保护地空间邻近效应和保护成效评估——以若尔盖湿地国家级自然保护区为例

目前多采用比较保护地建立前后时间序列上或与邻近区域比较的方法判断保护地的保护成效,而未充分考虑保护地的空间邻近效应和空间异质性,因此影响了其准确性.为进一步改进自然保护地保护成效评估技术方法,识别辨析人为保护管理措施在高寒草地-沼泽湿地区域气候变化背景下的景观生态学效应,以四川若尔盖湿地国家级自然保护区为案例,采用"BACI"试验设计思路,以斑块密度、最大斑块指数和蔓延度指数等景观格局指数等为指标,定量分析若尔盖保护区的空间邻近效应和保护成效.结果显示:(1)保护区内湿地面积呈缩减趋势,灌丛、草地和建设用地面积增加,但沙化地面积减少;(2)若尔盖保护区存在空间邻近效应,为泄漏效应;(3)若尔盖湿地整体上仍呈破碎化趋势,但若尔盖自然保护区内大斑块面积减少趋势得到延缓,斑块间连通性降低趋势减小.本研究表明保护区的保护管理减缓了边界范围内景观破碎化趋势,取得保护成效;建议在进一步加强保护区内人为活动管控的同时,强化邻近区域的保护,以消除正在出现的孤岛化现象.(图4表4参35)     

草海国家级自然保护区景观格局变化与景观发展强度研究

基于遥感技术和地理信息系统,结合实地调查,选取草海国家级自然保护区1974、1992、2001和2015年4期遥感景观数据,将研究区景观斑块分为7种类型。使用多个景观指数指标和景观发展强度指数,对保护区不同时期的景观格局特征和变化以及景观发展强度变化及其规律进行分析。结果表明,草海国家级自然保护区在不同时期受气候、降水、水土流失和水体富营养化等自然驱动因素以及人口经济增长、土地利用、工农业污染等人为驱动因素综合影响,景观斑块、多样性、优势度、均匀度和破碎度等景观指数呈较大波动;4个时期保护区湿地景观发展强度指数平均为4.00±0.24,并且在2015年达到最高值4.27,说明草海湿地类型属于农业湿地,接近城镇湿地,处于中等健康水平。为确保草海国家级自然保护区生态环境健康发展,规范和统筹保护区景观的合理配置是草海综合治理需要考虑的重要措施。     

基于CA-Markov模型土地利用对景观格局影响辨识

采用CA-Markov模型方法,研究挠力河流域不同时段土地利用对湿地景观格局干扰强度的差异性.结果表明:(1)流域湿地景观格局变化显著.1967-2000年,挠力河流域湿地类型景观最大斑块指数逐渐减小,耕地和水域斑块的面积周长分维数逐渐减小,而沼泽和居民地的散布与并列指数变大,草甸和耕地聚集度指数增大;湿地景观破碎化程度增加;湿地景观空间分布逐渐由流域周围高地势区向中心河流廊道退缩.(2)流域土地利用变化明显.耕地和居民用地数量迅速增加,耕地趋于集中连片分布,土地利用呈由自然湿地逐渐转化为耕地的变化过程,耕地成为主导的土地利用类型.(3)流域土地利用强度存在阶段差异.1967-2000年,流域内人类活动对湿地景观的干扰强度逐渐加剧,人为景观面积比例由1967年的26.5%上升至2000年的67.8%.土地利用影响强度指数由1967年的1.690上升至2000年的2.394.2000年模拟的流域土地利用影响强度比2000年实际土地利用影响强度小,由此可以识别1983-2000年人类对湿地景观的干扰强度比1967-1983年有所增大;利用居民地和沼泽面积的变化可以识别流域人口增长和排水活动对土地利用影响的时段差异性.     

