皇竹草对土壤阿特拉津的修复作用

通过盆栽试验探讨了种植皇竹草（Pennisetum hydridum）对阿特拉津污染土壤的修复效果,阿特拉津对皇竹草生长的影响,以及皇竹草对土壤微生物数量的影响,以期为阿特拉津污染土壤的植物修复提供参考。结果表明：在≤200 mg.kg-1质量分数范围以内,种植皇竹草对土壤阿特拉津的初期降解效率比对照明显提高,最大提高了29.64%,达到显著或极显著差异;阿特拉津质量分数在≤200 mg.kg-1范围内对皇竹草株高没有影响,≤50 mg.kg-1质量分数范围内对生物量没有影响,根冠比变化不明显;随阿特拉津质量分数的增加皇竹草根际和非根际土壤中的细菌、真菌、放线菌数量均呈先增加后减少的趋势,在质量分数为100 mg.kg-1时达到最大,根际土壤中细菌和放线菌数量明显高于非根际土壤,真菌数量在根际与非根际土壤中变化不明显。说明种植皇竹草有助于阿特拉津降解效率的提高,且与种植皇竹草后改变了土壤微生物数量及皇竹草的生长状况有关。     

气液混合放电对水中阿特拉津的降解

采用气液混合放电降解水溶液中的阿特拉津,考察了放电输出功率、溶液pH值和Fe2 浓度对阿特拉津降解的影响,并初步探讨了其降解动力学.结果表明,提高放电输出功率、降低溶液pH值均能提高阿特拉津的降解率.相同实验条件下,添加Fe2 显著提高了阿特拉津的降解率,在Fe2 添加量分别为0.2,0.6,2.0 mmol·1-1时,随着Fe2 浓度的升高阿特拉津的降解率也不断提高.阿特拉津在气液混合放电反应器中的降解符合一级反应动力学.阿特拉津降解过程中的中间产物主要通过以下4种途径产生:脱烷基作用、烷基氧化作用、脱氯羟化作用和脱氯羟化-氧化作用.     

生物炭对土壤中阿特拉津吸附特征的影响

为探究生物炭对土壤中阿特拉津的吸附特征及影响因素,采用批处理实验研究了灭菌(T1)、5%秸秆生物炭+灭菌(T2)、未灭菌(T3)和5%秸秆生物炭+未灭菌(T4)条件下对土壤中阿特拉津吸附特征及土壤理化性质的影响.结果表明,在最初0—12 h内,不同处理下阿特拉津吸附量均随时间的延长而快速增加,而在12—96 h内增加较为缓慢并逐渐趋于平衡.在96 h时,T2和T4处理下阿特拉津最大吸附量分别达到46.22 mg·kg^-1和46.43 mg·kg^-1,而未添加生物炭的T1和T3处理则有所降低,分别为44.20 mg·kg^-1和43.09 mg·kg^-1.准二级动力学模型更好地拟合不同处理下土壤对阿特拉津吸附特征,T2和T4处理下吸附速率常数K分别为0.257 kg·mg^-1·h^-1和0.339 kg·mg^-1·h^-1,显著高于未添加生物炭处理的T1和T3处理(K分别为-0.083 kg·mg^-1·h^-1和-0.261 kg·mg^-1·h^-1).内扩散模型显示添加生物炭后,土壤对阿特拉津的吸附是一个由边界扩散、内部孔隙扩散等多因素控制的复杂化学过程.添加生物炭可显著提高土壤pH、有机碳、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,其中土壤有机碳含量与阿特拉津最大吸附量之间存在显著的正相关关系(P<0.05).由此可见,添加生物炭可以提高土壤对阿特拉津的固持能力,减少其淋溶迁移风险,从而达到修复阿特拉津污染土壤的目的.     

