中国典型土壤中铅的生物可给性的影响因素分析与健康风险评估

土壤铅污染及其危害备受关注。作为评估其对人体健康风险的科学指标之一,土壤铅的生物可给性的影响因素仍不甚明确。采集中国5种典型土壤(红壤、褐土、黑土、棕壤和黄壤),根据国标中一类建设用地的管制值制备成800 mg·kg^-1的铅污染土壤样品,利用先进的基于生理学的体外试验方法(改进的PBET模型)研究经口部摄入的土壤铅的生物可给性及其对人体的健康风险,进而从土壤理化性质和铅的赋存形态角度,全面综合地探讨土壤铅的生物可给性的影响因素,并分析不同土壤间差异的原因。结果表明,土壤铅在胃阶段的生物可给性为72.7%—82.6%,各类型土壤间差异极显著,其中红壤较高而黑土较低;进入小肠阶段后,土壤铅的生物可给性极显著降低至22.8%—27.7%,各类型土壤间无显著差异。土壤铅对人体的健康风险评估结果与之相同。对儿童而言,土壤铅在胃阶段的非致癌风险达到可接受限值的2.1倍;且整体而言,土壤铅对儿童的非致癌风险平均达到成人的7.6倍,必须加以重视。此外,土壤铅的生物可给性与土壤pH、有机质质量分数和迁移系数均存在高度显著相关性,其中,土壤pH是影响土壤铅在胃肠道的生物可给性的主导因子。通过体外试验可直接、简便而准确地获取土壤铅的生物可给性信息,建议在今后实地的污染土壤健康风险评估工作中引入该方法。该研究成果将为铅污染土壤健康风险评估工作提供准确的科学依据与有价值的参考。     

茶叶中砷含量特征及不同摄入方式对茶叶中砷生物可给性的影响

本研究选取不同产地不同品种的茶叶作为研究对象,分析其砷含量特征,并采用人工胃肠模拟系统,研究茶叶以不同摄入方式(茶水、原茶、粉末)进入人体对砷生物可给性的影响.结果显示,17个不同产地不同种类茶叶样品中砷含量为ND—1.16±0.03 mg·kg-1,23.5%的样品未检测出砷浓度,11.8%的样品砷含量超过绿色食品-代用茶《中华人民共和国农业行业标准》(0.5 mg·kg-1),这是因为在加工过程中硫磺熏制干燥会造成茶叶砷污染;选择含砷量较高的茶叶样品研究不同摄入方式对砷生物有效性的影响,结果表明在胃肠阶段茶水中砷生物可给性显著大于原茶和粉末的摄入方式,其中在胃阶段粉末样品砷生物可给性显著大于原茶样品砷生物可给性,而在肠阶段原茶和粉末样品砷生物可给性差异不大.茶以3种不同摄入方式进入人体,在胃肠液中溶出浓度为0.02—2.80μg·L-1,小于WHO和我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749—2006)中砷的限量标准10μg·L-1,不会对人体造成健康风险.     

含雄黄的中成药中砷的生物可给性及其初步风险评价

为研究含雄黄中成药中砷的含量状况,探明其中砷对人体的健康风险,选取含雄黄的中成药为研究对象,分析其中砷含量;通过人工胃肠体外模拟系统研究中成药中砷的生物可给性,并在此基础上进行初步的人体健康风险评价。结果显示,含雄黄中成药样品中砷全量为9.9×102～8.8×104mg·kg-1。中成药砷的生物可给性在胃阶段为0.20%～2.17%,小肠阶段为0.26%～2.43%。以WHO每日允许摄入量(ADI)为标准的健康风险评价结果表明,若以砷全量衡量,所有含雄黄中成药均对人体健康具有巨大风险;若以小肠阶段可给砷含量评价,砷日摄入量与ADI比值范围为1.48%～879.68%,约70%含雄黄的中成药的可给砷含量仍足以威胁人体健康。     

