吊兰和蝴蝶梅对污泥中重金属的去除效果

采用盆栽土培方法,将剩余污泥与供试土壤按质量比为0∶3,1∶2,2∶1和3∶0配比,吊兰和蝴蝶梅栽培幼苗,定期测定植物的株高、根长、干重、鲜重等生物量和叶绿素与根活力变化,以及植物体内Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和Cr等的重金属含量变化;测定种植前后植物根系旁污泥中的重金属含量和重金属的EDTA提取含量等结果表明,吊兰对多种重金属具有很好的耐性,受重金属影响不大.吊兰对Cr和Zn的富集效果较好,对Cr的富集系数在某个特定的生长期是大于1,且它对Zn的富集效果较稳定,不易受重金属浓度的影响.由于吊兰具有生物量大、根系发达、生物量增长迅速等优点,其有利于被重金属污染的土壤改良.而蝴蝶梅因为根系不发达和生物量较小等原因,对重金属的耐性不强,生长中易受重金属影响,因此不宜用于修复污染土壤的植物.图9,表5,参7.     

复合添加剂对污泥堆肥化重金属形态及生物有效性的影响

通过添加不同比例粉煤灰(0%、5%、15%、25%、35%)和生石灰(0%、1%)进行污泥堆肥试验,并将堆肥产品应用于玉米幼苗盆栽试验,研究不同处理对污泥堆肥产品重金属(Zn、Cu、Cd、Ni)形态分布和生物有效性的影响。研究结果可为粉煤灰和生石灰复合添加剂在城市污泥堆肥中的应用提供基础资料和科学依据。结果表明,(1)污泥堆肥过程中,p H值整体呈现上升-稳定下降-稳定的变化规律,重金属Zn、Cu、Cd、Ni含量因稀释效应呈现轻微下降;添加35%粉煤灰和1%生石灰处理,重金属Zn、Cu、Cd、Ni含量达到最小值,分别为611.20、226.18、1.49、68.74 mg?kg~(-1)。(2)Zn、Cd、Ni主要以残渣态形式存在,Cu主要以有机结合态形式存在。随着粉煤灰添加量增加,残渣态、有机结合态、铁锰氧化态Zn、Cd和残渣态、有机结合态Ni含量逐渐增大,交换态、碳酸盐态Zn、Cd、Ni含量逐渐减小,重金属生物有效性下降。(3)施用添加25%粉煤灰和1%生石灰的污泥肥料后,玉米地上部分干重最大为21.2 g,玉米重金属Zn、Cu、Ni、Cd含量均达到最小值19.44、13.73、0.08、0.45 mg?kg~(-1),基质重金属Zn、Ni分别达到最小值79.44、0.75 mg?kg~(-1)。以上结果说明,添加粉煤灰和生石灰进行污泥堆肥化对重金属总量影响不大,但能有效改变重金属形态,降低重金属生物有效性。其中,添加25%粉煤灰与1%生石灰污泥堆肥产品,有利于重金属由不稳定态转变成稳定态,也最有利于玉米幼苗生长。     

城市森林对大气中重金属的富集特征

为了探究城市森林不同树种对大气中重金属的富集能力和分析大气环境质量状况,本文以昆明市东三环边坡的城市森林为试验区,玉溪市磨盘山国家森林公园为对照区,选取两地区分布最广泛的蓝桉、云南松、华山松、圆柏为实验对象,通过测定植物叶片中的重金属含量,对其季节变化规律及重金属元素含量间的相关性进行了分析,结果表明:(1)植物叶片中重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd含量(由春到冬)呈先下降后持续上升的变化趋势;Zn含量春季处于最高值(120.63 mg·kg-1);其余3种重金属元素含量冬季达到最高值.(2)叶片中Cu和Pb含量相关性极显著、金属元素的总含量和Zn、Cd的含量也极显著相关,其相关系数均达到0.85以上;Zn和Pb含量的相关性不显著.大气中重金属Pb污染严重的地区可选择华山松作为城市主要绿化树种、Zn污染严重的地区可选择蓝桉、Cu污染严重的地区可选择圆柏、Cd污染严重的地区4种植物均可选择;试验区的空气污染等级达到了Ⅱ级污染,属于轻度污染区,其中春季大气的综合污染指数最高.     

