Chemical synthesis of 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one: a natural antifungal biosynthesized by Trichoderma spp.

Trichoderma spp. biosynthesize 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (6-PP), a natural antifungal pyrone which could be used as biological control agent (BCA). Unfortunately, biotechnical processes are limited by inhibition of biomass at high concentration of 6-PP. We report herein a new easy synthesis of this natural pyrone, using readily available starting materials. This synthesis, compatible with a large production scale, permit to obtain overweight amounts of 6-PP that in biotechnological routes.     

酵母生物转化生产2-苯乙醇的研究进展

主要论述了利用酵母菌生物转化合成天然2苯乙醇的研究进展,从应用微生物学的角度介绍了2苯乙醇生产菌株的筛选,分析了2苯乙醇合成过程中几方面因素的影响和培养条件的选择,并对产物原位转移技术作了简要说明.并从分子生物学的角度出发,对生物转化的重点途径———艾利希途径在基因水平上作了诠释,且例举了利用从头合成途径进行的基因工程育种,旨在为利用微生物生产2苯乙醇的研究开发提供参考.图1参40     

Fabrication of highly efficient Bi2WO6/CuS composite for visible-light photocatalytic removal of organic pollutants and Cr(VI) from wastewater

• A novel Bi₂WO₆/CuS composite was fabricated by a facile solvothermal method. • This composite efficiently removed organic pollutants and Cr(VI) by photocatalysis. • The DOM could promoted synchronous removal of organic pollutants and Cr(VI). • This composite could be applied at a wide pH range in photocatalytic reactions. • Possible photocatalytic mechanisms of organic pollutants and Cr(VI) were proposed. A visible-light-driven Bi₂WO₆/CuS p-n heterojunction was fabricated using an easy solvothermal method. The Bi₂WO₆/CuS exhibited high photocatalytic activity in a mixed system containing rhodamine B (RhB), tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH), and Cr (VI) under natural conditions. Approximately 98.8% of the RhB (10 mg/L), 87.6% of the TCH (10 mg/L) and 95.1% of the Cr(VI) (15 mg/L) were simultaneously removed from a mixed solution within 105 min. The removal efficiencies of TCH and Cr(VI) increased by 12.9% and 20.4%, respectively, in the mixed solution, compared with the single solutions. This is mainly ascribed to the simultaneous consumption electrons and holes, which increases the amount of excited electrons/holes and enhances the separation efficiency of photogenerated electrons and holes. Bi₂WO₆/CuS can be applied over a wide pH range (2–6) with strong photocatalytic activity for RhB, TCH and Cr(VI). Coexisiting dissolved organic matter in the solution significantly promoted the removal of TCH (from 74.7% to 87.2%) and Cr(VI) (from 75.7% to 99.9%) because it accelerated the separation of electrons and holes by consuming holes as an electron acceptor. Removal mechanisms of RhB, TCH, and Cr(VI) were proposed, Bi₂WO₆/CuS was formed into a p-n heterojunction to efficiently separate and transfer photoelectrons and holes so as to drive photocatalytic reactions. Specifically, when reducing pollutants (e.g., TCH) and oxidizing pollutants (e.g., Cr(VI)) coexist in wastewater, the p-n heterojunction in Bi₂WO₆/CuS acts as a “bridge” to shorten the electron transport and thus simultaneously increase the removal efficiencies of both types of pollutants.     

Investigation of the effects of humic acid and H 2 O 2 on the photocatalytic degradation of atrazine assisted by microwave

A solution of atrazine in a TiO₂ suspension, an endocrine disruptor in natural water, was tentatively treated by microwave-assisted photocatalytic technique. The effects of mannitol, oxygen, humic acid, and hydrogen dioxide on the photodegradation rate were explored. The results could be deduced as follows: the photocatalytic degradation of atrazine fits the pseudo-first-order kinetic well with k = 0.0328 s⁻¹, and ·OH was identified as the dominant reactant. Photodegradation of atrazine was hindered in the presence of humic acid, and the retardation effect increased as the concentration of humic acid increased. H₂O₂ displayed a significant negative influence on atrazine photocatalysis efficiency. Based on intermediates identified with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques, the main degradation routes of atrazine are proposed.     