除草剂阿特拉津的环境毒理研究进展

叙述了阿特拉津的应用概况及其在生产实践中所存在问题;阿特拉津在生物体内和环境中的降解代谢过程。综述了近年来国内外在阿特拉津的残留分析方法、环境毒理学和微生物降解等方面的研究进展。     

阿循拉津在土壤中的降解途径及其对持留性的影响

通过田间和实验室试验，研究了作草剂阿特拉津在土壤中的降解代谢规律及其与土壤特性的关系。试验表明，阿特拉津施用后，在作物生长期内可降解９０％以上，土壤酸碱度对阿特拉津在土壤中的代谢有显著影响。在碱性土 阿特拉津主要经过微生物代谢而被降解；在酸性土壤中化学水解占地位。     

青霉素G钾在蔬菜地土壤中的降解动力学研究

为确定青霉素G钾(penicillin G potassium,PG)在土壤中的半衰期和降解动力学,选择灭菌与未灭菌、施肥与未施肥蔬菜地土壤作为基质,研究了PG在不同基质中的降解曲线,并拟合了降解动力学方程。结果表明,PG在蔬菜地土壤中的半衰期为1.61～1.67 d,最终降解率均达到99.7%以上,但PG不会完全降解,仍会以较低的水平(21～73μg·kg-1)在土壤中长期存在。降解动力学方程拟合结果表明,PG的初始浓度会对降解速率产生影响,初始浓度越高,降解速率越快。在灭菌与未灭菌土壤中降解曲线显示其降解过程受生物和非生物作用共同影响,但添加有机肥的降解过程和未添加组没有显著差异。由于PG在土壤中不能被完全降解,从而增加了诱导抗性基因产生及转移的风险。     

Arthrobacter sp.AD30和Pseudomonas sp.AD39在阿特拉津工业废水生物处理及污染土壤生物修复中的应用

将分类地位和降解特性不同的两个高效降解除草剂阿特拉津的菌株Arthrobacter sp.AD30和Pseudo-monas sp.AD39,用于阿特拉津工业废水的生物处理和污染土壤的生物修复试验.填充聚氨酯泡沫的小型生物反应器阿特拉津降解实验表明,在进水的CODCr为1702 mg·1-1、阿特拉津浓度为133 mg·1-1和水力停留时间(HRT)为24 h的条件下,出水的CODCr稳定在100 mg·1-1以下,阿特拉津浓度在0.2 mg·1-1以下,均达到国家工业水污染物排放标准(GB 21523-2008).土壤的生物修复实验表明,含有200 mg·kg-1阿特拉津的土壤接种上述两个菌株,在30℃处理20 d以后,土壤中99.1%的阿特拉津被去除.这些结果表明,由AD30和AD39组成的混合菌株在工业废水的生物处理和污染土壤的生物修复中具有很好的应用潜力.     

一株同时降解3种邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌的筛选鉴定及降解特性

选择邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DnBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)作为目标污染物,采用富集驯化法从设施菜地土壤中筛选出1株可同时降解DMP、DnBP和DEHP的细菌MB1.经形态、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定为微杆菌属(Microbacterium sp.).通过正交试验研究了该菌株的最优降解条件以及最优条件下该菌株的生长曲线和降解曲线,最后在培养条件下研究了该菌株对人工污染土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯的降解特性.结果表明,菌株MB1的最优降解条件为:pH值为8,温度为25℃,接菌量为5%,每种邻苯二甲酸酯浓度为300 mg·L~(-1).在此最优条件下该菌株呈S型曲线增长,7 d后无机盐培养液中DMP、DnBP和DEHP的降解率分别为99.62%%、99.65%和55.26%.人工污染土壤中空白试验和投加菌株试验结果为:在不添加菌液的处理中,灭菌土壤21 d时DMP、DnBP和DEHP的降解率分别为3.86%、4.19%和2.01%;未灭菌土壤21 d时对DMP、DnBP和DEHP的降解率分别为4.82%、5.99%和3.44%.在添加菌液的处理中,21 d时土壤灭菌处理中DMP、DnBP和DEHP的降解率分别达94.45%、95.65%和39.21%;而土壤未灭菌处理中DMP、DnBP和DEHP的降解率分别达94.93%、95.99%和41.16%.该结果表明:土壤中土著微生物仅能降解微量PAEs,菌株MB1对土壤中DMP、DnBP和DEHP等3种PAEs污染物具有较为高效的降解能力,未灭菌土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯的降解效果略高于灭菌土壤.     