污泥和盐渍土混配介质的性质及对5种野生植物生长的影响

将污泥与滨海盐渍土按照不同比例(污泥质量分数分别为0、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%)混配,开展三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)、稗(Echinochloa crusgalli)、荆芥(Schizonepeta tenuifolia)、金叶马兰(Kalimeris indica)和蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicm)5种野生植物的盆栽试验,研究污泥混配介质的理化性质,污泥比例对植物成活率、叶绿素含量和干质量的影响,以及植物体内各种重金属的累积浓度,探索污泥在滨海区盐渍土中的最佳施用比例,并对野生植物资源进行评价。结果表明,污泥改良滨海盐渍土是可行的,污泥质量分数为20%～60%时,混配介质的理化指标符合CJ/T 340—2011《绿化种植土壤》,Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb和Ni含量符合GB 15618—95《土壤环境质量标准》中的二级标准,并以60%污泥+40%滨海盐渍土的质量配比效果最佳,该混配介质中植物存活率达100%;三叶鬼针草、稗子、荆芥、金叶马兰和蒲公英是上海市滨海地区优良的植被恢复先锋植物。     

硅对镉、锌、铅复合污染土壤中黑麦草生理生化性质的影响

采用正交试验设计L9(34)对黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)进行温室盆栽试验,观测Cd、Zn、Pb复合污染条件下,硅(Si)对黑麦草生物量、叶绿素含量以及保护酶系统的影响.结果表明,Cd使黑麦草根系发育受阻导致生物量下降,中等水平的Zn和Pb有利于黑麦草生物量的积累;Cd、Zn、Pb复合污染造成黑麦草叶绿体结构的破坏,使叶绿素含量减少;低水平的Cd、Zn、Pb复合污染对黑麦草CAT和POD活性起到激发作用,但随着添加水平提高,两种酶活性受到抑制.Si可以促进黑麦草根系生物量的增加,有利于根系对水分和养分的吸收,保证地上部分的养分供给,使叶片生物量增加;硅化细胞的形成有利于黑麦草叶片对光能的吸收利用,Si也使叶绿素含量增加;Si对CAT和POD有显著激活作用,从而减轻重金属复合污染对黑麦草产生的伤害.     

湖南湘西铅锌矿区植物对重金属的积累

调查了湖南湘西铅锌矿区六个矿业废弃地的植被组成,采集了55科、152种共452份植物样品和74份土壤样品,分析了植物及土壤样品Zn、Mn、Cd、Pb和Cu的含量.结果显示,所有植物样品中Zn、Mn、Cd、Pb和Cu的平均含量分别为579、370、90.7、28.6和13.0 mg kg-1(干物质量).采自大田湾样点的满天星(Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides)叶片中镉含量最高,为310 mg kg-1(干物质量),其次是采自三立样点的加拿大杨(Populus canadensis)和地枇杷(Ficus tikoua),它们叶片中镉含量分别为231和212 mg kg-1(干物质量).镉含量超过100 mg kg-1(干物质量)的植物还有大田湾的醴肠(Eclipta prostrata)、鬼针草(Bidens bipinnata)、苦蘵(Physalis angulata)和半边莲(Lobelia chinensis),以及三立的苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum)和野艾蒿(Artemisia umbrosa)等,这些植物可能都具有超积累镉的潜力.调查区内,有些植物能积累多种较高浓度的重金属,如美洲商陆(Phytolacca Americana)、苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum)、光叶楮(Broussonetia papyrifera)和玉米(Zea mays)等,这些植物可用于重金属污染土壤的植物提取,有些植物如白茅(Imperata cylindrical)和五节芒(Miscanthus floridulus)等虽重金属含量较低,但具有发达的根系,因而可用于重金属污染土壤的植物固定.     

