产业生态系统多尺度能值整合评价方法

能值分析方法为自然环境资源与人类社会、经济的统一评价提供了新的思路,但面对当今产业生态学发展的实践需求,在多尺度整合分析、动态模型构建等方面仍显薄弱,需要与经济学等其他学科相对成熟的分析方法与模型加以整合。文章以能值综合方法为核心介质,从成本分析与效果分析的整合、能值分析与区域经济分析的整合,以及能值分析表与投入-产出矩阵模型的整合三个方面进行了产业生态学的能值整合研究方法的具体构建,以促进能值理论方法与产业生态学研究需求的进一步耦合。     

Effects of light quality on chlorophyll and biliprotein accumulation in seaweeds

The control of chlorophyll and biliprotein synthesis by different qualities of continuous light in four seaweeds, collected off the coast of Málaga (Spain) in the winter of 1986 and 1987, was investigated over the short term. In the green algaUlva rigida C. Aghardh, and in the red algaeCorallina elongata Ellis et Soland andPlocamium cartilagineum (L.), chlorophyll synthesis was induced by blue light. However, in the red algaPorphyra umbilicalis (L.), chlorophyll accumulation was primarily induced by red light. Phycoerythrin synthesis inCorallina elongata, Plocamium cartilagineum andPorphyra umbilicalis was stimulated primarily by green light, whilst phycocyanin synthesis was induced by red. The effect of light quality on the synthesis of photosynthethic pigments was rapid. The induction of chlorophyll synthesis of after 6 h in light was 11 to 20% higher than in the dark control. The induction of biliprotein synthesis was two times greater than that of chlorophyll. The results are discussed in terms of chromatic adaptation and as adaptative responses to the underwater light environment. The possible role of phytochrome, and of a blue-light photoreceptor, in the control of chlorophyll and biliprotein synthesis is discussed.Please address all correspondence and requests for reprint to Dr López-Figueroa at his present address: Botanisches Institut der Universität München, Menzingerstraße 67, D-8000 München 19, FRG     

失活甲醇催化剂用于脱除硫化氢的研究

本文研究了失活甲醇催化剂用于脱除硫化氢的试验。结果表明，失活甲醇催化剂具有较好的脱硫性能，其重量硫容在室温和６２３Ｋ时稍低于工业氧化锌脱硫剂，在４２３Ｋ－５２３Ｋ的温度范围内则大于工业氧化锌脱硫剂，其体积硫容在室温下大于工业氧化锌脱硫剂，失活甲醇催化剂的工作硫容随着的升高而增长，而且在低反应空速时或者经过还原后具有更大的硫容。     

城市复合生态系统能值整合分析研究方法论

系统阐述了城市复合生态系统能值分析的基本概念原理与方法步骤,总结了城市可持续发展综合能值评价指标体系。在此基础上,从能值转换率的积累和统一、多尺度研究的整合与尺度推绎、城市功能流分析与空间结构分析的整合、能值成本价值论与使用(市场)价值论的整合等方面,讨论了能值研究方法在城市生态系统研究中的应用前景和发展方向。     

Glycogen storage in relation to the moult cycle in the two crustaceansEmerita asiatica andLigia exotica

InEmerita asiatica, the quantitative fluctuations in the glycogen content of the hepatopancreas were markedly related to the moult cycle. The glycogen content of the hepatopancreas was maximum during premoult stages. It has been suggested that reserve glycogen, in addition to meeting general metabolic needs, may be especially involved in the genesis of the sugar precursors of chitin. The marked fall in the hepatopancreas glycogen values following moulting is probably due to its utilization in chitin synthesis during and immediately following moulting. InE. asiatica, the storage of glycogen was found to be meagre in muscles, and muscle glycogen had no bearing on chitin synthesis during moulting. InLigia exotica, glycogen is stored to a lesser extent than inE. asiatica, and was found in connective tissue and muscles. Significant fluctuations were noted in glycogen values correlated with the phases in the moult cycle when chitin synthesis took place. InL. exotica, the hepatopancreas does not serve as a storage depot for glycogen related to chitin synthesis.     

