左家自然保护区采伐迹地土壤动物群落特征

林地采伐后形成采伐迹地,其植被处于逐渐恢复阶段,改变了原有地上植物群落组成及土壤的生态环境.于2011年4月和7月研究了吉林左家自然保护区采伐13-14年迹地和未被采伐的相应生境的土壤动物群落结构,以期为森林生态系统恢复提供土壤动物学依据.采样生境分别是:蒙古栎+黑桦林采伐迹地,人工落叶松林采伐迹地,蒙古栎+黑桦林和人工落叶松林.结果显示:蒙古栎+黑桦林采伐迹地大型土壤动物个体密度为251.5只/m2,类群数22类,多样性指数为2.34,显著低于未经采伐蒙古栎+黑桦林的个体密度(309.5只/m2)、类群数(30类)、多样性指数(3.13);中小型土壤动物个体密度为0.97×104只/m2,类群数20类,多样性指数1.98,均低于未经采伐蒙古栎+黑桦林的个体密度(2.12×104只/m2)、类群数(22类)、多样性指数(2.05).人工落叶松林采伐迹地则相反.土壤动物群落与土壤有机质、全氮(P0.05)和pH(P0.05)有明显相关性,而与土壤全磷(P0.05)和含水率(P0.05)相关性不明显.总之,采伐在一定程度上改变了土壤动物的群落组结构,但由于采伐前林型不同使得采伐后植被恢复过程中土壤动物群落的变化也存在差异.     

杉木人工林采伐撂荒后土壤动物的恢复特征

以会同地区杉木人工林采伐迹地自然恢复后形成的次生林为研究对象,以杉木人工林和常绿阔叶林作为对照,调查分析杉木人工林、次生林和常绿阔叶林的土壤动物群落特征.结果显示:杉木人工林采伐迹地自然恢复20年后,次生林与常绿阔叶林土壤动物在群落组成上表现了更高的相似性,其中次生林与杉木人工林Jaccard相似性为0.57,杉木人工林与常绿阔叶林相似性为0.58,次生林与常绿阔叶林Jaccard相似性为0.64;杉木人工林采伐迹地自然恢复后,土壤动物群落的多度出现了显著的增加,从杉木人工林的52 916.1/m~2,增加到次生林的86 618.7/m~2(P=0.03),接近常绿阔叶林的78 298.4/m~2(P=0.75),这些增加主要归因于线虫纲、线蚓科、蜱螨目、弹尾目的增加,分别贡献了增加量的62.84%、26.57%、4.74%、2.26%.但土壤动物群落的多样性变化缓慢,Shannon多样性指数从杉木人工林到次生林增加了25.71%,达到常绿阔叶林的88.88%.通过比较3种森林类型土壤动物多度和多样性,明显可以看出土壤动物的多样性恢复速度要慢于土壤动物的多度恢复.由于次生林的群落组成、多样性和多度特征比杉木人工林更加接近于常绿阔叶林,因此结果支持生态系统不稳定性的增加促进了土壤生物的恢复.(图1表5参41)     

生长季节初期高山针叶林小生境土壤动物群落多样性

研究了非生长季节向生长季节转换过程中川西高山森林土壤动物群落结构和多样性的特征,以期解释土壤动物群落的自适应变化.从川西高山原始针叶林下6种小生境共捕获大型土壤动物为3 167只,隶属于2门8纲16目,以林隙小生境内大型土壤动物的个体密度(530.71只/m2)和类群数量(10类)最高;中小型土壤动物为10 585只,隶属于4门8纲8目,以苔藓小生境内中小型土壤动物的个体密度(148 400.00只/m2)和林隙小生境中类群数(8类)最高.林隙小生境中的大型土壤动物群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H’和Pielou均匀性指数J最高,Simpson优势度指数C最低,但倒木小生境表现出相反的趋势.林下凋落物小生境的中小型土壤动物群落多样性指数H’最高,C最低,但灌木小生境则相反.     