有害因子胁迫对人支气管上皮细胞SO2生物合成的影响

为了探讨有害因子胁迫与二氧化硫(SO2)细胞生物合成的关系,采用体外培养实验方法研究了不同浓度H2O2(0.1、1、10mmol·L-1)以及不同pH值(6.8、7.2、8.0)培养液对人支气管上皮细胞(BEP2D)SO2产生量(以胞内SO32-含量代表)的影响.结果表明:1)培养液过酸(pH6.8)和过碱(pH8.0)均可使BEP2D细胞SO2产生量显著增加(与对照相比,p<0.05);2)H2O2胁迫也可使BEP2D细胞SO2产生量增加,当H2O2浓度≥1mmol·L-1时,与对照相比,差异达到显著(p<0.05).以上结果提示:人支气管上皮细胞在有害因子的胁迫下可产生内源性SO2;SO2可能是一种生物气体应激分子,能像应激蛋白那样提高生物体对有害因子的抵御能力.     

Highly effective visible-photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and simultaneous organic pollutant degradation over an urchin-like oxygen-doped MoS2/ZnIn2S4 composite

● An urchin-like OMS/ZIS composite was fabricated by a facile solvothermal method. ● The OMS/ZIS exhibits superior photocatalytic H₂ evolution for organics degradation. ● A probable mechanism of dual-functional photocatalysis was proposed in detail. ● This work provides an inspiration for rational design of dual-functional catalysts. Achieving hydrogen production and simultaneous decomposition of organic pollutants through dual-functional photocatalytic reactions has received increasing attention due to the environmentally friendly and cost-effective characteristics of this approach. In this work, an urchin-like oxygen-doped MoS₂/ZnIn₂S₄ (OMS/ZIS) composite was fabricated for the first time using a simple solvothermal method. The unique microstructure with abundant active sites and fast charge transfer channels further shortened the charge migration distance and compressed carrier recombination. The obtained composite exhibited an efficient H₂ evolution reaction rate of 12.8 mmol/g/h under visible light, which was nearly times higher than pristine ZnIn₂S₄, and the apparent quantum efficiency was 14.9% (420 nm). The results of the simultaneous photocatalytic H₂ evolution and organic pollutant decomposition test were satisfactory, resulting in decomposition efficiencies of resorcinol, tetracycline, and bisphenol A that reached 41.5%, 63.5%, and 53.0% after 4 h, respectively, and the highest H₂ evolution rate was 672.7 μmol/g/h for bisphenol A. Furthermore, natural organic matter (NOM) abundantly found in actual water was adopted as an electron donor for H production under simulated sunlight irradiation, indicating the promising practicability of simultaneous hydrogen evolution and NOM decomposition. Moreover, the mechanisms of the dual-purpose photocatalytic reactions, as well as the synergistic effect between the molecular structures of the organic pollutants and the corresponding adsorption behavior on the photocatalyst surface were illustrated in detail. These obtained results may serve as an inspiration for the rational design of highly efficient, dual-functional photocatalysts in the future.     

二氧化钛/蒙脱土复合光催化剂制备及对亚甲基蓝的催化降解

报导了二氧化钛/蒙脱土复合光催化剂的制备方法，4mmolTiO     

Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 protects against cocaine hepatotoxicity in CF-1 mice

Gender differences in oral cocaine hepatotoxicity have been observed and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was shown to potentiate cocaine hepatotoxicity in male CF-1 mice. Since cocaine and LPS inflict hepatocellular damage through the production of harmful reactive species, the role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in gender-dependent cocaine hepatotoxicity was investigated. COX-2 increases nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and pro-inflammatory mediator production in response to hepatocellular insult. Male and female CF-1 mice were orally administered 20 mg kg^?1 cocaine hydrochloride once daily for 7 days. Four hours after the last cocaine administration, the mice received 12 × 10⁶ EU LPS intraperitoneally (cocaine + LPS). Mice receiving meloxicam (7.5 mg kg^?1, p.o.), a selective COX-2 inhibitor, were pretreated 1 h before each cocaine administration. Meloxicam prevented liver damage in males produced by cocaine and cocaine + LPS as evidenced by microscopic appearance and biochemical indices equivalent to saline treatment. Acetaminophen (APAP) was administered orally as a positive control which shows no gender dependency and elicited a hepatotoxic response in both males and females. Altered biochemical indices suggest that COX-2 is activated, possibly to a greater extent in females versus males in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Meloxicam prevented all oxidative stress changes induced in males following APAP. The results suggest that the induction of COX-2 is responsible, in part, for cocaine hepatotoxicity with and without LPS exposure in male mice.     

