、8.82—52.9 ng·g~(-1)和7.12—65.7 ng·g~(-1).研究结果表明,生活污水和工业废水是OPs重要释放来源.因其显著毒性效应和持久性,TCEP被欧美等国禁用,但本研究污泥中广泛检出且含量水平较高(7.12—65.7 ng·g~(-1)),结果折射其高历史残留或持续使用.     

ADMS-EIA模型在污水处理厂恶臭影响预测中的应用

正污水处理厂属于环保工程,项目运行后有利于减少污水中有害物质排放.污水处理厂在发挥环境效益的同时,也会对环境产生不利影响,诸如排放尾水、产生恶臭和污泥等污染物.其中恶臭是污水处理厂运行中不可避免的一个污染问题,而其影响预测评价也是污水处理厂环境影响评价工作中的重点.污水处理厂的恶臭主要来自格栅间、进水泵房、曝气沉砂池、初沉池、生化池、污泥浓缩池、污泥脱水机房和污泥堆     

典型污水处理厂中多环麝香的污染特征

多环麝香在日常生活中被广泛使用,在生产和使用过程中会经过污水处理系统而进入环境中.研究了日用化妆品生产工厂排放的多环麝香在污水处理系统中污水和污泥的污染特征.在大型日用化妆品生产工厂污水处理厂的污水和污泥中均检测出较高浓度的多环麝香,HHCB和AHTN是两种主要污染物.其中多环麝香在污水处理系统进水中质量浓度范围为4.7(AHMI)～550 μg·L-1(HHCB),出水中质量浓度范围为:低于检测限(AHMI)～32.1μg·L-1(HHCB),污泥(干物质量)中多环麝香的含量范围为1.78(AHMI)～566 mg·kg-1(HHCB).污水处理系统污水中多环麝香的去除效率非常高,达到了90%以上,然而,污泥中却富集了大量的多环麝香,表明污水中的多环麝香很大一部分转移到了污泥中,从而可能成为环境中一种潜在的多环麝香污染源.     

汞在城市污水处理厂的赋存特征及质量平衡——甲基汞

以焦作市第一污水处理厂各工艺单元的进出物料为研究对象,通过样品中甲基汞和溶解态甲基汞含量的测定,初步探讨了甲基汞在污水处理厂物料中的赋存特征和迁移过程.结果发现,污水处理厂进水中甲基汞和溶解态甲基汞的含量分别在6.73—49.53 ng·L-1和0.55—8.14 ng·L-1之间,日均值分别为21.34±13.88 ng·L-1和2.55±2.36 ng·L-1.污水厂外排水中甲基汞含量在0.42—1.15 ng·L-1之间,满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GBl8918—2002)中规定的烷基汞含量限值(10 ng·L-1)要求.污水厂对原污水中甲基汞和溶解态甲基汞的去除率分别达到了96.3%和85.1%,甲基汞的去除主要发生在二级处理工艺单元(氧化沟+二沉池).与污水厂进水相比,出水中溶解态甲基汞所占甲基汞的比率显著升高(15.4%±11.4%升至48.3%±17.9%)(P<0.001),甲基汞占总汞的比率也有显著升高(1.9%±1.2%升至3.9%±1.2%)(P<0.001).沉砂池、二沉池、浓缩池和压滤机房污泥中甲基汞含量分别为7.65±4.35、13.53±6.54、10.48±8.17、8.80±6.48 ng·g-1,占总汞的比率分别为0.9%±0.5%、0.3%±0.1%、0.2%±0.2%、0.2%±0.1%.各处理单元污泥中甲基汞含量均不稳定,日变异系数均达到了45%以上.污水处理厂进出物料中甲基汞的质量平衡计算表明,每天离开污水处理厂的甲基汞比进入污水处理厂的甲基汞减少了1889 mg,占进水中甲基汞质量的88.5%.甲基汞的损失主要发生在二级处理工艺单元,可能有两个方面的原因,一是甲基汞在氧化沟和二沉池中的吸附和沉积,二是甲基汞在污水处理过程中发生了去甲基化.     