不同培肥措施对黑土区农田中小型土壤动物群落的影响

为明晰不同的培肥措施对耕作黑土区中小型土壤动物群落的影响,于2017年6-9月在内蒙古兴安盟扎赉特旗农业科技示范园区种植基地设置4种不同培肥措施:T1(不施肥对照)、T2(秸秆还田)、T3(施有机肥)和T4(有机肥和秸秆配施)进行定点试验.共捕获中小型土壤动物4 243只,隶属于60个类群,其中,优势类群为矮蒲螨科、虫穴螨科和等节科3类,占总个体数的74.9%,常见类群为7类,占总个体数的18.81%.结果显示:有机肥和秸秆配施可以显著增加中小型土壤动物个体数(P 0.05),提高中小型土壤动物类群数,秸秆还田可以显著提高中小型土壤动物均匀度指数(P 0.05),施有机肥可以提高优势度指数,说明不同的培肥措施对中小型土壤动物群落指标具有不同的影响特征.垂直分布上,中小型土壤动物具有明显的表聚特征,并随着土层的加深个体数和类群数下降明显(P 0.05).月动态分析表明中小型土壤动物主要集中在水热条件较好的7月,各生态指数随时间推移呈规律性变化,7月份优势度指数较高,8月份多样性指数和丰富度指数较高,均匀度指数随时间呈下降趋势.因此,有机肥和秸秆配施较单独的培肥措施可以更好地提高黑土区土壤质量,改善中小型土壤动物群落结构,为中小型土壤动物提供适宜的生存环境.(图4表4参36)     

钨尾矿重金属污染对茶园土壤动物群落结构及多样性的影响

土壤动物对土壤理化环境变化响应十分敏感,土壤动物群落结构及多样性可以用于指示钨尾矿区土壤重金属污染程度。以钨尾矿下游区不同污染程度的茶园生境为研究对象,采用样方法系统调查了3个生境土壤动物群落的组成、结构、多样性及环境变化特征,利用NMDS、ANOSIM等比较不同生境土壤动物群落的相似性,运用RDA排序结合重金属污染指数分析土壤动物群落结构与土壤环境因子的关系。结果表明:未污染茶园土壤动物的个体数量、类群数、物种丰富度和多样性指数均显著高于污染茶园I和Ⅱ,而污染茶园Ⅱ土壤动物个体数、类群数和物种丰富度又显著高于污染茶园I;未污染茶园土壤动物均匀度指数显著高于污染茶园Ⅱ。土壤有机质是影响土壤动物分布的主要环境因子(51.42%),其次是全氮(贡献率9.08%)、全磷(贡献率11.21%)、速效磷和全钾(贡献率9.61%),它们均与土壤动物个体数和类群呈正相关。进一步分析发现,Ni、Cd、As和Cu等重金属是茶园的主要污染因子,它们显著降低了茶园Ⅰ和茶园Ⅱ土壤有机质(63.8%和58.5%)、全氮(61.7%和65%)和速效磷(55.9%和8.8%)含量,Ni、Cd和As是抑制茶园土壤动物群落分布的主要毒性因子,其解释率分别为46.55%、14.14%、9.83%。重金属污染降低了茶园土壤养分可利用性,重金属污染指数抑制土壤动物的类群和个体数量增长,土壤动物群落的丰富度指数、多样性指数和优势度指数随重金属污染程度的加重而降低。     

桤柏混交林与纯柏林土壤动物群落特征的比较

为了研究人工林演替对土壤动物群落的影响,2005年3月对川中丘陵区的桤Aluns cremastogyne)柏(Cupressusfunebris)混交林和由其演替形成的纯柏林的土壤动物群落进行了调查.结果表明,桤柏混交林演替为纯柏林后,大型土壤动物群落的类群数由18个下降到11个,类群数和个体数均显著下降(<0.01);中小型土壤动物群落的类群数由23个显著下降到18个(p<0.01),个体数无显著变化(p>0.05);两个演替阶段土壤动物群落的优势类群和常见类群的物种组成基本一致,部分稀有类群的消失导致土壤动物类群数下降;除密度一类群指数(DG)湿著下降(P<0.os)gb,多样性指数(H)、均匀度指数(E)和优势度指数(C)的变化不显著(p>0.05);两个演替阶段各样地问的土壤动物群落存在中等相似性;土壤动物类群数和个体数的垂直分布的表聚性均显著降低(p<0.05).以上结果表明,桤柏混交林演替为纯柏林后,土壤动物群落结构的复杂性随之下降.     