Amorphous oxides of manganese as new sorbents of strontium ions

Samples with the best adsorption properties are selected as a result of investigations conducted on synthesis of manganese-dioxide-based materials and study of their physicochemical properties. Materials were selected on the basis of their low cost and the simplicity of their production technology. In the laboratory the synthesis and analyses of materials was carried out for selected samples. The sorption of a series of elements is studied for a more detailed investigation of materials obtained. The results obtained will promote the synthesis of materials with improved adsorption properties with the aim of their application for purification of water from strontium. It is shown that the most promising way for amendment of manganese oxide is modification of this material using acid-resistant oxides. These oxides are also less expensive than existing sorbents for strontium.     

Protein synthesis and growth inOctopus vulgaris

Rates of protein synthesis in the whole body and tissues ofOctopus vulgaris collected in September 1985 and 1986 from the Bay of Naples were measured following a flooding dose injection of³H phenylalanine. There were stable phenylalanine free pool-specific radioactivities and linear incorporation of radiolabel into arm-tip protein from 10 to 30 min after the injection. In starved individuals there were no significant differences between the fractional rates of protein synthesis of the following tissues: ventricle, brain, branchial heart, arm tip, gill, stomach, arm, renal appendage and mantle. The mean value (± SE) for all the tissues was 3.02 ± 0.17% d^–1. In individuals fed varying amounts of crab, resulting in differing growth rates, there was a linear increase in fractional rates of whole-body protein synthesis with growth rate. A standard 148 g octopus growing at 3.0% d^–1 synthesised 0.54 g of protein, with 0.43 g of this protein retained as growth. The proportion of the total protein synthesis which was retained as growth increased with increasing growth rate; at a maximum growth rate of 6% d^–1, over 90% of the protein synthesised was retained as growth. The ventricle, arm tip, gill, arm and mantle also showed similar patterns of a linear increase in fractional rates of protein synthesis with increased growth rates. The RNA concentrations in the whole body and tissues increased with increasing growth rates, but the major change was an increase in the efficiency of translation. It is concluded that rapid growth rates inO. vulgaris are brought about by high rates of protein synthesis and high efficiencies of retention of synthesised protein and, therefore, little protein degradation.     

Nuclear events during early development in gametophytes of Macrocystis pyrifera,and the temporal effects of a marine contaminant

The time course of DNA synthesis in developing haploid gametophytes of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera was determined, and the effects of arsenic (As) on the temporally distinct nuclear events, DNA synthesis and subsequent nuclear division/translocation, were investigated to establish which of these specific events may be disrupted by this contaminant. Experiments were carried out on material collected from kelp beds near Santa Barbara, California from 1993–1994. Timing of DNA synthesis was determined during development by use of the fluorochrome, DAPI (4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), and single-cell microspectrofluorometry. Zoospores, which result from meiosis, had already undergone two rounds of DNA synthesis at the time of release. The developing gametophytes underwent an additional two rounds of replication of DNA by 16 h of development, and following the first nuclear division/translocation, the gametophyte contained eight times the minimum DNA level throughout subsequent development. Both DNA synthesis and nuclear division/translocation, were found to be inhibited by As. Phosphate enrichment reduced the inhibitory effects of As on division/translocation of the nucleus, supporting the hypothesis that As interferes with phosphorylation. Gametophytes were more severely affected by As under light conditions, as opposed to dark, suggesting that photosynthesis may be more sensitive than dark metabolism.     

Amorphous oxides of manganese as new sorbents of strontium ions

Samples with the best adsorption properties are selected as a result of investigations conducted on synthesis of manganese-dioxide-based materials and study of their physicochemical properties. Materials were selected on the basis of their low cost and the simplicity of their production technology. In the laboratory the synthesis and analyses of materials was carried out for selected samples. The sorption of a series of elements is studied for a more detailed investigation of materials obtained. The results obtained will promote the synthesis of materials with improved adsorption properties with the aim of their application for purification of water from strontium. It is shown that the most promising way for amendment of manganese oxide is modification of this material using acid-resistant oxides. These oxides are also less expensive than existing sorbents for strontium.     

