黄河中下游表层沉积物磷的赋存形态及生物有效性

利用磷的连续分级提取方法,研究了黄河中下游16个沉积物样品中磷的赋存形态分布特征,并探讨了沉积物中磷的生物有效性.结果表明,黄河沉积物中总磷的含量为83.79～132.35 μg·g~(-1),其中主要以无机磷的形式存在,而无机麟中以钙结合态磷为主.线性回归分析结果表明,NaOH-P的含量与活性态Fe、BD-P,NaOH-P含量的总和与活性态Fe、BD-P,NH_4Cl-P含量的总和与活性态Fe、Al含量总和,均有一定的线性关系;沉积物中的总无机磷含量与沉积物的总有机质含量呈正相关关系.磷的生物有效性分析结果显示,潜在的生物有效性磷主要包括弱结合态磷、氧化还原敏感态磷、金属(水台)氧化物结合态磷3种赋存形态,黄河沉积物中潜在的生物有效性磷含量在9.02～37.20 μg·g~(-1)范围内,平均值为24.47 μg·g~(-1),平均占沉积物总磷的22.43%、占总无机磷的35.59%.     

沉水植物对沉积物及土壤垂向各形态无机磷的影响

该研究利用相同区域湖泊沉积物及土壤在室内模拟条件下培养黑藻,运用化学连续浸提法分离不同层次底质中各形态无机磷,并通过对水体中磷质量浓度和Eh值的测定,分析不同层次底质中各形态无机磷质量分数和间隙水中磷质量浓度的变化,揭示在沉水植物作用下淹水土壤和沉积物中不同层次各形态无机磷的迁移转化规律.结果表明,本试验条件下,黑藻主要影响上层和下层(根系所在层)底质中各形态无机磷的迁移转化;黑藻主要吸收利用弱吸附态磷和可还原态磷,并通过改变底质氧化还原环境影响可还原态磷和铁铝氧化态磷的迁移转化;黑藻的生长促进钙结合态磷的释放,但是黑藻的腐烂促进钙结合态磷的沉积;土壤中各形态无机磷比营养水平相当的沉积物中的磷容易迁移转化,黑藻对沉积物中各形态无机磷迁移转化的影响大于土壤.     

水源生态净化系统沉积物中营养盐空间分布特征及污染评价

对盐龙湖水源生态净化系统预处理区、挺水植物区、沉水植物区及深度净化区沉积物中营养盐内源负荷及氮、磷的形态空间分布特征展开研究,并评价不同单元沉积物营养盐污染状况.结果表明:盐龙湖表层沉积物总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、有机质(OM)含量范围分别为156. 43—1130. 00 mg·kg~(-1)、615. 23—1580.66 mg·kg~(-1)、5.00%—49.04%.盐龙湖TP含量在预处理单元的沉积物中最高(1508.09 mg·kg~(-1)),在挺水植物区B的沉积物中最低(932.30 mg·kg~(-1)),而TN和OM含量都在挺水植物区A的沉积物中达到顶峰(1126.91 mg·kg~(-1),48.89%),在深度净化区的沉积物中最低(272.47 mg·kg~(-1),5.23%).闭蓄态磷(Abs-P)的含量占总磷(TP)比例最多(75.3%—82.3%),易解析磷(Exch-P)占TP比例均不超过1%;顺水流方向,铁结合态磷(Fe-P)和铝结合态磷(Al-P)含量呈下降的趋势,而Exch-P和钙磷(Ca-P)呈U字型先减后增.弱酸可提取态氮(WAEF-N)占可转化态氮(TTN)比例最高(45.3%—68.94%),强氧化剂可提取态氮(SOEF-N)占TTN比例最低(10.45%—19.08%),沉积物TTN中各形态氮含量分布次序为弱酸可提取态氮(WAEF-N)强碱可提取态氮(SAEF-N)离子交换态氮(IEF-N)强氧化剂可提取态氮(SOEF-N).通过单一因子标准指数法、综合污染指数、有机氮和有机指数法进行评价,发现在预处理区和挺水植物区A营养盐污染最严重,其他处理单元也有不同程度的污染,深度净化区污染程度最低.     

沉水植物对沉积物中磷赋存形态影响的初步研究

采用磷的分级方法研究苦草移植后生长过程中沉积物不同的磷赋存形态(NH4Cl-P, BD-P, NaOH-P和HCl-P)以及总磷的变化,同时结合野外人工恢复的水草区域采样的结果,进一步分析了野外条件下沉水植物狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum L.)对磷赋存形态的影响,结果表明,沉水植物能够有效的降低沉积物中磷的含量,而且水生植物对磷的不同赋存形态的影响并不相同,其中,BD-P是受沉水植物影响最为明显的磷赋存形态.     