放牧干扰后自然恢复沙质草地大型土壤动物功能群变化特征

通过调查科尔沁沙质退化草地不同强度放牧干扰（重度放牧,HGR;适度放牧,MGR）后自然恢复草地中大型土壤动物群落特征,分析了放牧干扰对大型土壤动物功能群的长期影响。结果共获得大型土壤动物1门2纲8目32个类群,优势类群为象甲科（鞘翅目）和蚁科（膜翅目）2类,共占捕获量的41．54％。大型土壤动物功能群包括植食性、肉食性和杂食性3类,分别具有16、15和1个类群,其个体数分别占总捕获数的64．08％、32．39％和3．52％。HGR有23个动物类群,分属于3个功能群;MGR有19个类群,但只有2个功能群（无杂食性）。HGR大型土壤动物个体数、类群数和多样性指数均略高于MGR,但HGR和MGR间无显著差异性（P〉0．05）。植食性和肉食性土壤动物个体数占总个体数比例HGR均略低于MGR,但植食性动物和肉食性动物个体数间的比例较稳定。与中度放牧干扰产生的影响相比,重度放牧干扰对大型土壤动物群落（包括功能群特征）产生的长期影响更为明显。重度放牧后沙质草地自然恢复过程中大型土壤动物群落的营养结构变得更为复杂,但12年恢复时间对大型土壤动物群落结构恢复的影响有限。     

退化羊草草地生态恢复过程中大型土壤动物群落生态特征

选取吉林省大安市姜家甸草场天然羊草草地、一年生人工碱茅草地和一年生人工碱茅草地为研究样地，于2002与2003年7月份两次对样地进行野外采样。共捕获大型土壤动物3130只，分别隶属2门5纲10目13类。通过对比研究表明：土壤动物群落间个体密度有一定的差异，鞘翅同在各生境中都有较高个体密度分布，显示其是该草原地带大型土壤动物的特征性类群，土壤动物类群和个体数垂直分布表聚程度群落间有较大不同，土壤动物群落生物多样性存在空间分异。认为水肥干预可以增加土壤动物群落的生物多样性。DG多样性指数更适合表达不同演替阶段土壤动物群落的差异，大型土壤动物群落生物多样性能够指示退化草地生态系统恢复与重建过程。     

净月潭国家森林公园凋落物层土壤动物群落多样性

为了解中温带地区城市森林凋落物层土壤动物群落结构及大面积针叶人工林对凋落物层土壤动物群落多样性的影响,对长春净月潭国家森林公园凋落物层土壤动物进行调查,共采获土壤动物8 630头,隶属于3门6纲18个类群,其中弹尾目、蜱螨目、膜翅目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目幼虫、蜘蛛目、双翅目幼虫和石蜈蚣目是该地区森林生态系统凋落物层土壤动物的主要类群,其个体数占土壤动物个体总数的97.91%。天然次生林与针叶人工林间凋落物土壤动物的类群数、密度、多样性指数、均匀度指数、Simpson优势度指数和密度-类群指数均无显著差异(P>0.05),而2种林分间伪蝎目、石蜈蚣目、缨翅目和鳞翅目幼虫的密度及蜱螨目和弹尾目个体数之比差异明显。2种林分Jaccard相似性系数为0.67。     

不同改造措施对柏木低效林中小型土壤动物群落结构的影响

中小型土壤动物可作为生境质量的重要指示生物。为研究柏木(Cupressus funebris)低效林林窗中种植核桃(Juglans regia)且核桃林下铺设不同覆盖物的生态效应,设置柏木林窗中种植核桃且核桃林下铺设覆盖物〔白膜(HB)、黑膜(HH)、遮阴网(HZ)、凋落物(HD)〕处理、柏木林窗中种植核桃且核桃林下无覆盖(HT)处理和柏木(BM)对照。2013年6月至2014年6月分5次对中小型土壤动物多样性进行调查和比较,中小型土壤动物的分离采用干、湿漏斗法,共获得土壤动物4 893头,隶属2门5纲13类。研究发现,不同改造措施处理中小型土壤动物群落优势、常见、稀有和极稀有类群的组成差异较大,相似性分析发现不同改造措施土壤动物群落结构异质性也较大;柏木林窗中种植核桃且核桃林下铺设覆盖物能显著改善中小型土壤动物群落类群数、个体密度、多样性、均匀度和优势度(P0.05),其中,HD处理的改善效果最佳;同时,柏木林窗中种植核桃且核桃林下铺设覆盖物对柏木低效林中小型土壤动物的空间分布影响较大;柏木林窗中种植核桃且核桃林下铺设覆盖物可改善土壤理化属性,且土壤理化属性间相互作用共同影响土壤动物群落结构;HT处理对土壤全钾、速效钾、有机质含量以及中小型土壤动物空间分布的影响显著(P0.05),但对中小型土壤动物群落类群数、个体密度、多样性、均匀度和优势度的影响不显著(P0.05)。因此,柏木林窗中种植核桃且核桃林下铺设覆盖物可改善柏木低效林中小型土壤动物群落结构,且HD处理对柏木低效林的改善效果最佳。     