相思谷尾矿8种定居植物对重金属吸收及富集特性

通过野外调查和室内实验,探讨铜陵市相思谷铜尾矿自然定居的芒(Miscanthus sinensis)、羊蹄(Rumex japonicus)、何首乌(Polygonum multiflorum)、苦荬菜(Ixeris denticulata)、荩草(Arthraxon hispidus)、1年蓬(Erigeron annuus)、小飞蓬(Conyza canadensis)、高粱泡(Rubus lambertianus)8种植物对重金属Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd吸收与富集特性,为铜尾矿废弃地植被恢复和重金属污染土壤的植物修复提供理论依据。结果表明:铜陵相思谷铜尾矿中全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质等营养成分均极显著低于对照的土壤(P0.01);铜尾矿中的重金属铜质量分数高达2 224.167 mg·kg-1,锌、镉等重金属极显著高于对照土壤的含量(P0.01),铅含量显著高于对照土壤的含量(P0.05)。相思谷铜尾矿营养成份低,重金属Cu含量过高是抑制植物定居的主要因子。通过对8种植物体内不同部位的重金属含量分析发现,8种植物对重金属的吸收主要集中在根部。地上部分重金属含量最高的植物为芒,其Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd质量分数分别为314.487、85.710、199.681、2.650 mg·kg-1。通过对转移系数和富集系数分析发现,芒对Cu、Pb和Cd的转移能力最强,分别为0.701、1.797和1.432,羊蹄对Zn的转移能力最强,为1.743。芒的地上部分对重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的富集系数均最高,分别为0.141、0.408、0.239、0.240;芒的地下部分对重金属Cu、Cd的富集系数最高,分别为0.202、0.168。因此,芒不仅可作为铜尾矿植被恢复的植物,同时也用于重金属污染土壤的修复植物。     

城市道路旁小蜡叶片对重金属的富集特征

通过对合肥市市区交通干线、城郊公路和植物园道路(对照区)的土壤,以及道路绿化灌木小蜡(Ligustrum sinense)叶片中Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd和Cr含量的测定,分析城市交通产生的大气重金属污染物在土壤和植物叶片中的富集特征.结果表明,公路交通和车辆尾气排放产生的重金属污染物能够显著地在土壤和小蜡叶片中富集.公路土壤中富集的Cu,Zn,Pb和Cr之间有着较高的相关性,且富集量与道路车流量有着明显的正相关.小蜡叶片富集的Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd和Cr主要来自于道路交通产生的大气重金属污染物,同土壤中相应重金属元素的相关性较差,而且市区干线的叶片富集量高于城郊公路,城郊公路高于对照点.雨水的冲刷能够减少小蜡叶片表面重金属的含量,同时小蜡叶片对重金属的富集,在4月至7月的富集速度或富集增量高于7月至10月,这与小蜡叶片的生长趋势相一致.     

改良剂对重金属复合污染土壤中菜用大豆品质及生理特性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了在重度Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd复合污染土壤上,分别施用凹凸棒土(25 g·kg-1)、硅藻土(25g·kg-1)、泥炭(25 g·kg-1)和腐植酸(4 g·kg-1)4种改良剂对菜用大豆(Glycine max)(以下简称大豆)植株生长、籽粒食用品质及叶片生理特性的影响.结果表明:有机物料能有效提高大豆籽粒产量和粗蛋白含量,改善大豆籽粒的食用品质,但黏土矿物对大豆籽粒产量及品质的影响不明显;有机物料、黏土矿物能缓解重金属对植物的毒害,腐植酸、泥炭、凹凸棒土处理大豆叶片苗期SOD活性显著高于对照(P＜0.05),而硅藻土处理大豆苗期SOD活性与对照之间差异不显著(P＞0.05),但成熟期SOD活性却显著高于对照(P＜0.05).除腐植酸处理外,添加其他改良剂处理苗期、成熟期大豆叶片叶绿素含量与对照之间差异均未达显著水平(P＞0.05);腐植酸降低大豆籽粒中重金属含量的效果最好,该处理大豆籽粒中Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb含量分别比对照降低28.8%、21.6 %、35.0%和12.5%,硅藻土次之,而添加泥炭、凹凸棒土对大豆籽粒中重金属含量的影响与对照相比未达显著水平(P＞0.05).     