近30a雅鲁藏布江流域高寒湿地动态变化及其对气候变化的响应

利用1980、1990、2000和2010年4期Landsat、环境一号卫星遥感影像提取雅鲁藏布江(以下简称"雅江")流域湿地面积动态变化信息,并结合实地调查和近30 a气象、水文、积雪数据研究湿地动态变化对气候变化的响应特征。结果表明,2010年雅江流域高寒湿地面积占流域总面积的3.73%,其中以沼泽湿地面积最大(59.46%),其次为河流(30.19%)、湖泊(10.13%)和人工湿地(0.23%);近30 a间雅江流域湖泊湿地和河流湿地面积总体上呈增加趋势,而沼泽湿地面积呈降低趋势;近30 a来雅江流域年均温、年均最高温和年均最低温均呈显著增加趋势,降水量波动较大,呈轻微增加趋势但不显著,平均相对湿度呈不显著下降趋势。年均气温和年均最高气温这2个因素与雅江流域湖泊面积变化相关性显著,河流湿地面积、雅江5大支流干流河长的增长分别与年均温、年均最高温、年均最低温相关性显著,沼泽湿地面积与该区域气温以及平均相对湿度相关性显著,开发大坝、水库等国家建设战略是雅江流域人工湿地面积增加的主要驱动力。     

人为干扰对盐城自然保护区核心区景观演变的影响

采用CA-Markov模型方法,基于3期湿地景观数据,模拟盐城自然保护区核心区湿地景观在不同条件下的时空演变过程,探讨自然及人为因素对核心区湿地景观的影响及变化趋势.模拟结果显示,人为管理改变了核心区北部湿地景观演变过程,1987-2007年芦苇沼泽带和米草沼泽带的宽度迅速增加,其面积比例分别由5.62%、1.91%增为60.20%、7.78%,碱蓬沼泽面积比例则由67.50%减为7.21%,湿地景观分布由4个带(芦苇沼泽-碱蓬沼泽-米草沼泽-光滩)逐渐演变为3个带(芦苇沼泽-米草沼泽-光滩),到2013年核心区北部碱蓬沼泽将逐渐消失.核心区东南部景观结构以自然演替为主,1987-2007年米草沼泽由零星斑块扩展为带状分布,面积比例由2.75%增为36.54%,光滩面积比例由65.44%减为26.85%,芦苇沼泽面积持续增加,河流和碱蓬沼泽变化不大,未来米草沼泽扩张速率将有所下降,其他湿地类型仍保持类似的变化趋势,湿地景观分布由3个带(芦苇沼泽-碱蓬沼泽-光滩)逐渐演变为4个带(芦苇沼泽-碱蓬沼泽-米草沼泽-光滩).     

高原退化湿地纳帕海植物多样性格局特征及其驱动力

对滇西北纳帕海湿地不同退化演替阶段的植物群落结构特征及多样性格局的研究结果表明:纳帕海共有植物115种,隶属38科、82属,植物群落15个,包括3个沉水植物群落、2个浮叶植物群落、6个挺水植物群落、4个草甸群落。其中原生沼泽有湿地植物25种,隶属16科、17属,3个沉水植物群落、2个浮叶植物群落;沼泽化草甸有湿地植物35种,隶属19科、26属,6个挺水植物群落;草甸有湿地植物64种,隶属28科、55属,4个草甸群落;垦后湿地仅有农作物4种,隶属4科、4属。随着原生沼泽、沼泽化草甸向草甸、垦后湿地的退化演替,植物群落伴生种增多,优势种的优势度明显下降,群落结构逐渐变得复杂;原生沼泽、沼泽化草甸植物群落分布面积萎缩,草甸、垦后湿地面积不断增大;物种丰富度与多样性指数随原生沼泽、沼泽化草甸、草甸的退化演替而逐渐增加,草甸植物物种丰富度、多样性指数最大,而垦后湿地为最低值。纳帕海植物多样性格局特征是对不同人为干扰强度与类型的响应,当前影响植物多样格局的驱动力主要是排水垦殖、无序旅游、过度放牧和周边森林的破坏等人为生产活动。     

广东丰溪省级自然保护区景观格局变化及其驱动力研究

探究景观格局变化及其驱动力是自然保护区景观格局优化、生态保护和建设管理的重要基础。基于广东省丰溪省级保护区2010、2015、2020年的遥感影像数据,借助Arc GIS、ENVI和FRAGSTATS等软件,通过分析动态度、转移矩阵、景观格局指数等探究景观格局的演变规律,并对其驱动力进行探讨。结果表明,1)保护区土地利用类型以林地为主,约占区域总面积的61.9%;2010-2020年间,林地和水域持续减少,耕地和建设用地持续增多,土地利用综合动态度由1.87%减少至1.75%,整体呈减少趋势,景观格局变化趋于平稳。保护区林地的转出量最大,转出面积有2.03×10³ hm²;草地的转入量最大,转入面积有1.28×10³ hm²;耕地的转入面积约为转出面积的3.3倍,整体增加约800 hm²。2)林地是保护区的主体景观,其斑块优势度最大,破碎度最小,景观连通性较好。2010-2020年间,耕地、建筑用地和水域的破碎度降低,连通度升高;草地的破碎度最大,连通性能减低。2020年,景观...     

