臭氧对活性污泥性状的影响

分别在臭氧浓度为31.50,31.96,32.23,33.89,36.65,39.33和40.25mg·l-1下,考察污泥混合液MLSS,MLVSS和pH值及上清液SCOD,TN,NH3-N和,TP等随臭氧作用时间的变化.结果表明:臭氧对污泥混合液中的溶解性同体(DS)具有氧化作用,能有效破解微生物絮体、细胞壁和细胞膜等,使微生物体内有机质溶出,溶出物能被微生物作为底物重新利用,本实验中,MLSS和MLVSS降低最大量分别为1250 mg·l-1和465 Mg·l-1,SCOD增加最大量为250.3 mg·l-1.另外,根据混合液各性状的变化规律分析了臭氧氧化污泥的机理.     

MAP法和SBR法处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

氨氮浓度为2570.45mg·l-1的垃圾渗滤液经磷酸铵镁沉淀法处理后的处理出水中TN约为79.35mg·l-1,TP约为10.35mg·l-1,电导率约为78000μS·cm-1.研究用SBR法进一步处理处理出水的可行性.用常规的活性污泥,探讨了污水的含盐量和系统运行周期对TN,TP和COD去除率的影响.结果表明,当垃圾渗滤液处理出水和生活污水以1: 4混合后,TN约为48.0mg·l-1,TP约为6.0mg·l-1,COD约为1150.0mg·l-1,电导率略为15000μS·cm-1.运行的适宜周期为12h(其中厌氧2.0h,好氧5.0h,缺氧3.5h,后耗氧0.5h,沉淀排水和闲置1.0h).在此条件下,出水TN小于15 mg·l-1,TP小于1.0mg·l-1,COD约为110mg·l-1.TN,TP和COD去除率分别约为77%,87%和90%.     

天然改性淀粉絮凝剂的合成与应用

以硝酸铈铵为引发剂,通过接枝共聚反应,在淀粉(Starch)骨架上引入丙烯酰胺(AM),制得St-AM接枝物.在引发剂用量为1.1 mmol·l-1,淀粉与单体质量配比为1∶ 3,25℃下反应3h,接枝物黏度可达587.83 ml·g-1,能使煤泥水中的细泥颗粒形成较大的絮团而快速沉降,固液分离效果好.用合成的絮凝剂进行了水处理试验,结果表明,当接枝物用量为50g·t-1干煤泥,辅以凝聚剂用量1.5kg·t-1干煤泥能有效解决选煤厂煤泥水中细粒含量多、压滤处理困难的问题,滤饼水分可控制在25%,滤液浓度在60g·l-1左右,与聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对煤泥水和高岭土悬浮体絮凝作用相比,该接枝共聚物具有价廉、无毒、絮凝效果好等特点.     

硫化氢净化强酸性高砷废液

本研究采用硫化氢为除砷药剂,向强酸性废液中通入硫化氢气体,实现砷在强酸性条件下直接去除.实验优化了反应压力、反应温度、硫酸浓度等反应条件,对沉淀絮体以及反应沉渣进行了表征,研究结果表明,在反应压力为0.22 MPa、反应温度低于55℃条件下,硫酸浓度在2%—20%范围内的含砷废液均可达良好除砷效果,废液中砷浓度可由500 mg·L~(-1)降到0.5 mg·L~(-1);废液酸度升高有利于形成密实絮体颗粒;反应产物主要为硫化砷.     

直接进样-离子色谱法测定饮用水中痕量溴酸盐

对直接测定饮用水中痕量溴酸盐的离子色谱方法进行了优化 .选用高容量的碳酸盐选择性离子色谱柱 ,以 7 2mmol·l- 1 Na2 CO3 2mmol·l- 1 NaOH为流动相 ,可消除样品中碳酸盐、次氯酸根和高浓度氯离子的干扰 ,直接进样测定饮用水中 2 μg·l- 1 溴酸盐 ,其检出限为 0 6μg·l- 1 .样品经微波浓缩后 ,对溴酸盐的检出限可降为 0 0 6μg·l- 1 .方法用于北京市饮用水中溴酸盐浓度的测定 ,结果满意     