不同含磷化合物修复铅污染土壤后的人体健康风险评价

磷酸盐钝化铅是铅污染土壤的重要修复技术之一.但磷酸盐修复土壤铅污染后,土壤铅对人体的健康风险仍缺乏系统研究.本研究通过向铅污染土壤添加五种不同的含磷化合物(KH_2PO_4、NH_4H_2PO_4、CaHPO_4,植酸和卵磷脂),分析了其对铅污染土壤的钝化效果,运用in vitro和SHIME模型评估修复后土壤铅对人体的健康风险.结果表明,添加含磷化合物30 d后,五种处理均有效降低了铅的DTPA和CaCl_2可提取态,分别降低了62.5%—66.5%和27.8%—49.5%,其中植酸和CaHPO_4处理效果较好,卵磷脂处理效果较差.5种处理中,铅的生物可给性在胃、小肠和结肠阶段有显著差异,分别为8.67%—9.31%、0.88%—1.55%、2.06%—2.76%,由于受pH的影响,铅在胃阶段生物可给性最高且各处理之间差异不明显,在小肠阶段KH_2PO_4处理土壤铅的生物可给性最低,卵磷脂处理铅的生物可给性最高,结肠阶段NH_4H_2PO_4处理土壤铅的生物可给性最低,卵磷脂处理铅的生物可给性最高.结肠阶段铅的生物可给性均高于小肠阶段的,可见肠道微生物促进了土壤中Pb的溶出,提高了铅的生物可给性,增加了人体的健康风险.在添加同等含量的含磷化合物修复铅污染土壤后,KH_2PO_4处理对人体健康风险最小,卵磷脂最大.     

淮北煤矿周边土壤重金属生物可给性及人体健康风险

为了探究煤矿周边农田土壤重金属污染状况以及评估可能对人体带来的健康危害,本研究以安徽省淮北地区3座主要煤矿为研究区,对土壤重金属含量进行分析,并采用体外胃肠模拟方法(PBET),计算土壤中重金属的生物可给性,并以此修正健康风险评价计算方法.结果表明,土壤中重金属含量平均值(mg·kg~(-1))分别为Cd (0.16)、Cr (11.82)、Cu (12.03)、Ni (21.86)、Pb (55.09)、Zn (41.46),与国内不同类型矿区相比,淮北煤矿区周边土壤重金属含量较低;重金属的生物可给性平均值大小顺序是:胃阶段:Pb (61.69%)Cu (51.88%)Cd (43.88%)Cr (26.48%)Zn (17.45%)Ni (14.57%),小肠阶段为:Cr (58.80%)Cu (55.71%)Zn (51.40%)Ni (39.44%)Pb (7.59%)Cd (7.32%);由生物可给性校正后,成人和儿童不同重金属非致癌风险暴露量均小于1,说明成人和儿童均不存在非致癌风险,不同种类重金属的致癌风险为:CrCdNi,其中,Cr的致癌风险介于10~(-6)—10~(-4)之间,表明Cr对人群有一定的致癌风险,但在可接受的范围内,且儿童的致癌风险高于成人,经手-口无意摄入是土壤重金属最主要的暴露途径.     

污染场地土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)生物可利用浓度的健康风险评价方法

随土壤不慎经口摄入是PAHs对人体健康造成危害的重要途径之一,目前该暴露途径下PAHs的健康风险计算主要基于土壤中总PAHs浓度进行计算。但是,这种计算方法并未考虑PAHs在土壤中的赋存状态及经口摄入后在人体不同器官中的毒理动力学过程,导致计算结果过于保守,修复目标过于严格,修复成本过高。针对这一问题国外相关研究人员已开展基于土壤中PAHs生物可利用性的健康风险评价研究并取得较大进展,但在国内就如何在风险评价过程中引入PAHs生物可利用性及其面临的障碍缺乏系统性报道。在对土壤中PAHs赋存形态及其随土壤经口腔摄入后在人体消化及循环系统中的动态分配最新研究成果进行综述的基础上,通过对该暴露途径下现有风险计算模型存在问题及原因进行分析,提出基于土壤中PAHs可利用浓度进行风险计算,并对相应计算模型进行推导以及模型参数的获取方法进行了简要概括,以解决目前模型计算结果过于保守的问题。同时,对于在现有分层次进行场地健康风险评价思路中如何科学地纳入基于土壤中PAHs可利用浓度进行风险计算的思路以及在实际风险评价中应用该思路还需进行的研究工作进行了简要讨论。     