矿区常见乔木叶片重金属特征及其修复应用

对广西河池大厂矿区内的植被和立地条件进行调查分析,旨在寻找一些可用于植物生态修复重金属污染的乔木,并估算其去除重金属的能力。在调查区内设立了3个村屯采样点,对常见树木,如沙梨(pyrus pyrifolia(burm·f.)nakai)、板栗(Castaneamollissima Blume)、拐枣(Hovenia acerba)、柚子树(Citrus maxima)、银杏(Ginkgo biloba)、樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)、柿子树(Diospyros kaki)和枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica)等8种植物叶片及周围表层土壤进行采样,检测叶片和土壤中重金属总量(Mn、Zn、Cu、As、Cd、Sn、Sb、Pb)。对植物叶片采用ICP-MS及ICP-AES进行测定,土壤的重金属用ICP-AES进行检测。结果发现表土重金属含量均超过广西土壤背景值的5-1200倍,其中Cd污染最严重,为背景值的1200多倍。3个采样点位之间及同一采样点内不同植物叶片对重金属的吸收无显著性差异(Mn除外),8种植物叶片固定重金属的范围如Cu为3.331 9 mg·kg-1-10.885 1 mg kg-1,As为1.7811 mg·kg-1-46.217 8 mg·kg-1,Cd为0.046 55 mg·kg-1-4.989 7 mg·kg-1;其中拐枣树叶对Mn有较高吸收,分别达811.11 mg·kg-1,352.31 mg·kg-1,220.11 mg·kg-1。以生物量估测模式计算的屯一8种植物单株叶片总量对重金属的总吸收量,单株拐枣叶总量可吸收21.25 g Mn、3.003 g Zn、0.20 g Cu、0.28 gAs、0.066 g Cd,、0.014g Sn、0.17 g Sb和1.23 g Pb,而单株樟树叶可吸收1.55 g Mn、0.79 g Zn、0.17 g Cu、0.12 g As、0.011 g Cd、0.017 g Sn、0.14g Sb和0.40 g Pb。但所调查果树中的梨树和板栗树单株叶总量吸收重金属也较高,梨可吸收2.90 g Mn、3.32 g Zn、0.57 g Cu、0.11 g As、0.043 g Cd、0.014 g Sn、0.13 g Sb和0.79 g Pb;而板栗则吸收99.82 g Mn、5.20 g Zn、0.28 g Cu、0.24 g As、0.048g Cd、0.017 g Sn、0.26 g Sb和0.94 g Pb。但这些果树存在食品安全风险,故建议选择拐枣和樟树作为该矿区的植物修复的优选树种。     

耗散结构理论在土壤科学上应用途径的探索

本文根据耗散结构的基本理论，结合生产实践经验，提出了表征土壤肥力的非线性微分方程：＝（Ｋ－ｂ）ｘ－βｘ２Ｘ─土壤生物活性，ｔ─时间，Ｋ─生物繁殖系数，ｂ─生物死亡系数，β─生物饱和系数．解这个并不复杂的非线性微分方程，便可知道土壤是处于热力学分枝，还是耗散结构分枝．这对研究土壤肥力的动态变化、土壤肥力的分类、土壤的管理、土壤退化的防止等方面有着无法预测的应用前景．     

Efficacy of a Voluntary Area to Be Avoided to Reduce Risk of Lethal Vessel Strikes to Endangered Whales

Abstract: Ocean‐going vessels pose a threat to large whales worldwide and are responsible for the majority of reported deaths diagnosed among endangered North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis). Various conservation policies have been implemented to reduce vessel‐strike mortality in this species. The International Maritime Organization adopted the Roseway Basin Area to be avoided on the Scotian Shelf as a voluntary conservation initiative to reduce the risk of lethal vessel strikes to right whales. We initiated the Vessel Avoidance & Conservation Area Transit Experiment to evaluate the efficacy of this initiative because the effectiveness of the avoidance scheme in reducing risk without the imposition of vessel‐speed restrictions depends entirely on vessel‐operator compliance. Using a network of automatic identification system receivers, we collected static, dynamic, and voyage‐related vessel data in near real time from the Roseway Basin region for 12 months before and 6 months after the implementation of the area to be avoided. Using pre‐ and post‐implementation vessel navigation and speed data, along with right whale sightings per unit effort data, all resolved at 3′N latitude by 3′W longitude, we estimated the post‐implementation change in risk of lethal vessel strikes. Estimates of vessel‐operator voluntary compliance ranged from 57% to 87% and stabilized at 71% within the first 5 months of implementation. Our estimates showed an 82% reduction in the risk of lethal vessel strikes to right whales due to vessel‐operator compliance. We conclude that the high level of compliance achieved with this voluntary conservation initiative occurred because the area to be avoided was adopted by the International Maritime Organization. Our results demonstrate that international shipping interests are able and willing to voluntarily alter course to protect endangered whales.     