苏北侵蚀型海岸湿地景观时空演变特征及驱动机制

运用RS、GIS技术和景观生态学方法,对盐城国家级自然保护区侵蚀型海岸湿地1987、1997和2007年3个时相的景观数据进行分析,辨识侵蚀型海岸湿地景观格局时空演变特征。结果表明,1987—1997年,研究区光滩面积比例由76.91%下降至58.37%,碱蓬湿地由18.68%下降至5.51%,芦苇湿地由4.42%上升至13.01%,并出现了米草湿地和养殖池景观类型,1997年其面积比例分别为13.35%和9.76%。1997—2007年,碱蓬湿地退化消失,养殖池减少,芦苇湿地、米草湿地、光滩面积增加,其比例分别为15.85%、14.50%和60.86%。就景观异质性而言,多样性指数先升后降,景观优势度持续下降。景观空间演替呈现单向性特征:1987—1997年,从陆地向海洋方向演替;1997—2007年,从海洋向陆地方向演替。海岸地貌过程和植物覆被类型的连续变化导致湿地景观演变呈连续变化,但干扰往往使生态过程的连续性发生改变。     

层次分析法在若尔盖湿地退化研究中的应用

若尔盖高原沼泽湿地是我国面积最大的高寒沼泽湿地,在涵养水源、调节气候等方面具有十分重要的生态功能.采用Arcgis版本,分别从1978、1990、2000和2008年的中国湿地分布图中提取出若尔盖高原的湿地分布图,分析4个时期湿地的面积变化.发现若尔盖高原湿地面积由1978年的6 170 km~2下降至2008年的5 379 km~2,整体变化幅度为-12.83%,变化率为-0.43%.通过层次分析法分析若尔盖高原湿地面积减少的驱动因子,发现导致湿地面积减少的主要因子是超载过牧、挖沟排水、降雨变化、鼠虫害、人口增长,其权重值分别为0.380 1、0.157 3、0.138 6、0.075 2、0.073 3.上述结果表明若尔盖高原湿地在过去30年呈退化趋势,而导致湿地退化的原因是自然因素和人类活动的共同作用.     

青藏高原湿地景观空间格局的变化

在RS和GIS技术的支持下,以1990年左右的TM、2000年左右的ETM和2006年为主的CBERS遥感影像为主要数据源,利用人机交互目视解译方法获取青藏高原景观数据,运用景观生态学原理,选取景观异质性指数,对青藏高原湿地景观格局及其动态变化进行定量分析.结果表明,(1)青藏高原现有湿地面积131894.18 km2.(2)近16年来湿地总面积先大幅度减少后显著增加,柴达木盆地内的湿地减少量最为明显,长江流域次之;羌塘高原的湿地增加最为显著,塔里木盆地、雅鲁藏布江流域次之.(3)景观格局整体波动较大,多样性指数和均匀度指数降低,优势度指数增加,破碎度指数先增加后减少.     

Effects of landscape design of forest reserves on Saproxylic beetle diversity

Increasing the density of natural reserves in the forest landscape may provide conservation benefits for biodiversity within and beyond reserve borders. We used 2 French data sets on saproxylic beetles and landscape cover of forest reserves (LCFR) to test this hypothesis: national standardized data derived from 252 assessment plots in managed and reserve stands in 9 lowland and 5 highland forests and data from the lowland Rambouillet forest, a forested landscape where a pioneer conservation policy led to creation of a dense network of reserves. Abundance of rare and common saproxylic species and total saproxylic species richness were higher in forest reserves than in adjacent managed stands only in highland forests. In the lowland regional case study, as LCFR increased total species richness and common species abundance in reserves increased. In this case study, when there were two or more reserve patches, rare species abundance inside reserves was higher and common species richness in managed stands was higher than when there was a single large reserve. Spillover and habitat amount affected ecological processes underlying these landscape reserve effects. When LCFR positively affected species richness and abundance in reserves or managed stands, >12‐20% reserve cover led to the highest species diversity and abundance. This result is consistent with the target of 17% forested land area in reserves set at the Nagoya biodiversity summit in 2010. Therefore, to preserve biodiversity we recommend at least doubling the current proportion of forest reserves in European forested landscapes.     