杭州西湖沉积物磷分析及释放风险

本研究以杭州西湖的茅家埠、小南湖以及乌龟潭等3个子湖中的沉积物为研究对象,研究其中沉积物磷赋存形态,通过对沉积物磷吸附指数(phosphorus sorption index, PSI)与磷吸附饱和度(phosphorus saturation, DPS)进行测定与计算并根据两者对西湖沉积物磷的释放风险进行了客观评估.对沉积物风险分析表明:杭州西湖沉积物呈还原态,表现出强氧化性;沉水植物的生长会对沉积物的氧化还原电位产生影响,沉水植物盖度越大,沉积物氧化还原电位越高,氧化性越强;沉积物磷污染状况严重,沉积物中磷的吸附容量主要与其中活性铁铝氧化物的含量有关;杭州西湖不同区域的沉积物磷的吸附指数有较大的不同,主要与区域的生态化逆境相关;受各种相关因素影响,杭州西湖沉积物磷的释放处于中度偏轻的风险状态.     

贵州草海湿地不同水深梯度下沉积物铁形态分布特征

为了研究水文条件对湿地沉积物中铁赋存形态分布的影响,采用Tessier五步连续提取法对贵州草海不同水深梯度下沉积物中铁各形态进行研究.结果表明,草海湿地沉积物中总铁含量在22.8—46.2 g·kg~(-1)之间,平均值为37.06 g·kg~(-1),随着水深升高整体呈下降趋势.草海湿地沉积物中,各形态铁含量大小为残渣态(RES-Fe:7.16—41.22 g·kg~(-1))有机结合态(OM-Fe:1.68—13.94 g·kg~(-1))铁锰氧化物结合态(RED-Fe:2.29—6.96 g·kg~(-1))碳酸盐结合态(CARB-Fe:0.004—0.095 g·kg~(-1))可交换态(EXC-Fe:0.002—0.004 g·kg~(-1));各形态铁含量对水深变化响应不一致,RES-Fe、EXC-Fe和Tot-Fe含量随水深加深而减少,RED-Fe和OM-Fe含量随水深加深而增高,CARB-Fe含量无明显变化规律;水文条件影响铁形态组成,季节性积水的S1和S2样点铁含量较高,仅以RES-Fe为主,占总量的87%—91%,而积水较深且长期淹水的S3和S4铁含量较低,以OM-Fe和RES-Fe为主,二者之和占总量的81%—85%.湿地沉积物中铁含量及其形态组成分布会因为水深变化而不同,铁的生物有效性也会因此发生改变,抬升水位有利于提高铁的生物有效性.     

辽河辽宁段干流表层沉积物中磷的含量及赋存形态研究

辽河是中国第七大河流,是中国北方重要的重工业和农业基地,分析其沉积物中磷的含量和赋存形态可以为研究辽河水环境质量和渤海赤潮污染提供基础。以辽河辽宁段干流表层沉积物为研究对象,在辽河辽宁段干流设置了24个监测断面,于2018年对沉积物样品进行了采集,并分析了其总磷(TP)、有机磷(OP)、可交换态磷(Ex-P)、铁铝结合态磷(FeAlP)、钙结合态磷(Ca-P)和残留无机态磷(Re-P)的含量,对沉积物中磷的含量、不同赋存形态的比例以及不同环境因子对磷的影响进行了研究分析。结果表明,表层沉积物中总磷的含量为29.513—100.903 mg·kg~(-1),平均含量为55.070 mg·kg~(-1),与其他部分河流相比较,其总磷的含量较低。表层沉积物中各种磷按照平均含量排序为:可交换态磷(Ex-P)残留态磷(Re-P)有机磷(OP)铁铝结合态磷(Fe Al-P)钙结合态磷(Ca-P),其平均含量分别为3.413、5.030、6.409、16.407和23.812 mg·kg~(-1)。沉积物中无机磷(IP)受到pH的显著影响,而有机磷(OP)与水体中磷浓度密切相关。Ex-P和FeAl-P总计占沉积物中TP的33.83%,当水环境条件发生变化时,沉积物中的磷可能会向水体中释放,对加剧水体中磷污染具有一定的潜在风险。     

氧化与还原条件下水稻土重金属形态特征的对比

还原状态下的水稻土被风干处理后氧化还原等性质发生明显变化,对重金属的形态特征产生影响,进而影响对作物有效性的评价.利用BCR连续萃取法研究了张家港市南部不同pH水稻土在还原和氧化条件下Cu、Pb、Ni和Cd的形态变化状况.结果显示,氧化还原对重金属形态分配具有显著影响,而pH对Ni在还原状态下的形态分配有显著影响,对Cu、Pb和Cd形态分布影响不显著.样品经风干氧化处理后,氧化物结合态重金属均表现为不同程度的降低;Cu残渣态比例增加25%,氧化物结合态和有机结合态比例有所降低;Pb有机结合态比例增加33%,残渣态减少33%,酸可提取态和氧化物结合态变化不大;Ni受氧化还原条件影响更为强烈,表现为酸可提取态所占比例降低超过25%,氧化物结合态亦明显降低,残渣态提高超过60%;对Cd的影响主要表现为有机结合态所占比例降低约15%,残渣态提高约35%,酸可提取态和氧化物结合态变化不明显.氧化状态下的重金属形态并不是重金属在田间的真实状况,可能高估了Pb,低估Cu、Ni和Cd重金属在土壤中的危害性.     