污染场地土壤多环芳烃（PAHs）生物可利用浓度的健康风险评价方法

随土壤不慎经口摄入是PAHs对人体健康造成危害的重要途径之一,目前该暴露途径下PAHs的健康风险计算主要基于土壤中总PAHs浓度进行计算。但是,这种计算方法并未考虑PAHs在土壤中的赋存状态及经口摄入后在人体不同器官中的毒理动力学过程,导致计算结果过于保守,修复目标过于严格,修复成本过高。针对这一问题国外相关研究人员已开展基于土壤中PAHs生物可利用性的健康风险评价研究并取得较大进展,但在国内就如何在风险评价过程中引入PAHs生物可利用性及其面临的障碍缺乏系统性报道。在对土壤中PAHs赋存形态及其随土壤经口腔摄入后在人体消化及循环系统中的动态分配最新研究成果进行综述的基础上,通过对该暴露途径下现有风险计算模型存在问题及原因进行分析,提出基于土壤中PAHs可利用浓度进行风险计算,并对相应计算模型进行推导以及模型参数的获取方法进行了简要概括,以解决目前模型计算结果过于保守的问题。同时,对于在现有分层次进行场地健康风险评价思路中如何科学地纳入基于土壤中PAHs可利用浓度进行风险计算的思路以及在实际风险评价中应用该思路还需进行的研究工作进行了简要讨论。     

土壤中铜的生物可给性及其对人体的健康风险评价

为了研究土壤中铜的生物可给性与土壤理化性质之间的相互关系以及人体无意摄入土壤铜的风险,采集我国一些地区的15个土壤样品,利用in vitro方法研究了这些土壤中铜的生物可给性及其对人体的健康风险。结果表明,有2个土壤样品中铜的含量高过我国土壤环境质量标准的三级标准,有8个土壤样品中铜的含量高过二级标准;土壤中铜的溶解态浓度及其生物可给性变化很大,胃肠阶段铜的溶解态含量分别为5.2~308.8 mg·kg~(-1)和5.9~348.5 mg·kg~(-1),平均值分别为74.8 mg·kg~(-1)和82.0 mg·kg~(-1);而铜的生物可给性分别为183%~66.6%和213%~77.4%,平均值分别为442%和51.1%。胃阶段铜的生物可给性与土壤有机质和pH呈显著正相关,而与粘粒呈显著负相关,与铁铝氧化物有显著相关性;小肠阶段铜的生物可给性与土壤有机质和pH呈显著正相关,与土壤中总铜和锰氧化物含量呈显著负相关。如以胃阶段为判断,无意摄人土壤中铜对儿童的TDI(tolerable daily intake)贡献率除浙江富阳为2.51%外,有12个土壤样品低于1.00%,最低为0.11%。如以小肠阶段为判断,无意摄入土壤中铜对儿童的TDI贡献率除浙江富阳和浙江台州的土壤分别为2.83%和2.01%,另有12个土壤样品低于1.00%。可见,对于本研究中大多数土壤,通过口部无意摄入土壤中铜的对人体并没有很高的风险。     

铅暴露对人体健康风险评价的模型综述

铅是一种在暴露环境下,可以通过手口途径或者皮肤接触而进入人体,从而对人体许多组织器官都产生毒性作用的重金属,其对儿童的危害尤为突出.我国对暴露在铅环境下人体健康的风险评价研究起步较晚,基于血铅指标的铅污染土壤风险评估方法导则仍在探讨建立中.而国外已经存在一些较为成熟的用于成人及儿童的铅暴露吸收和生物动力学模型,其中被广泛接受和使用的是成人血铅模型(ALM)以及儿童在铅中的综合暴露吸收生物动力学模型(IEUBK).前者描述了关于非居住区土壤中铅暴露物对成人风险的评估,且重点针对污染土壤的铅暴露物所导致的孕妇体内胎儿的血铅浓度进行评估;后者则重点预测6—84个月的儿童在铅的综合暴露下的健康风险.本文旨在通过对这些模型进行对比总结,从而提出可用于我国铅污染风险评估的理论依据及指导方法.     

小白菜的干鲜状态对其铅的生物可给性的影响(Effects of Dry and Fresh States of Brassica chinensis on the Oral Bioaccessibility of Lead)

为了研究小白菜的干鲜状态对其铅的生物可给性的影响,设置了对照(不添加铅,本底值为32.37mg·kg-1)、300mg·kg-1和500mg·kg-13种土壤铅浓度处理的盆栽实验,并将收获的小白菜分别以干样和鲜样进行基于生理学的invitro人工胃肠模拟实验,测定其中铅的生物可给性.结果表明:栽种2个月后,小白菜铅含量分别达到0.38mg·kg-1、4.55mg·kg-1和12.50mg·kg-1(干重),对铅的富集系数分别为0.012、0.015和0.025,可能存在较高的健康风险.invitro实验表明:样品干鲜状态、铅浓度处理以及二者的交互效应是影响铅的生物可给性的重要因素.无论干样还是鲜样,铅在胃阶段和小肠阶段的溶解态量均随样品铅含量的增加而线性增加;对于同一铅浓度处理,鲜样中铅的生物可给性无论在胃阶段还是小肠阶段均显著高于干样(p<0.01).使用干样进行健康风险评价可能会低估小白菜中的铅对人体的健康风险.     