重视生态策略在建筑设计中的运用

建筑既作用于生态环境，也作用于人类，它始终持续地影响着周围的环境和使用者的生活，特别是对于我国高速发展的城市来说，其影响更是巨大。生态建筑将成为21世纪建筑设计的主流。建筑与可持续发展的三个重要方面(环境保护、经济发展和社会进步)密切相关，生态建筑应是可持续发展的一个组成部分。文章针对我国生态环境与建筑设计中存在的主要问题，提出在建筑设计中要注重生态策略的运用，推动生态建筑设计要依靠全社会生态意识的提高，增强人与自然环境的沟通，完善生态建筑设计的法律规范。     

Feasibility of using salivary biomarkers to assess human exposure to chlorpyrifos

The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of using salivary biomarkers to assess chlorpyrifos exposure using data collected from laboratory controlled animal study, as well as from farmers in Thailand and Nicaragua who applied chlorpyrifos in the field. Time-matched saliva and arterial blood samples were collected from rats and adult agricultural workers, while spot saliva samples were collected from children. Specimen samples were analyzed for chlorpyrifos using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results from both animal and farmer studies show that chlorpyrifos is excreted into saliva. Nevertheless, salivary excretion of chlorpyrifos seems to differ from other pesticides, as evidenced by the lack of correspondence of chlorpyrifos levels between saliva and plasma samples. The lower chlorpyrifos concentrations in saliva collected from rats, and from farmers and their children, may have resulted from the rapid hydrolysis of chlorpyrifos during the intracellular passive diffusion in the salivary gland. In conclusion, chlorpyrifos is excreted into saliva; however, the majority of chlorpyrifos that is excreted in saliva may have been metabolized due to base-dependent hydrolysis. Because of this finding, it was hypothesized that it would be ideal to measure its metabolite, 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol, in saliva as the biomarker for chlorpyrifos exposure.     

Response of sugar maple to calcium addition to northern hardwood forest

Watershed budget studies at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), New Hampshire, USA, have demonstrated high calcium depletion of soil during the 20th century due, in part, to acid deposition. Over the past 25 years, tree growth (especially for sugar maple) has declined on the experimental watersheds at the HBEF. In October 1999, 0.85 Mg Ca/ha was added to Watershed 1 (W1) at the HBEF in the form of wollastonite (CaSiO3), a treatment that, by summer 2002, had raised the pH in the Oie horizon from 3.8 to 5.0 and, in the Oa horizon, from 3.9 to 4.2. We measured the response of sugar maple to the calcium fertilization treatment on W1. Foliar calcium concentration of canopy sugar maples in W1 increased markedly beginning the second year after treatment, and foliar manganese declined in years four and five. By 2005, the crown condition of sugar maple was much healthier in the treated watershed as compared with the untreated reference watershed (W6). Following high seed production in 2000 and 2002, the density of sugar maple seedlings increased significantly on W1 in comparison with W6 in 2001 and 2003. Survivorship of the 2003 cohort through July 2005 was much higher on W1 (36.6%) than W6 (10.2%). In 2003, sugar maple germinants on W1 were approximately 50% larger than those in reference plots, and foliar chlorophyll concentrations were significantly greater (0.27 g/m2 vs. 0.23 g/m2 leaf area). Foliage and fine-root calcium concentrations were roughly twice as high, and manganese concentrations twice as low in the treated than the reference seedlings in 2003 and 2004. Mycorrhizal colonization of seedlings was also much greater in the treated (22.4% of root length) than the reference sites (4.4%). A similar, though less dramatic, difference was observed for mycorrhizal colonization of mature sugar maples (56% vs. 35%). These results reinforce and extend other regional observations that sugar maple decline in the northeastern United States and southern Canada is caused in part by anthropogenic effects on soil calcium status, but the causal interactions among inorganic nutrition, physiological stress, mycorrhizal colonization, and seedling growth and health remain to be established.     

