飞灰残炭分形特征对汞吸附反应的影响

在残炭汞吸附模拟试验的基础上,采用分形理论,研究了飞灰残炭物理结构的分形特征及其对残炭汞吸附反应的影响,残炭的比表面积与残炭及其炉前煤的分形维数大致呈正相关关系．汞的吸附量不仅同其比表面积相关,而且与分形维数有关．     

燃煤飞灰粒径分布函数的分形特征及其对吸附性能的影响

应用分形几何原理,研究了飞灰颗粒的粒径分布特征及其粒径的分形分布函数,并将分形维数作为描述飞灰颗粒粒径分布的特征参数,从而建立了飞灰粒径分布特征及其与重金属吸附能力的量化关系.应用分形分布函数讨论了不同粒径分布的飞灰颗粒对燃煤烟道气中汞的自吸附脱除效应.利用粒径分布分维数可以定量研究不同粒径分布的飞灰颗粒系统中重金属污染物的吸附能力.     

活性炭纤维对水中敌草隆的吸附性能

探讨了活性炭纤维对水中敌草隆的吸附．结果表明,在pH=2．9时,吸附量最大;活性炭纤维的吸附能力随着温度的升高而升高;Redlich．Peterson方程更适合描述敌草隆的吸附行为;Gibbs自由能（△G0）值小于零,说明此吸附过程是自发进行的吸附过程;假二级方程更适用于描述活性炭纤维对水中敌草隆的吸附动力学过程．     

退耕还湖后安庆沿江湿地土壤颗粒分形特征

以安庆沿江不同退耕还湖方式(白荡湖区,低坝高网式养鱼;菜子湖区,自然恢复湿地)和不同历史利用方式(水耕和旱耕)的湿地土壤为研究对象,分析退耕还湖后湿地土壤的颗粒分形特征变化。结果表明,退耕还湖后白荡湖区湿地土壤颗粒分形维数和<0.01 mm粒径颗粒含量降低,且历史水耕湿地土壤颗粒分形维数降幅小于历史旱耕湿地;菜子湖区湿地土壤颗粒分形维数和<0.01 mm粒径颗粒含量升高,且历史水耕湿地土壤颗粒分形维数增幅大于历史旱耕湿地。2个湖区湿地土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤细黏粒、粗黏粒和细粉粒含量呈显著正相关(P<0.01),与粗粉粒、细砂粒和粗砂粒含量呈显著负相关(P<0.01),与土壤有机质、全磷和有效氮含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),土壤颗粒分形维数和土壤养分含量的聚类分析结果总体相似。土壤颗粒分形维数可作为评价退耕还湖后湿地生态恢复过程中土壤演变状况的重要参考指标。     

干热河谷植物沙丘形态及植物功能性状特征与土壤分形维数的关系北大核心CSCD

为了解植物沙丘形态及植物功能性状特征对坡面泥沙拦截的作用机制,以干热河谷典型区蒋家沟流域为研究区,采用典型样地调查、野外实地观测和室内试验处理的方法,测定失稳性坡面42个植物沙丘(包括扭黄茅20株、拟金茅13株、丛毛羊胡子草9株)的形态特征、植物功能性状特征和沙丘土壤的颗粒组成,并运用分形理论计算分形维数,分析分形维数与植物沙丘形态特征及功能性状特征间的相关关系.结果表明:(1)3种植物沙丘的形态特征及植物的功能性状特征均无显著差异性.(2)3种植物沙丘间、沙丘与上方30 cm处的土壤各粒径百分比含量和分形维数均无显著差异.(3)干热河谷植物沙丘土壤颗粒的分形维数(D)与植物含水率、根系深度呈极显著正相关性(P <0.01),与沙丘长度显著正相关(P <0.05),与植物其他形态、功能性状特征和沙丘其他形态特征间均无显著相关性.上述研究表明不同植物沙丘各类特征间均无显著差异;沙丘未改变坡面原有土壤颗粒的分布特征;沙丘土壤分形维数可表征植物含水率、根系深度及沙丘长度的大小.结果有助于加深植物控制土壤侵蚀效应的认识,可为干热河谷水土流失治理提供科学依据.(图5表1参35)     

图象法确定底泥颗粒物的表面分形维数(Ds)

研究了不同标度下底泥颗粒物的表面分形特征.结果表明,底泥颗粒的表面在几个nm到几个μm之间一般都具有多重分形特征,而且在不同的标度范围内表面分形维数(Ds)具有一定的差异,在100-102量级之间,随图象分辨率的增大,相应的Ds一般呈变小的趋势.SEM图象计算出的Ds为2.32-2.42,AFM图象计算出的Ds为2.00-2.46,它们是是纯粹几何意义上的表面粗糙特征的描述.     