中国关于砷的研究进展

综述了近年来有关中国的砷污染状况、相关的分析监测技术及砷化合物毒性的研究进展.在中国部分地区,长期砷暴露导致了严重的区域性的砷中毒,主要的暴露途径是饮用水、食物和煤炭的燃烧.样品前处理、砷的富集和形态分析技术的丰富和发展,为环境科学、毒理学和流行病学的研究提供了可靠的技术支持.生物检测是一种直接有效的污染物健康风险评估...     

Arsenic contribution of poultry manure towards soils and food plants contamination and associated cancer risk in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,Pakistan

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Exposure to high level of arsenic (As) through the ingestion of contaminated soil, dust and food plants can pose health risk to humans. This study...     

无机砷在植物和微生物体内的代谢机制研究进展

砷污染是全球的热点问题之一.土壤中的无机砷在植物中的积累可通过食物链传递,从而对人体健康构成严重威胁.了解微生物和植物对无机砷的代谢机制,对认识和控制土壤中砷的风险至关重要.近年来,微生物对无机砷的代谢机制研究已经比较深入,但是仍有一些问题亟待解决,如信号传导、抗砷基因筛选等.在植物对无机砷的摄取、还原机制等方面也取得了一定进展,但是植物体内砷的转运机制、排出机制等仍有待进一步研究.论文综述了微生物、植物体内无机砷的代谢过程中,砷摄取、转运、还原和排出机制的最新进展,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望.     

Health importance of arsenic in drinking water and food

Arsenic is a toxic metalloid of global concern. It usually originates geogenically but can be intensified by human activities such as applications of pesticides and wood preservatives, mining and smelting operations, and coal combustion. Arsenic-contaminated food is a widespread problem worldwide. Data derived from population-based studies, clinical case series, and case reports relating to ingestion of inorganic arsenic in drinking water, medications, or contaminated food or beverages show the capacity of arsenate and arsenite to adversely affect multiple organ systems. Chronic arsenic poisoning can cause serious health effects including cancers, melanosis (hyperpigmentation or dark spots, and hypopigmentation or white spots), hyperkeratosis (hardened skin), restrictive lung disease, peripheral vascular disease (blackfoot disease), gangrene, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease.     

Probabilistic prediction of exposures to arsenic contaminated residential soil

Probabilistic modelling using Monte Carlo simulation has been proposed as a more scientifically valid method of estimating soil contaminant exposures than conservative deterministic methods currently used by regulatory agencies. A retrospective application of probabilistic modelling to an exposure scenario involving arsenic-contaminated residential soil near the former ASARCO smelter near Tacoma, Washington is presented. The population of interest is children, aged 2–6 years, living within one-half mile (0.3 km) of the smelter site. Models that predict urinary arsenic levels based on unintentional soil ingestion and inhalation exposure pathways are used. Distributions of exposure variables are based on site-specific data and previous exposure studies. Simulated urinary arsenic levels are compared with data from two biomonitoring studies performed during the late 1980s. Arsenic distributions produced by simulation and biomonitoring are significantly different, and likely contributors to this difference are discussed. However the probabilistic model provides closer estimations of urinary arsenic levels than conservative deterministic models similar to those used by regulatory agencies, and provides useful information regarding parameter uncertainty. Soil ingestion rate was a driving variable in the probabilistic models. Further quantification of soil ingestion rates is warranted.     

Chronic exposure of arsenic via drinking water and its adverse health impacts on humans

Worldwide chronic arsenic (As) toxicity has become a human health threat. Arsenic exposure to humans mainly occurs from the ingestion of As contaminated water and food. This communication presents a review of current research conducted on the adverse health effects on humans exposed to As-contaminated water. Chronic exposure of As via drinking water causes various types of skin lesions such as melanosis, leucomelanosis, and keratosis. Other manifestations include neurological effects, obstetric problems, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, diseases of the respiratory system and of blood vessels including cardiovascular, and cancers typically involving the skin, lung, and bladder. The skin seems to be quite susceptible to the effects of As. Arsenic-induced skin lesions seem to be the most common and initial symptoms of arsenicosis. More systematic studies are needed to determine the link between As exposure and its related cancer and noncancer end points.     