Land-use dynamics and landscape pattern change in a coastal gulf region,southeast China

This study quantitatively analyzed spatiotemporal changes in land use and landscape pattern in a coastal gulf region of southeast China by comparing classified satellite images from 1988, 2002, and 2007, using a geographic information system (GIS), remote sensing (RS), and landscape pattern metrics. The results show an increase in cropland, built-up area, and aquaculture area and a decrease in orchards, woodland, and beach area during 1988–2007. Over the study period, 64.3% of newly-expanded cropland was from woodland; newly-expanded built-up area of 34.8, 27.2, and 20.4% was converted from cropland, woodland, and beach areas, respectively; and newly-expanded aquaculture increased by 45.1 and 29.4% from beach and water body areas, respectively. Trend analysis of landscape pattern metrics demonstrates fragmentation of the landscape, with landscape pattern structure becoming more complex over the last two decades in the Louyuan Gulf region. Urbanization and policy developed to transfer beach/seawater areas into built-up area/aquaculture are the two main driving forces contributing to dynamic changes in land use and landscape pattern in the last two decades in Louyuan.     

基于遥感的泾河流域植被覆盖格局分析

以MODIS遥感影像数据为数据源,应用遥感和GIS技术对泾河流域植被覆盖格局进行分析。结果表明:(1)泾河流域植被覆盖类型以退化草地和草地为主,二者占流域总面积的53.30%;地面覆盖程度较高的森林、疏林仅占流域总面积的9.83%,流域植被覆盖程度较低。(2)受自然环境条件和人类活动的影响,退化草地、稀疏灌丛、郁闭灌丛和疏林破碎化程度较为严重,对地面覆盖程度最低的退化草地除集中分布于流域北部外,主要零散分布于流域中、南部,其斑块形状复杂多样,数量最多,应成为流域植被恢复的重点。(3)各植被覆盖类型的斑快数量组成以小斑块所占比例最大,最小斑块比率均在50.0%以上;森林的斑块面积多样性最大,草地的斑块面积多样性最小。     

Effect of Planning for Connectivity on Linear Reserve Networks

Although the concept of connectivity is decades old, it remains poorly understood and defined, and some argue that habitat quality and area should take precedence in conservation planning instead. However, fragmented landscapes are often characterized by linear features that are inherently connected, such as streams and hedgerows. For these, both representation and connectivity targets may be met with little effect on the cost, area, or quality of the reserve network. We assessed how connectivity approaches affect planning outcomes for linear habitat networks by using the stock‐route network of Australia as a case study. With the objective of representing vegetation communities across the network at a minimal cost, we ran scenarios with a range of representation targets (10%, 30%, 50%, and 70%) and used 3 approaches to account for connectivity (boundary length modifier, Euclidean distance, and landscape‐value [LV]). We found that decisions regarding the target and connectivity approach used affected the spatial allocation of reserve systems. At targets ≥50%, networks designed with the Euclidean distance and LV approaches consisted of a greater number of small reserves. Hence, by maximizing both representation and connectivity, these networks compromised on larger contiguous areas. However, targets this high are rarely used in real‐world conservation planning. Approaches for incorporating connectivity into the planning of linear reserve networks that account for both the spatial arrangement of reserves and the characteristics of the intervening matrix highlight important sections that link the landscape and that may otherwise be overlooked. El Efecto de la Planeación para la Conectividad en Redes de Reservas Lineales     

厦门环同安湾海岸带景观空间格局动态变化分析

利用遥感和地理信息技术,运用平均斑块面积与分离度指数、多样性指数、破碎度指数、优势度指数和分维数等景观格局指数,以厦门环同安湾区1989年、1997年和2007年3个时期遥感影像解译数据作为基本信息源,对过去18年间环同安湾海岸带的景观格局的时空变化过程和演变趋势进行了研究。结果表明：1989—2007年,农田面积大量...     