Grassland restoration with and without fire: evidence from a tree-removal experiment

Forest encroachment threatens the biological diversity of grasslands globally. Positive feedbacks can reinforce the process, affecting soils and ground vegetation, ultimately leading to replacement of grassland by forest species. We tested whether restoration treatments (tree removal, with or without fire) reversed effects of nearly two centuries of encroachment by Abies grandis and Pinus contorta into dry, montane meadows in the Cascade Range, Oregon, USA. In nine, 1-ha plots containing a patchy mosaic of meadow openings and forests of varying age (20 to > 140 yr), we compared three treatments affecting the ground vegetation: control (no trees removed), unburned (trees removed, slash burned in piles leaving 90% of the area unburned), and burned (trees removed, slash broadcast burned). We quantified changes over 3-4 years in soils, abundance and richness of species with differing habitat associations (meadow, forest, and ruderal), and recruitment of conifers. Except for a transient increase in available N (especially in burn scars), effects of burning on soils were minimal due, in part, to mixing by gophers. Tree removal greatly benefited meadow species at the expense of forest herbs. Cover and richness of meadow species increased by 47% and 38% of initial values in unburned plots, but changed minimally in burned plots. In contrast, cover and richness of forest herbs declined by 44% and 26% in unburned plots and by 79% and 58% in burned plots. Ruderal species and conifer seedlings were uncommon in both treatments. Although vegetation was consumed beneath burn piles, meadow species recovered significantly after three years. Long-term tree presence did not preclude recovery of meadow species; in fact, colonization was greater in older than in younger forests. In sum, temporal trends were positive for most indicators, suggesting strong potential for restoration. Contrary to conventional wisdom, tree removal without fire may be sufficient to shift the balance from forest to meadow species. In meadows characterized by historically infrequent fire, small-scale disturbances and competitive interactions may be more critical to ecosystem maintenance and restoration. Managers facing the worldwide phenomenon of tree invasion should critically evaluate the ecological vs. operational need for fire in ecosystem restoration.     

Forest floor depth mediates understory vigor in xeric Pinus palustris ecosystems.

Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) woodlands and savannas are among the most frequently burned ecosystems in the world with fire return intervals of 1-10 years. This fire regime has maintained high levels of biodiversity in terms of both species richness and endemism. Land use changes have reduced the area of this ecosystem by >95%, and inadequate fire frequencies threaten many of the remnants today. In the absence of frequent fire, rapid colonization of hardwoods and shrubs occurs, and a broad-leaved midstory develops. This midstory encroachment has been the focus of much research and management concern, largely based on the assumption that the midstory reduces understory plant diversity through direction competition via light interception. The general application of this mechanism of degradation is questionable, however, because midstory density, leaf area, and hardwood species composition vary substantially along a soil moisture gradient from mesic to extremely xeric sites. Reanalysis of recently reported data from xeric longleaf pine communities suggests that the development of the forest floor, a less conspicuous change in forest structure, might cause a decline in plant biodiversity when forests remain unburned. We report here a test of the interactions among fire, litter accumulation, forest floor development, and midstory canopy density on understory plant diversity. Structural equation modeling showed that within xeric sites, forest floor development was the primary factor explaining decreased biodiversity. The only effects of midstory development on biodiversity were those mediated through forest floor development. Boundary line analysis of functional guilds of understory plants showed sensitivity to even minor development of the forest floor in the absence of fire. These results challenge the prevailing management paradigm and suggest that within xeric longleaf pine communities, the primary focus of managed fire regime should be directed toward the restoration of forest floor characteristics rather than the introduction of high-intensity fires used to regulate midstory structure.     

Postfire response of flood-regenerating riparian vegetation in a semi-arid landscape