崇明东滩湿地沉积物砷的形态特征

于2008年4月在崇明东滩湿地开展野外调查,采集表层沉积物样品,参考Walter W W等提出的砷5步提取法进行总砷、砷的形态分析。结果表明:东滩湿地沉积物总砷含量5.33~19.74 mg/kg,各形态砷所占比例:弱交换态0.6%(0.5%~0.7%);强交换态5%(3%~7%);非晶形铁铝锰氧化物结合态28%(26%~29%);晶形铁铝锰氧化物结合态21%(19%~24%);残渣态46%(42%~51%)。     

覆盖不同材料对湖泊沉积物磷释放影响机制

为探讨覆盖不同材料对湖泊沉积物磷释放控制机制,通过室内模拟试验,研究了覆盖Fe2O3、Al2O3、Mn O2等3种氧化物及湖沙、蛭石对洱海沉积物磷释放特征、沉积物磷形态、金属形态及环境因子的影响.结果表明:(1)覆盖不同材料均抑制了沉积物磷释放,Fe组、Mn组、Al组、湖沙组和蛭石组沉积物中TP的Qmax分别减少了40.36%、32.07%、26.25%、11.62%和-7.83%.(2)覆盖材料主要是降低了沉积物中NH4Cl-P、BD-P、Na OH-P的含量,其中覆盖金属氧化物降幅均高于湖沙和蛭石,覆盖Fe氧化物降低幅度最大,覆盖Mn氧化物对Na OH-P降幅较高.(3)覆盖材料通过影响Fe、Al、Mn及TOC在各磷形态中含量,进而控制磷的释放,其中Fe组沉积物BD-Fe和HCl-Fe含量分别增加了23.81%、110.76%,Mn组沉积物NH4Cl-Mn增加110.76%,各组沉积物中Na OH-Al均向HCl-Al转化,且使沉积物TOC含量降低,进而增大沉积物w(TTOC/TP)、w(TFe/TP)、w(TMn/TP)、w(TAl/TP)比值,促进活性磷向惰性磷的转化.(4)覆盖材料通过影响沉积物pH和Eh值,进而影响金属离子形态,控制磷的释放.总体来看,覆盖金属氧化物控磷效果高于非金属无机材料,金属氧化物不仅具有吸附磷等物理作用,而且具有金属离子与磷结合转化磷形态含量的化学作用,进而控制沉积物磷释放,其中Fe氧化物控制效果最高.     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

Variation in male courtship costs in butterflies

A cost of mating is common to both sexes but has predominantly been examined in females. In species where males provide resources to females at copulation, male mating costs are expected to be high as nutrient provisioning enhancing female fecundity is assumed to carry costs. In addition, males frequently court females prior to mating, which is known to carry survival costs to both sexes. However, the magnitude and basis of variation in males’ mating costs remains largely unknown. Here, I examine the effect of nutrient provisioning and courtship on male longevity across full-sib families in the paternally investing green-veined white butterfly, Pieris napi. Copulating males suffered a survival cost as did courting males prevented from copulating, indicating the courtship component of mating is costly. Male P. napi release aphrodisiacs during courtship to promote mating, indicating that these compounds may also be costly to produce. Contrary to expectation, nutrient provisioning was not associated with reduced survival relative to males only allowed to court females, although it is possible that this could be masked by the potentially elevated courtship rates of courting males relative to mating males. Families differed in magnitude of reduced male survivorship, indicating a likely genetic basis to variation in costs of courtship and copulation. Male weight was unrelated to longevity and mating success, whereas longevity strongly influenced male mating success, indicating lifespan is an important male fitness trait in this species.     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

Lead in a residential environment in Jamaica

The background levels of lead in Jamaica in soils and sediments, estimated at 37 mg kg^–1, are relatively high compared with world averages. Several areas have values in excess of this due to mineralisation and pollution. One such is the residential Hope Flats/Kintyre area in which levels of lead up to 2.5% are found in the soils and up to 8 g kg^–1 in the water of the nearby Hope River. The blood lead levels of a sample of children were in the range 5.7–57 g dl^–1. The high lead levels suggest a potential health risk, particularly for the children. This can be minimised by programmes which include community education, case management and abatement to reduce the lead exposure.