Trends in Deforestation and Forest Degradation after a Decade of Monitoring in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve in Mexico

We used aerial photographs, satellite images, and field surveys to monitor forest cover in the core zones of the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve in Mexico from 2001 to 2012. We used our data to assess the effectiveness of conservation actions that involved local, state, and federal authorities and community members (e.g., local landowners and private and civil organizations) in one of the world's most iconic protected areas. From 2001 through 2012, 1254 ha were deforested (i.e., cleared areas had <10% canopy cover), 925 ha were degraded (i.e., areas for which canopy forest decreased), and 122 ha were affected by climatic conditions. Of the total 2179 ha of affected area, 2057 ha were affected by illegal logging: 1503 ha by large‐scale logging and 554 ha by small‐scale logging. Mexican authorities effectively enforced efforts to protect the monarch reserve, particularly from 2007 to 2012. Those efforts, together with the decade‐long financial support from Mexican and international philanthropists and businesses to create local alternative‐income generation and employment, resulted in the decrease of large‐scale illegal logging from 731 ha affected in 2005–2007 to none affected in 2012, although small‐scale logging is of growing concern. However, dire regional social and economic problems remain, and they must be addressed to ensure the reserve's long‐term conservation. The monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) overwintering colonies in Mexico—which engage in one of the longest known insect migrations—are threatened by deforestation, and a multistakeholder, regional, sustainable‐development strategy is needed to protect the reserve. Tendencias en la Deforestación y la Degradación de Forestal después de una Década de Monitoreo en la Reserva de la Biósfera de la Mariposa Monarca en México     

Relative Importance of the Area and Shape of Patches to the Diversity of Multiple Taxa

Abstract: Although enhancing reserve shape has been suggested as an alternative to enlarging nature reserves, the importance of reserve shape relative to reserve area remains unclear. Here we examined the relative importance of area and shape of forest patches to species richness, species composition, and species abundance (abundance of each species) for 3 taxa (33 birds, 41 butterflies, and 91 forest‐floor plants) in a fragmented landscape in central Hokkaido, northern Japan. We grouped the species according to their potential edge responses (interior‐, neutral‐, and edge‐species groups for birds and forest‐floor plants, woodland‐ and open‐land‐species groups for butterflies) and analyzed them separately. We used a shape index that was independent of area as an index of shape circularization. Hierarchical partitioning and variation partitioning revealed that patch area was generally more important than patch shape for species richness and species composition of birds and butterflies. For forest‐floor plants, effects of patch area and shape were small, whereas effects of local forest structure were large. Patch area and circularization generally increased abundances of interior species of birds and forest‐floor plants and woodland species of butterflies. Nevertheless, only patch circularization increased abundances of 1 woodland species of butterfly and 2 and 6 interior species of birds and forest‐floor plants, respectively. We did not find any significant interaction effects between patch area and shape. Our results suggest that although reserves generally should be large and circular, there is a trade‐off between patch area and shape, which should be taken into consideration when managing reserves.     

北京城市发展新区土地利用景观格局分析

以北京南部城市发展新区典型代表———房山、大兴、通州3处作为研究区,运用马尔科夫转移矩阵和景观格局指数的方法,进行土地利用变化和景观格局分析。通过对2001—2006年、2006—2011年两个时段的对比分析,发现2001—2006年研究区存在草地、林地、耕地等非建设用地类型面积下降,建设用地面积上升的趋势,且2006—2011年该趋势更加明显。结果表明研究区自然景观向人文景观变革迅速,并面临着后备土地资源不足等问题,亟需调整土地利用方式并优化景观系统空间格局。     

铜鼓岭自然保护区及其周围地区资源管理技术探讨

本文在对海南岛铜鼓岭自然保护区实际调查的基础上,为解决保护区管理中的一些主要问题,提出一些能够发挥当地热带自然条件优势、合理且持续利用自然资源的技术途径,即建立一个以沼气发酵为中心枢纽,将种植业、养殖业、加工业及人类生活能源等有机相联的综合生产系统。这将改善保护区缓冲区及其周围地区退化土地的生产力,提高经济、社会和环境三个效益,从而促进对核心区的有效管理和保护。