Piles of large wood (LW) deposited by major floods in river corridors can interact with naturally occurring wildfires from uplands to impact the regeneration of riparian vegetation. This study examines the spatial and short-term temporal response of riparian vegetation and soil nutrients to fire along the Sabie River, South Africa, with special emphasis on the effects of burned LW piles. At the study site there were 112 species of plants recorded with 28% of species restricted to the burned plots. As expected, vegetation cover was significantly lower in burned plots as compared with the unburned plots 12 months postfire. There was a significant influence of LW on species richness with fewer species recorded in the LW plots. For both fire and LW treatments, plant cover showed a significant change over three years. After an initial increase from 12 to 24 months (postfire) there was a decline in plant cover after 36 months. Species community composition was distinctly different between burned and unburned plots 12 months postfire, and the presence of LW affected species composition for burned plots but not for unburned ones. Time series ordination of LW plots highlighted the changes in species composition over the three years of sampling. Of trees with accumulations of LW within 5 m of their base, 48% had been killed by fire as compared to only 4% with no LW accumulations in close proximity. Soil-available P was significantly higher in the burned plots and even higher with burned LW while there were no effects on soil total N. There was also a significant positive trend between available P in soils and plant vegetation cover. Soil-exchangeable K was also significantly higher and total C significantly lower in the burned and LW plots. Burned plots also had significantly higher soil electrical conductivity (EC) and soil pH. The patchy nature of the studied fire, whose complexity is exacerbated by the distribution of flood deposited LW, acted to create a mosaic of alternate successional states as the riparian community recovers from flooding and the subsequent fire. We suspect that the resultant heterogeneity will increase ecosystem resilience by providing flexibility in the form of more options for a system response to subsequent disturbances.     

渝北不同模式水源涵养林植物多样性及其与土壤特征的关系

以重庆缙云山8种不同构建模式的水源涵养林及林地土壤为研究对象,用物种多样性指数(simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数)、均匀度指数(Pieiou指数)和物种丰富度指数(Margalef指数)以及用土壤容重、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、有效磷、速效钾和阳离子交换量12个指标表征土壤的物理性状和养分特征,分析了8种群落的植物多样性、土壤特征及二者的相互关系.结果表明:物种多样性以广东山胡椒(Lindera kwangtungensis)×杉木((7unninghamia anceolata)混交林最高.马尾松(Pinus massoniana)×广东山胡椒混交林次之,马尾松×柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei Hooibrenk)混交林和毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)纯林最低.各模式林地土壤特征差异显著,以毛竹纯林土壤质量最差.在该地区针阔混交林对提高物种多样性和改良土壤作用显著,针叶林及纯林则较差.物种多样性指数与土壤特征因子的相关性分析表明,不同模式水源林群落植物多样性与土壤特征因子存在一定相关性,其中与土壤物理性状特征关系不显著,与养分特征关系显著.全N与全K与四个多样性指数呈显著或极显著的正相关,Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和有机质、阳离子交换量、速效P呈显著的正相关,特别是有机质和全N两因子与物种多样性关系最密切.     

外来入侵植物紫茎泽兰对昆明地区土壤动物群落的影响

2005年雨季前后的6月至9月,共布设144个样方,采样分析了外来入侵植物紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adeno-phorum)对云南昆明地区针叶林、阔叶林和草地3种主要生态系统类型地表腐叶层土壤动物群落的影响。研究结果表明,紫茎泽兰入侵后土壤动物类群总数显著减少,其中针叶林减少41.3%,阔叶林减少29.0%,草地减少36.7%;土壤动物群落个体总数下降,其中针叶林减少63.5%,阔叶林减少20.4%,草地减少43.2%。紫茎泽兰入侵影响土壤动物群落多样性和均匀度。6月至8月,在没有紫茎泽兰入侵情况下,针叶林和草地生态系统土壤动物群落多样性、均匀度逐步升高;紫茎泽兰入侵后,由于土壤动物类群数量及部分类群个体数量减少,针叶林和草地土壤动物群落多样性、均匀度有所降低。     

紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum）入侵地的生物多样性

生物多样性演变是全球变化的重要组成部分,物种入侵对生物多样的影响已成为当前全球变化领域的研究热点之一。本文研究了西双版纳紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum）入侵地的植物、土壤动物与土壤微生物的多样性,结果表明：（1）不同程度入侵区的植物种类及其重要值差别较大,在重度入侵区,紫茎泽兰的重要值高达237.74%,但随着入侵程度的降低,植物种类有所增加且紫茎泽兰的重要值随之降低;丰富度指数、多样性指数、优势度指数与均匀度指数均表现为轻度入侵区〉中度入侵区〉重度入侵区。（2）三种入侵区的土壤动物隶属23目,其中弹尾目（Collembola）、蜱螨目（Acarina）和膜翅目（Hymenoptera）为优势种群,三者总量占捕获总数的61.77%;丰富度指数、多样性指数、优势度指数、均匀度指数与密度类群指数均表现为轻度入侵区〉中度入侵区〉重度入侵区。（3）土壤微生物可培养数量类群方面,细菌表现为中度入侵区〉重度入侵区〉轻度入侵区,放线菌、真菌、自生固氮菌与氨氧化细菌均表现为重度入侵区〉中度入侵区〉轻度入侵区;多样性指数表现为重度入侵区〉轻度入侵区〉中度入侵区,优势度指数表现为轻度入侵区=中度入侵区〉重度入侵区,均匀度指数表现为重度入侵区〉轻度入侵区=中度入侵区。可见,紫茎泽兰入侵地的植物与土壤动物多样性随入侵程度加重而降低,但土壤微生物多样性却随入侵程度加重反而呈上升趋势。今后,加强室内模拟与野外定点长期观测相结合试验是探究紫茎泽兰入侵对生物多样性影响机制的研究方向。     

Rapid assessment of postfire plant invasions in coniferous forests of the western United States.