介孔纳米TiO2的超声化学法合成及其表征

采用超声化学法制备介孔TiO2，并采用XRD，TEM，FT-IR等方法对样品进行了表征．结果表明，在超声波作用下，液相体系中能够一步合成锐钛矿相TiO2；添加有机模板剂并控制实验条件，则能直接合成具有介孔结构的锐钛矿相TiO2．超声化学法能更好地控制粒子的形貌和尺寸，所制备的TiO2晶型完整，孔径均匀，分散性好．     

生淀粉糖化酶产生菌Aspergillus niger(6#)的分离筛选及其产酶条件

从大曲中分离到了1株降解生淀粉能力较强的黑曲霉Aspergillusniger(6#).固体发酵酶活可达2461U/g,RDA值为21.47%;液体发酵酶活可达353U/mL,RDA值为20.30%.以6#菌为实验材料,进一步考察了氮源、碳源及pH对生淀粉糖化酶形成的影响.实验结果表明,无机氮源NaNO3较有机氮源蛋白胨更有利于生淀粉糖化酶的形成;pH是影响生淀粉糖化酶形成的重要因素,低pH会阻遏生淀粉糖化酶的形成;玉米粉和麦芽糖较其它碳源更有利于生淀粉糖化酶的形成.图4表2参12     

全基因合成方法学研究

通过基因全合成实现基因的分子改造和人工组建正成为一种实验室常规手段,因此,建立一种能够在相对低廉和短时间内准确和高效地设计和合成长片段基因的方法十分重要.本研究报道了一种重复性好、错误率低、低成本和简便的基因设计和全合成方法.此方法包含经DNA2.0软件的序列优化,Gene2Oligo软件的寡核苷酸设计,覆盖全长基因双链的寡核苷酸的组合和引物介导下的全基因的合成等步骤.运用此方法,对3个不同长度的基因(分别为653bp,1309bp和1498bp)成功地进行了密码子优化和一步全合成.其中的amyFF在大肠杆菌中表达量提高了12倍.图2参18     

Direct synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles from alcohols and α-hydroxyketones by microwave

This article reports a fast, simple and efficient method to synthesize highly substituted imidazoles. Green organic synthesis is needed to face current environmental pollution. For instance the replacement of hazardous organic compounds by safe alternatives is particularly relevant. Ionic liquids are an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional organic solvents due to their unique physicochemical properties. Substituted imidazoles have been widely used to prepare pharmaceuticals. Many synthetic approaches have been developed to produce substituted imidazoles. However, despite considerable efforts only a few green methods are reported for the synthesis of highly substituted imidazoles. Here a straightforward and atom-economic approach is reported to synthesize a series 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles directly from α-hydroxyketones and alcohols employing 1-methyl-3-H-imidazolium nitrate as a promoter and medium under microwave irradiation. The protocol has several advantages such as high yields of 77–91 %, short reaction times of 6–8 min, easy purification processes, and methodological simplicity due to the formation of carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bonds in a single step. The methodology has been further extended towards the facile synthesis of Trifenagrel in good yield. This method provides new opportunities for the rapid screening of a wide range of compounds, either for the development of new drugs or total synthesis of natural products.     

Biosynthetic origin of carbon-based secondary compounds: cause of variable responses of woody plants to fertilization?

Summary. We propose that variation in the responses of carbon-based secondary compounds to fertilization in woody plants has a biosynthetic cause. The synthesis of phenylpropanoids and derived compounds (e.g., condensed tannins) competes directly with the synthesis of proteins, and therefore with plant growth, because of a common precursor, phenylalanine. In contrast, the biosynthesis of terpenoids and of hydrolyzable tannins proceeds presumably without direct competition with protein synthesis. Therefore, accelerated plant growth induced by fertilization may cause a reduction in concentrations of phenylpropanoids but may affect less or not at all the levels of other classes of secondary compounds. A meta-analysis based on fertilization experiments with 35 woody plant species supported the predicted differences fertilizing significantly decreased concentrations of phenylpropanoids but not of terpenoids or hydrolyzable tannins. Received 14 May 1998; accepted 23 June 1998.     

1,2—缩水—3,4—二—O—苄基—6—脱氧—β—L—塔罗吡喃糖的合成

以Ｌ－鼠李糖为原料，首先合成６－脱氧塔罗糖的生物（５），再经过一系列反应得到２－Ｏ－乙酰基－３，４－二Ｏ－苄基－６－脱氧α－Ｌ－塔罗吡喃糖氯代物（９），在下醇钾的作用下，化合物９很容易关环得到最终产物１，２－内醚糖。     

五爪金龙不同部位化感作用可塑性变化

为探讨五爪金龙化感作用可塑性,利用生物检测法研究了五爪金龙不同部分水提液对莴苣种子萌发的影响,结果表明:经过长期的适应和进化,五爪金龙不同部位化感作用变化幅度具有不同程度的差异;随水提液质量浓度的增加,五爪金龙植株整体化感作用变化范围增加,不同部位之间化感作用变化幅度差异加大。五爪金龙不同部位化感综合效应的质量浓度敏感性大小与其化感作用效率有关。五爪金龙不同部位化感综合效应平均值大小与其95%置信区间不存在协变关系,但其化感综合效应平均值的95%置信区间大小可以表征化感可塑性变化范围。五爪金龙较高的化感作用可塑性有利于增强其种间竞争能力。     