H2O超声过程中H2O2生成动力学

采用50kHz超声清洗槽式声化学反应器,以纯水为空化液体,研究了超声过程中H2O2生成动力学．分别探讨了空化气体种类(Ar,O2)及组成与流量、空化液体体积与反应器形状对H2O2生成速率及产率的影响．结果表明,超声过程中H2O2的生成可采用零级反应动力学方程来进行描述．在此频率下和考察范围内,采用Ar作为空化气体比O2更有利于H2O2的生成．当混合气体组成为Ar:O2=70：30(V/V)时,H2O2的生成速率最快．随着空化气体流量的增加,H2O2产率增加,随后降低．增加空化液体的体积,H2O2的生成速率降低．与锥形瓶相比,圆底烧瓶中H2O2的产率明显降低．     

Removal of 17β-estradiol in laccase catalyzed treatment processes

The removal of 17β-estradiol (E2) in laccase catalyzed oxidative coupling processes was systematically studied in this work. We focused on the influence of pH and natural organic matter (NOM) on the performance of the enzymatic treatment processes. It was found that the optimal pH for E2 removal was between 4 and 6. The removal of E2 was slightly inhibited in the presence of NOM. Enzymatic transformation of E2 was second-order in kinetics with first-order to both the concentrations of the enzyme and contaminant. Mass spectrum (MS) analysis suggested that coupling products were formed through radical-radical coupling mechanism. The results of this study demonstrated that laccase catalyzed oxidative coupling process could potentially serve as a treatment strategy to control steroid estrogens.     

Decomposition of aqueous chlorinated contaminants by UV irradiation with H2O2

In the present study, the decomposition rates of carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in water by the ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation alone and H₂O₂/UV were experimentally investigated. The detailed experimental studies have been conducted for examining treatment capacities of the two different ultraviolet light sources (low and medium pressure Hg arc) in H₂O₂/UV processes. The low or medium UV lamp alone resulted in a 60%–90% decomposition of 2,4-DCP while a slight addition of H₂O₂ resulted in a drastic enhancement of the 2,4-DCP decomposition rate. The decomposition rate of 2,4-DCP with the medium pressure UV lamp alone was about 3–6 times greater than the low pressure UV lamp alone. In the direct photolysis of aqueous CCl₄, the medium pressure UV lamp had advantage over the low pressure UV lamp because the molar extinction coefficient of CCl₄ at shorter wavelength (210–220 nm) is about 20 to 50 times higher than that at 254 nm. However, adding H₂O₂ to the medium pressure UV lamp system rendered a negative oxidation rate because H₂O₂ acted as a UV absorber being competitive with CCl₄ due to negligible reaction between CCl₄ and OH radicals. The results from the present study indicated significant influence of the photochemical properties of the target contaminants on the photochemical treatment characteristics for designing cost-effective UV-based degradation of toxic contaminants.     

多孔TiO_2光催化降解罗丹明B水溶液

以SiO2为模板剂,采用溶胶-凝胶-碱洗的方法制备多孔TiO2催化剂。经TEM和BET分析表明,多孔TiO2粒径约为10 nm,且颗粒大小分布均匀,其比表面积较大,约为167.572 m2/g。通过罗丹明B水溶液的光催化降解实验,考察了多孔TiO2的光催化活性。实验结果表明,初始pH=6,初始浓度30 mg/L的罗丹明...     