有机磷酸酯阻燃剂的人群暴露和甲状腺毒性的研究进展

有机磷酸酯(organophosphate esters,OPEs)是使用最为广泛的有机磷阻燃剂,并兼具增塑剂、消泡剂和萃取剂等功能,被广泛用于电子产品、建筑材料和塑料材料等中,导致其在环境介质中普遍存在,对生态系统和人体健康构成巨大威胁.作为一种新型环境污染物,OPEs的人群暴露特征和生物毒性成为环境健康领域的研究热...     

菰和菖蒲在污水中的生长特性及其净化效果比较

通过漂浮栽植菰(Zizania latifolia)和菖蒲(Acoruscalamus),研究了它们在低、中、高3种浓度污水中的生长特性及其对这3种浓度污水的净化效果.结果表明,菰和菖蒲均在中浓度污水中生长最好.菰在中浓度污水中的生物量显著高于低浓度和高浓度中;菖蒲在中浓度污水中的生物量略高于低浓度和高浓度中,但差异不显著.菰对中浓度污水中TN、NH3-N、TP和CODCr的去除率分别为97.4%、95.3%、98.5%和71.4%,对高浓度污水中TN、NH3-N、TP和CODCr的去除率分别为96.4%、97.7%、88.2%和76.1%,净化效果均显著高于低浓度中.菰可作为中、高浓度污水的净化植物.菖蒲净化中浓度污水的效果最好,对TN、NH3-N、TP和CODCr的去除率分别为97.5%、94.1%、98.5%和72.7%;对高浓度污水中的NH3-N和CODCr去除效果也较好,去除率分别为97.8%和86.7%,但对TN和TP的去除率分别为89.5%和70.9%,显著低于对低浓度和中浓度污水中TN和TP的去除率.图1表4参13     

有机磷酸酯阻燃剂的环境暴露与迁移转化研究进展

有机磷酸酯(organophosphate esters,OPEs)是目前被广泛使用的阻燃剂添加成份,其具有神经、生殖、基因等生物毒性,且具有致癌性。作为新一类污染物,有机磷酸酯在环境中越来越多的释放引起了环境研究者的关注。文章综述了OPEs在水体、土壤、空气和生物体中的暴露浓度,并介绍了OPEs在环境中的各种迁移转化途径。目前针对OPEs的环境暴露研究仍十分有限,需要更全面调查其在多环境介质中的暴露状况以综合评价其生态风险。OPEs的多种迁移途径已得到证实,但相关物理化学转化和生物转化机制研究尚不完整。最后对OPEs的进一步研究提出了展望,以期促进我国OPEs的生态风险研究。     

工业酸洗废水全自动化学处理过程的控制

酸洗工艺过程产生的酸洗废水的直接排放,将会导致受纳水体的水质恶化,造成环境污染.经过入水→预沉淀→氧化(含中和、曝气、搅拌、混凝)→沉淀→出水等物理,化学处理之后,排出口的废水基本上能符合国家的工业废水排放标准,可以达标排放.整个化学和物理处理工艺流程全部采用香港中能电化学设备公司自行研制的先进设备进行自动化控制;所需的关键控制仪器如ORP值测定仪、pH值测定仪和耐酸碱处理的泵等设备则全部采用西方先进国家进口.因此,一个污水处理厂只需要一个熟练的技术工人就完成了整个污水处理过程.     

Paraben-chlorinated derivatives in river waters

This article reports the first identification of paraben-chlorinated derivatives in river water. Parabens are widely used as preservatives in pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Parabens can be easily chlorinated by chlorinated tap water. The resulting chlorinated derivatives might pose a higher potential risk to humans and ecosystems than the corresponding parent parabens. However, the occurrence of such derivatives in rivers remains unknown so far. We studied 23 parabens and their chlorinated derivatives from rivers receiving effluents from sewage treatment plants in Shizuoka city, in the central Pacific region of Japan. The compounds were extracted by solid-phase extraction with a styrene polymer sorbent, trimethylsilyl-derivatized, and then identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Six chlorinated parabens and their primary degradation products, two chlorinated hydroxybenzoic acids, were found for the first time in river water. Moreover, in river water, chlorinated derivatives preferentially partition into the suspended-solid phase.     