漆酶修复土壤DDT污染的动力学研究

研究了漆酶在土壤灭菌与否以及在不同施用剂量条件下对土壤DDT污染的修复动力学特征.结果表明,在土壤灭菌与否和不同施用剂量条件下,漆酶对DDT各组分及DDTs的降解率均随着时间的延长而不断提高,且在第15天之前提高迅速,到第15天之后至第25天基本上处于稳定状态.DDTs的降解过程符合拟表观一级动力学方程,非灭菌对照处理和灭菌对照处理之间,以及非灭菌加酶处理和灭菌加酶处理之间DDTs的降解速率常数分别相近,且加酶处理的降解速率常数明显高于对照处理.随着加酶量的增大,DDTs的降解速率常数也呈增大趋势,其中在加酶量为6 U·g-1土时其降解速率常数最大.     

基于三七连作障碍的土壤理化性状及酶活性研究

为评价三七(Panax notoginseng(Burk)F.H.Chen)连作对土壤理化性状及土壤酶活性的影响,分析了三七不同种植年限及连作土不同治理方法的土壤理化性状和酶活性,从而为部分解析三七连作障碍形成机制及为缓解并克服连作障碍提供理论依据。结果表明,随着三七种植年限的增加,土壤p H呈显著下降趋势,土壤酸化现象加重;种植三七1年、2年和3年的土壤与未种植过三七的土壤相比有机质含量分别下降73%、87%和83%,并伴随着土壤的板结。与生土和健康土相比,大量元素氮(N)和磷(P)含量在种植三七的土壤及发病土壤中显著下降。铁(Fe)、硼(B)、铝(Al)等元素在种植三七的土壤中却显著升高,种植三七3年的土壤与生土相比,Fe、B、Al分别上升29%、31%、32%。土壤蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶及脲酶活性随着三七种植年限的增加均显著降低,种植三七3年的土壤中,其土壤蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶及磷酸酶较未种植过三七的土壤分别下降91%、56%、52%、92%、92%和69%;而发病植株根际土壤的过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性高于健康植株根际土壤的酶活性,其中发病土壤的蔗糖酶活性较健康土高出42%;连作植株根际土壤与经消毒治理后的植株根际土壤相比,脲酶、蛋白酶、多酚氧化酶及过氧化氢酶活性显著较高。研究结果还显示,土壤酶活性与土壤p H、有机质含量、N、P、K及一些微量元素(如:钼、铜)之间存在显著相关关系。本研究结果暗示,三七连作后导致了土壤酸化和板结现象加重及土壤矿质元素组成失衡和某些元素的富集,这可能是诱导三七连作障碍发生的原因之一;另外,三七种植年限增加明显抑制土壤酶活性,这将阻碍三七对某些营养元素的吸收及间接加剧土壤自毒物质的积累,从而也可能诱导连作障碍的发生。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Use of stochastic patch occupancy models in the California red-legged frog for Bayesian inference regarding past events and future persistence

Assessing causes of population decline is critically important to management of threatened species. Stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs) are popular tools for examining spatial and temporal dynamics of populations when presence–absence data in multiple habitat patches are available. We developed a Bayesian Markov chain method that extends existing SPOMs by focusing on past environmental changes that may have altered occupancy patterns prior to the beginning of data collection. Using occupancy data from 3 creeks, we applied the method to assess 2 hypothesized causes of population decline—in situ die-off and residual impact of past source population loss—in the California red-legged frog. Despite having no data for the 20–30 years between the hypothetical event leading to population decline and the first data collected, we were able to discriminate among hypotheses, finding evidence that in situ die-off increased in 2 of the creeks. Although the creeks had comparable numbers of occupied segments, owing to different extinction–colonization dynamics, our model predicted an 8-fold difference in persistence probabilities of their populations to 2030. Adding a source population led to a greater predicted persistence probability than did decreasing the in situ die-off, emphasizing that reversing the deleterious impacts of a disturbance may not be the most efficient management strategy. We expect our method will be useful for studying dynamics and evaluating management strategies of many species.