利用CDM-PSS-DGT装置累积测量水中的Ni2+和Co2+

研究了CDM-PSS-DGT装置对Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )的累积和测量.测定了Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )与聚乙烯苯磺酸(PSS)的条件配位稳定常数以及Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )在扩散层中的扩散系数.考察了酸度、离子强度以及碱金属和碱土金属对CDM-PSS-DGT装置累积水中Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )的影响.在pH 4-9范围内,酸度对Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )的累积容量影响不大;离子强度对Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )的累积容量有较强的影响,随着离子强度的不断增大,CDM-PSS- DGT装置对Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )的累积容量逐渐下降;碱金属、碱土金属与Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )共存时,CDM-PSS-DGT装置对Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )优先累积.经测定Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )与结合相PSS的条件配位稳定常数(lg K)分别为8.04和8.07.配制水中CDM-PSS-DGT装置能准确地对Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )进行测量,Ni~(2 )和Co~(2 )的测量回收率分别为:93.84%和91.82%,RSD%分别为:3.53%和4.89%.     

碳基纳米铜复合材料对普通小球藻胁迫作用的研究

随着科技的飞速发展,纳米类材料在电化学、药物运输、生物传感器等领域中得到了广泛的应用,这导致了其通过各种途径进入水、土壤、大气等环境介质中,对生态环境安全造成潜在威胁。以水体中环境浓度的碳基纳米铜复合材料为受试浓度范围,以环境适应性和污染物耐受性均较强的普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)为对象,研究了水体中不同浓度碳基纳米铜复合材料对普通小球藻的细胞胁迫作用,使用分光光度法检测了0,0.05,0.5,5,50 mg·L^-1碳基纳米铜暴露条件下普通小球藻叶绿素a含量的变化。运用非靶向代谢组学(气相-质谱联用)检测法探究了不同浓度碳基纳米铜胁迫条件下第8天普通小球藻细胞内代谢物相对丰度变化、代谢通路及相关代谢组学特性的变化。结果表明,在培养周期的第8天,藻细胞叶绿素a含量随碳基纳米铜浓度的升高而降低,当碳基纳米铜达到50 mg·L^-1时,将严重抑制藻细胞叶绿素a的产生。代谢组学检测结果表明,当碳基纳米铜复合材料的浓度达到50 mg·L^-1时,藻细胞中与叶绿素合成密切相关的碳固定过程、氨基酸代谢过程均受到了严重抑制。这表明,高浓度碳基纳米铜会扰乱普通小球藻的细胞代谢并产生明显胁迫作用。文章旨在评估水体中碳基纳米铜复合材料对水体初级生产者普通小球藻的胁迫作用,以期为水体污染修复与藻细胞生态毒理学的研究提供一定的数据支持与参考。     

Biodegradation of 2-methylisoborneol by bacteria enriched from biological activated carbon

One of the most common taste and odour compounds (TOCs) in drinking water is 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) which cannot be readily removed by conventional water treatments. Four bacterial strains for degrading 2-MIB were isolated from the surface of a biological activated carbon filter, and were characterized as Micrococcus spp., Flavobacterium spp., Brevibacterium spp. and Pseudomonas spp. based on 16S rRNA analysis. The removal efficiencies of 2-MIB with initial concentrations of 515 ng·L^-1 were 98.4%, 96.3%, 95.0%, and 92.8% for Micrococcus spp., Flavobacterium spp., Brevibacterium spp. and Pseudomonas spp., respectively. These removal efficiencies were slightly higher than those with initial concentration at 4.2 mg·L^-1 (86.1%, 84.4%, 86.7% and 86.0%, respectively). The kinetic model showed that biodegradation of 2-MIB at an initial dose of 4.2 mg·L^-1 was a pseudo-first-order reaction, with rate constants of 0.287, 0.277, 0.281, and 0.294 d^-1, respectively. These degraders decomposed 2-MIB to form 2-methylenebornane and 2-methyl-2-bornane as the products.     

Cu2+、Zn2+和Cd2+对蟾蜍蝌蚪的联合毒性

以蟾蜍蝌蚪为试验材料,采用联合指数相加法,研究了重金属铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)和镉(Cd)离子对蟾蜍蝌蚪的急性毒性和联合毒性效应.结果表明,Cu2 、Zn2 和Cd2 对蟾蜍蝌蚪的毒性顺序为Cu2 >Cd2 >Zn2 ,48 h的半致死浓度LC50分别为0.514、9.224、33.56 mg L-1;96 h的半致死浓度LC50分别为0.288、8.142、30.76 mg L-1.联合毒性试验结果表明,Cu2 与Zn2 及Zn2 与Cd2 共存时的联合毒性为拮抗作用;Cu2 与Cd2 共存时的联合毒性为毒性剧增的协同作用;Cu2 、Zn2 与Cd2 三者联合时的毒性为协同作用.表6参18     