Fire is a natural part of most forest ecosystems in the western United States, but its effects on nonnative plant invasion have only recently been studied. Also, forest managers are engaging in fuel reduction projects to lessen fire severity, often without considering potential negative ecological consequences such as nonnative plant species introductions. Increased availability of light, nutrients, and bare ground have all been associated with high-severity fires and fuel treatments and are known to aid in the establishment of nonnative plant species. We use vegetation and environmental data collected after wildfires at seven sites in coniferous forests in the western United States to study responses of nonnative plants to wildfire. We compared burned vs. unburned plots and plots treated with mechanical thinning and/or prescribed burning vs. untreated plots for nonnative plant species richness and cover and used correlation analyses to infer the effect of abiotic site conditions on invasibility. Wildfire was responsible for significant increases in nonnative species richness and cover, and a significant decrease in native cover. Mechanical thinning and prescribed fire fuel treatments were associated with significant changes in plant species composition at some sites. Treatment effects across sites were minimal and inconclusive due to significant site and site x treatment interaction effects caused by variation between sites including differences in treatment and fire severities and initial conditions (e.g., nonnative species sources). We used canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to determine what combinations of environmental variables best explained patterns of nonnative plant species richness and cover. Variables related to fire severity, soil nutrients, and elevation explained most of the variation in species composition. Nonnative species were generally associated with sites with higher fire severity, elevation, percentage of bare ground, and lower soil nutrient levels and lower canopy cover. Early assessments of postfire stand conditions can guide rapid responses to nonnative plant invasions.     

芜湖市郊土壤污染对土壤动物群落结构的影响

研究表明，芜湖市郊农田土壤动物群落的组成与数量随污染程度的加重而减少，土壤动物密度也呈同样的变化趋势，特别是中小型土壤动物，优势类群数量发生较大消长，常见类群和稀有类群的组成逐渐减少．多样性指数H与重金属污染程度之间关系因受到季节的影响而变得复杂：冬季和初夏污染较重样地优势类群数量减少，群落均匀性指数E增加而优势度指数C减小，多样性指数H较高；而春季处于过渡阶段，某些类群(如螨类)数量爆发，C增高，H较小．土壤动物群落密度一类群指数DG随污染加重而减小．受到重金属污染的农田土壤动物的表聚性减弱，甚至出现逆分布现象．图1表4参15     

Fire and Green-Tree Retention in Conservation of Red-Listed and Rare Deadwood-Dependent Beetles in Finnish Boreal Forests

Abstract:  Habitat loss, fragmentation, and declining habitat quality have created an extinction debt in boreal forests, which could be partly reversed by deliberately improving the habitat quality in managed areas outside reserves. We studied the effects of green-tree retention and controlled burning on red-listed and rare, deadwood-dependent (saproxylic) beetles in a large-scale field experiment in eastern Finland. Our factorial study design included 24 sites dominated by Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and with three levels of green-tree retention (0, 10, and 50 m³/ha) and uncut controls. Twelve of the 24 sites were burned in 2001. We sampled beetles with 10 flight-intercept traps on each site during the years 2000–2002 (i.e., 1 pretreatment and 2 post-treatment years). A total sample of 153,449 individuals representing 1,160 beetle species yielded 2,107 specimens of 84 red-listed or rare saproxylic species. The richness of these species was higher on the burned than on the unburned sites, and higher levels of green-tree retention promoted species richness, but there were clear differences between the years. The richness of red-listed and rare saproxylic species increased in the first post-treatment year, evidently due to the treatments, continued to increase on the burned sites in the second post-treatment year, but decreased on the unburned sites. Our results showed that the living conditions of many red-listed and rare saproxylic species could be improved significantly with rather simple alterations to forest management methods. Controlled burning with high levels of green-tree retention creates resources for many saproxylic species, but increasing the levels of green-tree retention in unburned areas can also be beneficial.