Assessment of bioaccessibility and exposure risk of arsenic and lead in urban soils of Guangzhou City,China

Soil ingestion is an important human exposure pathway of heavy metals in urban environments with heavy metal contaminated soils. This study aims to assess potential health risks of heavy metals in soils sampled from an urban environment where high frequency of human exposure may be present. A bioaccessibility test is used, which is an in vitro gastrointestinal (IVG) test of soluble metals under simulated physiological conditions of the human digestion system. Soil samples for assessing the oral bioaccessibility of arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) were collected from a diverse range of different land uses, including urban parks, roadsides, industrial sites and residential areas in Guangzhou City, China. The soil samples contained a wide range of total As (10.2 to 61.0 mg kg⁻¹) and Pb (38.4 to 348 mg kg⁻¹) concentrations. The bioaccessibility of As and Pb in the soil samples were 11.3 and 39.1% in the stomach phase, and 1.9 and 6.9% in the intestinal phase, respectively. The As and Pb bioaccessibility in the small intestinal phase was significantly lower than those in the gastric phase. Arsenic bioaccessibility was closely influenced by soil pH and organic matter content (r ² = 0.451, p < 0.01) in the stomach phase, and by organic matter, silt and total As contents (r ² = 0.604, p < 0.001) in the intestinal phase. The general risk of As and Pb intake for children from incidental ingestion of soils is low, compared to their maximum doses, without causing negative human health effects. The exposure risk of Pb in the soils ranked in the order of: industrial area/urban parks > residential area/road side. Although the risk of heavy metal exposure from direct ingestion of urban soils is relatively low, the risk of inhalation of fine soil particulates in the air remains to be evaluated.     

地方性砷中毒地区环境砷暴露健康风险研究进展

自然因素引起的环境高砷暴露及其健康效应,尤其是饮水型地方性砷中毒是砷污染健康风险评估的基础。总结地方性砷中毒在环境砷暴露的风险识别、暴露途径和暴露与健康效应关系研究中的作用基础上,指出了地方性砷中毒研究中仅强调了饮水污染,关注的暴露途径比较单一,因此,人体多途径联合砷暴露的健康风险评估过程存在较大的不确定性。我国是唯一存在饮水和燃煤2种自然环境高砷暴露的国家,是研究2种类型砷暴露异同的天然场地,然而目前环境高砷的暴露及其健康效应的研究均为独立研究,对燃煤型地方性砷中毒在呼吸链砷暴露风险评估中的作用重视不够。因此,通过开展两种环境砷暴露及其健康效应的综合比较研究,建立呼吸链暴露评估和暴露-健康效应模型,可以为人体多途径联合砷暴露的健康风险研究提供新的依据。     

Source and Distribution of Heavy Metals in Food†

Diet is the major route of exposure to contaminants, therefore food monitoring programs are essential to estimate the degree of human risk. We present a study undertaken in Austria dealing with the total uptake of mercury, cadmium, arsenic and lead. The dates were calculated from diet as well as from commercial food. Higher contaminated foodstuffs are registered and a comparison was made between body burden of babies and adults on the basis of bodyweight. It was pointed out, that cooked or washed food ready to eat has a lower burden of lead and cadmium than non prepared food due to household processing, which may decontaminate food to some extent’ Arsenic content was not reduced, because it is bound chemically and not primarily deposited on the surface of food such as in the case of lead. It was mentioned that the type of compound plays an important role in the assessment of action of those elements on humans.

Their biological activity is not necessarily related to their concentration in food. As in the case of selenium and chromium one has to take into consideration that there is a narrow range between benefit and harm, toxicity, and minor supply.

Therefore we conclude, that due to interactions of elements, their different biological activity and due to the difference of compounds present in food, we have to relativate the terms toxicity and essentiality. Then we can get a more profound insight into the problems of trace elements in food.     

镉在土壤-植物系统中的迁移转化及其影响因素

重金属镉(Cd)被列为环境污染物中最危险的五种物质之一。因其极易通过食物链在人体内积累并危害人体健康的特性，环境Cd污染尤其是土壤系统的Cd污染已成为国内外环境污染研究的热点，Cd在土壤一植物系统中迁移转化规律备受关注。本文概述了国内外土壤Cd污染研究现状；在已有研究的基础上，总结并阐述了影响Cd在土壤一植物系统中迁移转化的几个重要因素：土壤基本理化性质(pH值、有机质等)、Zn元素、P元素、陪伴阴离子Cl^-和SO4^2-，其中包括尚未被普遍认识的P元素和陪伴阴离子Cl^-和SO4^2-；并详细论述了各因子对Cd在土壤一植物系统中迁移转化的影响及其可能机理。