典型有机磷酸酯阻燃剂分析方法研究进展

有机磷酸酯(OPEs)是一类重要的有机磷阻燃剂,近些年逐渐取代了溴代阻燃剂,广泛应用于各行各业,也因此导致在多种环境介质中有较高的暴露量和潜在风险。已有研究表明,OPEs具有一定的毒理效应,对人体及其他生物均有潜在危害。本文综述了近年来国内外OPEs的检测技术,详述了不同环境介质OPEs的前处理方法。结果表明,目前固相萃取(SPE)和固相微萃取(SPME)仍是水样前处理的主要方法;对于固体样品,加速溶剂萃取/加压液相萃取(ASE/PLE)和微波辅助萃取(MAE)应用较多;虽然大气样品仍以固体吸附剂方式为主,但已向在线一体化方向发展;而生物样品的前处理方法多与水样和固体样品方法相似;但是对于复杂环境介质中OPEs样品的前处理较为困难,方法有待改善;气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)和气相色谱-氮磷检测器(GC-NPD)对弱极性和易挥发的OPEs分析效果好,而强极性和难挥发的OPEs多用液相色谱-质谱联用(LCMS);气相色谱-质谱串联(GC-MS/MS)、液相色谱-质谱串联(LC-MS/MS)和高效液相色谱-质谱串联(UPLC-MS/MS)等对多种复杂的环境介质中的OPEs均有较好的检测分析效果,但并未普及。最后,对OPEs分析测试方法的发展趋势提出了展望。     

Estrogen content and relative performance of Japanese and British sewage treatment plants and their potential impact on endocrine disruption.

Both the UK and Japan are densely populated islands with relatively short rivers. Therefore, both countries are likely to be highly exposed to contaminants emanating from their human populations. This review considered how effective the different sewage treatment facilities of the two countries are at removing steroid estrogens from the effluent. The methods of estrogen analysis in sewage effluent, the number and importance of different sewage treatment types, and their apparent effectiveness at removing estrogens were all considered. In both countries, the activated sludge treatment was dominant in terms of people served and water discharged. The analytical techniques used by those studying estrogen concentrations in effluents in both countries were broadly similar. Activated sludge plant (ASP) effluent in the UK typically contained around 2 ng/L estradiol (E2) and 8 ng/L estrone (E1), while Japanese ASPs typically reported E2 as below detection, and 10 ng/L E1 in their effluents. When estrogenic bioassays were used in Japan, they typically record an estrogenic potency of 10 ng/L E2 equivalents. Even taking into account ethinylestradiol (EE2) (not found in Japanese effluents), the overall estrogenicity of British sewage effluents would appear to be the same as that of Japanese sewage effluents (around 10 ng/L E2 equivalents). This suggests that the ASPs serving the large urban communities in Japan and the UK would have effluent of similar estrogenic potencies. Less information is available about the more numerous biological (trickling) filter plants (BFP) in the UK and oxygen ditches (OD) in Japan which tend to serve smaller, more rural communities. The available data would suggest that the BFPs are significantly less efficient than the ODs at removing E1. This would suggest that in similar circumstances, British headwaters (where this sewage treatment plant (STP) type is often found) might be more at risk from endocrine disruption than their Japanese counterparts. Overall, the apparently higher incidence of endocrine disruption in British wild fish than in Japanese wild fish cannot be attributed to differences in the efficiency of their respective STPs.     

Stormwater runoff pollution loads from an urban catchment with rainy climate in China

An older urban district in Wuhan, China, is transitioning from discharging sewage and stormwater directly into lakes, to directing the sewage to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Dealing with polluted stormwater discharge is a great challenge. Stormwater runoff from an urban catchment with a combined sewer system was sampled and analyzed over a three-year period. Results indicate that wet weather flows account for 66%, 31%, 17%, and 13% of the total load of suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen, and total phosphorus, respectively. The first flush of COD and SS was significant in all runoff events. More than 50% of the SS and COD loads were transported by the first 30% of runoff volume. Storage and treatment of the first 10 mm from each combined sewer overflow event could reduce more than 70% of the annual COD overflow load. An integrated solution is recommended, consisting of a tank connected to the WWTP and a detention pond, to store and treat the combined sewer overflow (CSO). These results may be helpful in mitigating CSO pollution for many other urban areas in China and other developing countries.     