稳定同位素在污染物溯源与示踪中的应用

由于稳定同位素在特定污染源中组成确定,且具有分析结果精确可靠、在污染物迁移与转化过程中不发生显著变化的特点,故已被广泛应用于环境污染事件的仲裁、环境污染物的来源分析与示踪研究中。介绍了稳定同位素分馏对于来源分析的影响以及稳定同位素技术在污染物溯源与示踪中识别大气多环芳烃来源、推测环境中硫和铅的来源、考察甲基叔丁基醚来源与降解过程等方面的应用进展。     

Development of a Natural Practice to Adapt Conservation Goals to Global Change

Conservation goals at the start of the 21st century reflect a combination of contrasting ideas. Ideal nature is something that is historically intact but also futuristically flexible. Ideal nature is independent from humans, but also, because of the pervasiveness of human impacts, only able to reach expression through human management. These tensions emerge in current management rationales because scientists and managers are struggling to accommodate old and new scientific and cultural thinking, while also maintaining legal mandates from the past and commitments to preservation of individual species in particular places under the stresses of global change. Common management goals (such as integrity, wilderness, resilience), whether they are forward looking and focused on sustainability and change, or backward looking and focused on the persistence and restoration of historic states, tend to create essentialisms about how ecosystems should be. These essentialisms limit the options of managers to accommodate the dynamic, and often novel, response of ecosystems to global change. Essentialisms emerge because there is a tight conceptual coupling of place and historical species composition as an indicator of naturalness (e.g., normal, healthy, independent from humans). Given that change is increasingly the norm and ecosystems evolve in response, the focus on idealized ecosystem states is increasingly unwise and unattainable. To provide more open‐ended goals, we propose greater attention be paid to the characteristics of management intervention. We suggest that the way we interact with other species in management and the extent to which those interactions reflect the interactions among other biotic organisms, and also reflect our conservation virtues (e.g., humility, respect), influences our ability to cultivate naturalness on the landscape. We call this goal a natural practice (NP) and propose it as a framework for prioritizing and formulating how, when, and where to intervene in this period of rapid change. Desarrollo de una Práctica Natural para Adaptar Objetivos de Conservación al Cambio Global     

Scaling range sizes to threats for robust predictions of risks to biodiversity

Assessments of risk to biodiversity often rely on spatial distributions of species and ecosystems. Range‐size metrics used extensively in these assessments, such as area of occupancy (AOO), are sensitive to measurement scale, prompting proposals to measure them at finer scales or at different scales based on the shape of the distribution or ecological characteristics of the biota. Despite its dominant role in red‐list assessments for decades, appropriate spatial scales of AOO for predicting risks of species’ extinction or ecosystem collapse remain untested and contentious. There are no quantitative evaluations of the scale‐sensitivity of AOO as a predictor of risks, the relationship between optimal AOO scale and threat scale, or the effect of grid uncertainty. We used stochastic simulation models to explore risks to ecosystems and species with clustered, dispersed, and linear distribution patterns subject to regimes of threat events with different frequency and spatial extent. Area of occupancy was an accurate predictor of risk (0.81<|r|<0.98) and performed optimally when measured with grid cells 0.1–1.0 times the largest plausible area threatened by an event. Contrary to previous assertions, estimates of AOO at these relatively coarse scales were better predictors of risk than finer‐scale estimates of AOO (e.g., when measurement cells are <1% of the area of the largest threat). The optimal scale depended on the spatial scales of threats more than the shape or size of biotic distributions. Although we found appreciable potential for grid‐measurement errors, current IUCN guidelines for estimating AOO neutralize geometric uncertainty and incorporate effective scaling procedures for assessing risks posed by landscape‐scale threats to species and ecosystems.