2,3,7,8-TCDD的短期暴露对HepG2肝癌细胞内小分子代谢产物的影响

为了研究二恶英对细胞的代谢毒性,探究其肝毒性的作用机制,以二恶英中毒性最强的2,3,7,8-四氯代二苯并-对-二恶英(TCDD)为代表污染物,以HepG2肝癌细胞为受试对象,采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法和高效液相色谱/串联质谱法考察了TC-DD的24h暴露对HepG2细胞的增殖活性以及细胞的葡萄糖、氨基酸、尿素和甘油等小分子代谢物的影响。结果显示,短暂的TCDD暴露对HepG2细胞的增殖活性无显著影响。24h的TCDD暴露对细胞的葡萄糖消耗量无显著影响,但当TCDD浓度增至1nmol·L-1时,葡萄糖的消耗量表现出一定的降低趋势。0.01nmol·L-1TCDD就会使细胞脯氨酸和谷氨酸的合成能力下降,且谷氨酸的变化表现出明显的剂量-效应关系;TCDD可刺激细胞对缬氨酸、苏氨酸、酪氨酸、甲硫氨酸以及亮氨酸与异亮氨酸的吸收,并具有明显的浓度依赖性。随着TCDD浓度的增加,甘油和尿素产生量的降低趋势逐渐明显,1nmol·L-1TCDD处理24h后,甘油和尿素的产生量仅为对照组的1%和18%。研究表明,TCDD在短时间内使HepG2细胞内的一系列小分子代谢产物发生了不同程度的改变,且呈现出一定的剂量-效应关系。可见,TCDD可通过干扰HepG2肝癌细胞的代谢过程产生毒性。     

Fe掺杂PTFE-PbO2/TiO2-NTs/Ti电极的制备、表征及电催化性能

采用电沉积法制备了Fe掺杂PTFE-PbO2/TiO2-NTs/Ti、PbO2/TiO2-NTs/Ti、PbO2/Ti 3种电极,运用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪观察表面形貌与形态,通过线性扫描伏安法在0.1 mol·L-1的H2SO4中测定电极的析氧极化曲线.以对硝基酚(p-NP)为目标污染物,考察了电极的电催化活性,在20 mA.cm-2电流密度下降解100 mg·L-1 p-NP,120 min时表观速率常数分别为0.0370 min-1、0.0265 min-1和0.0180 min-1,COD去除率分别为77.38%、74.07%、66.18%,研究发现在相同的条件下Fe掺杂PTFE-PbO2/TiO2-NTs/Ti性能更佳,矿化更完全.     

纳米TiO_2光催化降解水溶性染料溶液的研究

研究了纳米ＴｉＯ２光催化剂对活性黄Ｘ６Ｇ、活性红Ｘ３Ｂ、活性蓝ＸＢＲ、碱性绿、碱性紫５ＢＮ、碱性品红等６种染料溶液的光解脱色效果。结果表明，在ｐＨ２的酸性溶液中，对浓度为６０ｍｇ／Ｌ的６种染料溶液的脱色率均超过９３．３％；即使对浓度达２００ｍｇ／Ｌ的活性蓝溶液，其脱色率仍可达７８．８％。染料溶液的ｐＨ值对纳米ＴｉＯ２光催化脱色效果影响较大     

天然草地利用方式改变对土壤排放CO2 和吸收CH4的影响

1997年～ 1998年在内蒙古达拉特旗中国农业科学院草原研究所草原生态试验站对天然草地、天然草地转变为人工草地、玉米和土豆地后 ,土壤 CO2 排放和 CH4 吸收通量进行了测定。天然草地、人工草地和旱地农田均为大气中甲烷的吸收汇 ,天然草地转变为农田后 ,增强了土壤的 CO2 排放量 ,减少了土壤对大气中甲烷的吸收。天然草地和玉米地的 CO2 排放通量与 5cm处土壤温度呈线性相关 ,土壤对甲烷的吸收率与土壤含水量呈线性负相关 ,与土壤温度没有相关关系