抗生素抗性基因在环境中的来源、传播扩散及生态风险

近年来,由于抗生素的滥用首先诱导动物体内产生抗生素抗性基因(antib iotic resistance genes,ARGs),从而加速了抗性基因在环境中细菌间的传播扩散.目前,抗生素抗性基因作为一类新型环境污染物,在不同环境介质中的传播、扩散可能比抗生素本身的环境危害更大.本文针对抗生素抗性基因在地表水、地下水、医疗废水、城市污水处理厂、养殖场、土壤、沉积物以及大气环境中的来源、分布、传播情况以及国内外最新研究动态进行综述.分析了抗生素抗性基因在环境中的潜在传播途径及其可能影响因素,并指出光照,厌氧,高温处理可以有效遏制抗生素抗性基因在环境中的传播和扩散.揭示了抗生素抗性基因可能造成的生态风险,针对我国对该类污染物的研究现状,提出了今后的研究重点.     

Organophosphate esters in sediment from Taihu Lake,China: Bridging the gap between riverine sources and lake sinks

• Eleven OPEs were detected in river sediment and lake sediment in Taihu Lake. • TnBP dominated in river sediment, while TBEP dominated in lake sediment. • A strong correlation existed between logK_oc and logK_ow of OPEs. • Vertical profiles of OPEs in sediment cores varied according to sampling location. Surface sediment samples from Taihu Lake in China and its inflow rivers, along with two lake sediment core samples, were collected and analyzed for organophosphate esters (OPEs). The concentrations of total OPEs varied from 28.60 ng/g to 158.72 ng/g (median: 54.25 ng/g) in river surface sediment and from 62.57 ng/g to 326.84 ng/g (median: 86.37 ng/g) in lake sediment. Tributyl phosphate (TnBP) was the predominant compound in river surface sediment, and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate was predominant in lake sediment. High contamination occurred in the north-west region, which was related to the high level of urbanization and high usage of OPEs. The sediment–water partition coefficients of OPEs (logK_oc) were calculated, showing a significant correlation with logK_ow (p<0.05). The concentration and composition of OPEs in two sediment cores varied due to the different sampling locations, with more OPE species found in the northern region than in the southern one. Principal component analysis and positive matrix factorization indicated that sewage discharges, vehicle emissions, and atmospheric deposition were the possible sources of OPEs in Taihu Lake sediments. Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, and TnBP were the main OPEs causing ecological risks.     

国内地下式污水处理厂的设计要点

对目前国内在建和已建的地下式污水处理厂的设计要点进行了研究和总结。研究表明：地下式污水厂的工艺选择一般有MBBR和MBR工艺,结构形式主要为伸缩缝设计和无缝设计两种,建筑防火分区一般为2 000 m^2或以上;消防可以采用自动灭火系统和消火栓系统,局部变电站采用气体灭火系统。地下式污水处理厂投资较高,约为地上污水厂的两倍,但占地面积远远小于地上污水处理厂,可以节省大量的土地成本,同时地上绿化增加了城市的环境效益和社会效益。     

不同水生植物配置对河涌污水的净化效果

研究不同配置的挺水植物组合对河涌污水污染物的净化效果,为在河涌污水治理上构建有效的人工湿地植物处理系统提供依据。选择10种净化能力较强的挺水植物,组成6种不同配置的挺水植物组合,采用无土栽培的方式模拟人工湿地的环境进行静态培养试验,测定出不同水生植物组合及在不同污水的停留时间(HRT)下对河涌污水污染物的去除率。6种不同配置的水生植物组合在HRT为5 d时对NH4+-N、TN、TP、CODCr、BOD5的去除率(平均去除率分别为98.2%、81.2%、91.3%、71.8%、79.4%)均较高;以组合1:香根草Vetiveria zizanioides+风车草Cyperus alternifolius+美人蕉Canna indica+菖蒲Acorus calamus+再力花Thalia dealbata的处理效果为最佳。不同水生植物系统对污水的净化效率取决于HRT,当HRT从1～5 d时,NH4+-N、TN、TP去除率每天的增幅均逐渐增加,当HRT从5～7 d时,NH4+-N、TN、TP去除率每天的增幅却均迅速下降;说明3种不同配置的水生植物系统对河涌污水NH4+-N、TN、TP的净化效率均以HRT为5 d时...