泥炭对溶液中铬的吸附及其在制革废水处理中的应用

经初步处理的泥炭可通过吸附去除制革废水中的Cr(Ⅲ ) ,在不同的振荡时间、Cr(Ⅲ )浓度、吸附剂用量和不同的pH条件下 ,泥炭吸附和去除Cr(Ⅲ )的效果有很大差异 .Cr(Ⅲ )在 1 0— 40mg·l- 1 范围内 ,最大去除率为 73 5 %— 88 2 % ,对应的吸附剂用量为 6 6—8 0g·l- 1 .铬液的初始pH <4 5时 ,Cr(Ⅲ )的去除为吸附过程 ,pH3 6时达到最高值 ;pH >4 5后 ,为沉淀过程 .废铬液中的杂质成分与Cr(Ⅲ )产生竞争吸附 ,使去除率略有降低 .经二次吸附后 ,废水可达到排放标准 .但Cr(Ⅲ )吸附的复杂性 ,使泥炭解吸率较低 .     

三丁基锡对孔雀鱼的毒性效应研究

采用静态暴露方式研究三丁基锡氯化物(TBTCl)对孔雀鱼的毒性效应.当幼鱼暴露于1.25-7.90μg·l-1的TBTCl 后,出现明显的急性中毒症状,96h的半致死浓度(LC50)为5.82μg·l-1; 成鱼在0.14-3.56μg·l-1浓度下暴露10-30d,TBTCl能诱导雌鱼的肝体指数升高,并使肝脏和脾脏组织的显微结构发生明显的病理变化,毒害作用具有明显的剂量-效应和时间-效应关系.表明肝体指数以及肝脏、脾脏等组织的病理学变化可以作为评估三丁基锡等环境污染物的生物指标.     

固相萃取-羟基衍生化-气相色谱/质谱联用测定滇池水体中酚类内分泌干扰物

采用PTA-OH为衍生化试剂,对酚类内分泌干扰物的衍生化条件进行了优化,并在优化条件下,利用固相萃取-羟基衍生化-气相色谱/质谱法检测了滇池水体中酚类内分泌干扰物的浓度.结果表明,目标物PTA-OH衍生化在乙酸乙酯中、20℃条件下衍生化5min可达到最佳衍生化效果,衍生化后酚类内分泌干扰物的GC/MS检测限达到0.1 pg·μl-1,检测范围为20-1000pg·μl-1;滇池水体中的辛基酚的浓度为ND-56.5 ng·μl-1;枯烯基酚的浓度为23.5-48.5 ng·μl-1;壬基酚的浓度为13.6-141.6 ng·μl-1;双酚A的浓度为N D-4713.6 ng·μl-1.滇池水体中4种酚类内分泌干扰物普遍存在,其中双酚A的污染较严重.     

化学沉淀法去除垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的试验研究

采用MgCl2·6H2O和Na2HPO4·12H2O或MgSO4和Na2HPO4·12H2O使NH3-N生成磷酸铵镁的化学沉淀法,考察了pH值,反应时间,药剂选用,药剂配比以及分步沉淀工艺等对垃圾渗滤液中氨氮去除率的影响.结果表明:在pH值为9.0,反应时间为25min,采用分步沉淀工艺,当药剂配比为:n(N):n(Mg):n(P)=1.5:1:1.5时,垃圾渗滤液中NH3-N, 沉淀降低到28.54 mg·l-1,去除率达98.10%.     

高锰酸钾预氧化并复合高岭土与聚合氯化铝(PAC)絮凝去除水中颤藻

采用高锰酸钾预氧化复合高岭士与聚合氯化铝(PAC)混凝,对去除水中颤藻进行了研究.通过正交试验得出了在试验水质条件下,颤藻去除最佳条件为:高锰酸钾投加量为0.5mg·l~(-1),预氧化时间为15min,PAc投加量为2.5mg·l~(-1),粒径为160目的高岭土投加量为50mg·l~(-1).在此条件下,高锰酸钾可氧化颤藻失活但并没有破坏藻细胞壁,防止了藻毒素的释放.预氧化产生的水合二氧化锰作为凝结核促进了絮体的形成,并使之更加密实、易沉降,且沉降后藻絮体不再上浮,提高了处理后的水质.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Mitigating the effects of climate change on the nests of sea turtles with artificial irrigation