水滑石及其焙烧产物对阴离子染料酸性蓝-80的吸附

研究了水滑石(HT)及其焙烧产物(HTC)对阴离子染料酸性蓝-80的吸附特征.结果表明,在常见染料废水浓度范围内,HTC的吸附量和吸附速率都明显大于HT,HTC的吸附等温线和动力学分别符合Langmuir等温方程和粒间扩散模型.HTC对阴离子染料的去除受无机阴离子(Cl-, SO2-4 和CO2-3)的影响较小,阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的存在能明显降低酸性蓝-80的吸附量.吸附量随温度的升高明显下降.     

NaOH改性落叶松锯木屑对活性染料的吸附性能

通过间歇式试验研究NaOH改性落叶松锯木屑对活性染料KN-B、K-2BP和KN-R的吸附脱色性能。结果表明,酸性条件下该改性木屑对3种染料均具有较好的脱色效果。在初始pH值为3时,3种染料的吸附脱色率均表现为随温度升高而逐渐降低,随改性木屑用量的增加而增加的趋势;而随染料初始浓度的增大,表现出先升高后降低的趋势。在初始pH值为3、温度为298 K条件下,3种染料在改性锯木屑上的等温吸附符合Langmuir吸附模型,KN-B、K-2BP和KN-R的最大饱和吸附量分别为22.32、10.47和14.93 mg.g-1,吸附自由能ΔG298 K分别为-12.61、-9.77和-14.45 kJ.mol-1,均为物理性自发吸附过程。试验条件下,KN-R、KN-B和K-2BP的吸附动力学均符合准二级动力学吸附方程,吸附速率常数依次减小。综合等温吸附和吸附动力学研究结果表明,3种染料的脱色效果以KN-R为最好,KN-B次之,K-2BP最差。     

互花米草基活性炭对水中对硝基苯胺的等温吸附

以互花米草为原料,采用氢氧化钾活化法制备了低成本高性能的活性炭SAAC,通过静态实验法,测定了活性炭SAAC对对硝基苯胺的吸附行为及其热力学性质.结果表明,互花米草活性炭SAAC对对硝基苯胺有较大的吸附能力,Langmuir最大吸附量为726 mg·g-1,吸附平衡数据符合Freundlich方程与 Redlich-Peterson方程,表现为优惠吸附.吸附焓变△H0<0且绝对值均小于42 kJ·mol-1,表明对硝基苯胺在活性炭SAAC上的吸附属于放热的物理吸附过程;吸附自由能变△G0<0且其绝对值随温度降低而增大,表明吸附驱动力随温度降低而增大,吸附为自发的反应,低温有利于反应;吸附熵变△S0><0说明对硝基苯胺在活性炭表面上的运动比在溶液中受到了更大的限制.     

不同土地利用方式下土壤粒径分布的分维特征

西安市临潼区杏园、桑园和农田土壤粒径分布的体积分形维数分析结果表明:(1)杏园和农田土壤颗粒的体积分形维数与＜0.002 mm和0.002～0.05 mm颗粒含量呈极显著正相关关系,与0.05～0.1 mm、0.1～0.25 mm颗粒含量呈极显著负相关关系,与0.25～0.5 mm颗粒含量不相关.桑园土壤颗粒的体积分形维数与＜0.002 mm和0 002～0.05 mm颗粒含量呈极显著正相关关系,与0.05～0.1 mm、0.1～0.25 mm和0.25～0.5 mm颗粒含量不相关.(2)桑园和杏园土壤颗粒体积分形维数与土壤有机质含量和pH值复相关达显著水平,而农田土壤颗粒体积分形维数与土壤有机质含量和pH值复相关不显著.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Use of stochastic patch occupancy models in the California red-legged frog for Bayesian inference regarding past events and future persistence

Assessing causes of population decline is critically important to management of threatened species. Stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs) are popular tools for examining spatial and temporal dynamics of populations when presence–absence data in multiple habitat patches are available. We developed a Bayesian Markov chain method that extends existing SPOMs by focusing on past environmental changes that may have altered occupancy patterns prior to the beginning of data collection. Using occupancy data from 3 creeks, we applied the method to assess 2 hypothesized causes of population decline—in situ die-off and residual impact of past source population loss—in the California red-legged frog. Despite having no data for the 20–30 years between the hypothetical event leading to population decline and the first data collected, we were able to discriminate among hypotheses, finding evidence that in situ die-off increased in 2 of the creeks. Although the creeks had comparable numbers of occupied segments, owing to different extinction–colonization dynamics, our model predicted an 8-fold difference in persistence probabilities of their populations to 2030. Adding a source population led to a greater predicted persistence probability than did decreasing the in situ die-off, emphasizing that reversing the deleterious impacts of a disturbance may not be the most efficient management strategy. We expect our method will be useful for studying dynamics and evaluating management strategies of many species.