DNA synthesis and the cell cycle in the noxious red-tide dinoflagellateGymnodinium nagasakiense

Gymnodinium nagasakiense is a noxious red tide dinoflagellate often associated with damage to fisheries in Japan. DNA synthesis and the cell cycle in this organism were investigated from 1989 to 1990 by determining relative DNA contents of individual cells using an epifluorescence microscopy-based microfluorometry system. The nuclei were stained with the DNA-specific fluorochrome 4-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Because photosynthetic pigment interferes with the fluorescence from the DAPI-DNA complex, the pigment was eliminated by methanol treatment as a first step in quantitative microfluorometry. Nuclear DNA contents, cell size distribution, cell density, and frequency of paired cells were determined every 2h for 24h using cells grown on a 12h light:dark cycle. DNA synthesis and cell division were tightly phased to a particular period of the light:dark cycle. DNA synthesis (S phase) occurred from 10:00 to 22:00 hrs and was followed by cytokinesis. The presence of such a distinct S phase strongly suggests thatG. nagasakiense has a typical eukaryotic cell cycle. This type of cell cycle makes it possible to estimate speciesspecific in situ growth rate based on the diel pattern of DNA synthesis.     

重金属对禾谷镰刀菌的生长及毒素合成的影响

以禾谷镰刀菌为研究对象,研究了常见重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd)对禾谷镰刀菌菌株生长及其毒素合成的影响。研究结果表明,重金属对菌株的生长和其产毒能力均产生影响。Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)对菌株生长影响较大,随着浓度的增加对生长的抑制作用增强,当离子浓度分别为20 mg·L~(-1)和40 mg·L~(-1)时,能够完全抑制菌株生长。Zn~(2+)在0~160 mg·L~(-1)浓度范围内促进菌株生长,在10 mg·L~(-1)浓度下促进毒素合成。Pb~(2+)在察氏培养基中对菌株生长的影响没有明显规律可循,但是,随着Pb~(2+)浓度增加,抑制毒素合成作用增强。     

Developmental physiology of Antarctic asteroids with different life-history modes

Rates of respiration and protein synthesis were measured during embryonic and larval development of Antarctic asteroids with different life-history modes (non-feeding and feeding larvae: Acodontaster hodgsoni, Porania antarctica, Odontaster meridionalis). Patterns of respiration for these species all show an increase during embryogenesis, with subsequent maintenance of routine respiration (“starvation resistance”), even in the absence of food for ~4 months (O. meridionalis). Fractional rates of protein synthesis (i.e., rate per unit mass of whole-body protein content) in the Antarctic larvae are essentially identical to those of temperate species. Larvae of O. meridionalis had an average fractional synthesis rate of 0.52% ± 0.05 h⁻¹ at −1.0°C, which is comparable to the temperate asteroid Asterina miniata at 0.53% ± 0.14 h⁻¹ at 15°C. For embryos of the asteroids A. hodgsoni and P. antarctica, fractional rates of protein synthesis (~0.2% h⁻¹) also are comparable to those reported for embryos of temperate echinoderm species. While rates of synthesis are high, rates of protein deposition are relatively low (percent of protein synthesized that is retained for growth). During a ~4 month growth period for larvae of O. meridionalis, the average protein depositional efficiency was 5.2%. This contrasts with higher rates of depositional efficiency reported for similar developmental stages of temperate echinoderm species. The biological significance of maintaining high rates of macromolecular synthesis for species with low rates of cell division and low protein depositional efficiencies is intriguing in the context of understanding the mechanistic bases of extended life spans and dispersal potential in response to changing Antarctic environments.     

Chemical synthesis of 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one: a natural antifungal biosynthesized by Trichoderma spp.

Trichoderma spp. biosynthesize 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (6-PP), a natural antifungal pyrone which could be used as biological control agent (BCA). Unfortunately, biotechnical processes are limited by inhibition of biomass at high concentration of 6-PP. We report herein a new easy synthesis of this natural pyrone, using readily available starting materials. This synthesis, compatible with a large production scale, permit to obtain overweight amounts of 6-PP that in biotechnological routes.