For sea turtles, like many oviparous species, increasing temperatures during development threaten to increase embryonic mortality, alter offspring quality, and potentially create suboptimal primary sex ratios. Various methods are being implemented to mitigate the effects of climate change on reproductive success, but these methods, such as breeding programs, translocations, and shading, are often invasive and expensive. Irrigation is an alternative strategy for cooling nests that, depending on location, can be implemented relatively quickly and cheaply. However, multiple factors, including ambient conditions, nest substrate, and species characteristics, can influence irrigation success. Additionally, irrigation can vary in duration, frequency, and the volume of water applied to nests, which influences the cooling achieved and embryonic survival. Thus, it is critical to understand how to maximize cooling and manage risks before implementing irrigation as a nest-cooling strategy. We reviewed the literature on nest irrigation to examine whether artificial irrigation is feasible as a population management tool. Key factors that affected cooling were the volume of water applied and the frequency of applications. Embryonic responses varied with species, ambient conditions, and the timing of irrigation during development. Nest inundation was the key risk to a successful irrigation regime. Future irrigation regimes must identify clear targets, either primary or adult sex ratios, that maximize population viability. Monitoring population responses and adjusting the irrigation regime in response to population characteristics will be critical. Most studies reported on the manipulation of only one or two variables, further research is required to understand how altering multiple factors in an irrigation regime influences the cooling achieved and embryonic responses.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Positive and Negative Effects of a Threatened Parrotfish on Reef Ecosystems

Species that are strong interactors play disproportionately important roles in the dynamics of natural ecosystems. It has been proposed that their presence is necessary for positively shaping the structure and functioning of ecosystems. We evaluated this hypothesis using the case of the world's largest parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum), a globally imperiled species. We used direct observation, animal tracking, and computer simulations to examine the diverse routes through which B. muricatum affects the diversity, dispersal, relative abundance, and survival of the corals that comprise the foundation of reef ecosystems. Our results suggest that this species can influence reef building corals in both positive and negative ways. Field observation and simulation outputs indicated that B. muricatum reduced the abundance of macroalgae that can outcompete corals, but they also feed directly on corals, decreasing coral abundance, diversity, and colony size. B. muricatum appeared to facilitate coral advancement by mechanically dispersing coral fragments and opening up bare space for coral settlement, but they also damaged adult corals and remobilized a large volume of potentially stressful carbonate sediment. The impacts this species has on reefs appears to be regulated in part by its abundance—the effects of B. muricatum were more intense in simulation scenarios populated with high densities of these fish. Observations conducted in regions with high and low predator (e.g., sharks) abundance generated results that are consistent with the hypothesis that these predators of B. muricatum may play a role in governing their abundance; thus, predation may modulate the intensity of the effects they have on reef dynamics. Overall our results illustrate that functionally unique and threatened species may not have universally positive impacts on ecosystems and that it may be necessary for environmental managers to consider the diverse effects of such species and the forces that mediate the strength of their influence. Efectos Positivos y Negativos de un Pez Loro Amenazado Sobre Ecosistemas Arrecifales     

Form-specific fragances fromOphrys insectifera L. (Orchidaceae) attract species of different pollinator genera. Evidence of sympatric speciation?

Two closely related forms ofOphrys insectifera were observed in the field to attract different pollinator species selectively.O. i. ssp.insectifera attracted males of two species ofArgogorytes (Sphecidae, Hymenoptera Aculeata) andO. i. ssp.aymoninii attractedAndrena combinata males (Andrenidae, Apoidea, Hymenoptera Aculeata). A third form,O. aff.i. ssp.insectifera, attracted none of these three species. Volatile compounds from flowers and inflorescences of the three forms (originating from Öland, Sweden, and Aveyron, France) were collected, using entrainment, enfleurage, and solvent extraction techniques, and identified by gas chromatography — mass spectrometry. Scent differences between the three forms were confirmed in the amounts of aliphatic hydrocarbons (C₁₁–C₁₉), methyl esters (C₁₄–C₁₈), short chain aliphatic 1-alcohols (C₆–C₁₂), and monoterpene alcohols (C₁₀).     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.