遂宁市大气细颗粒物污染现状及成因

通过研究遂宁市环境空气质量变化趋势、城区空气颗粒物组成及浓度变化,系统分析了遂宁市雾霾天气的污染状况及成因,并横向比较了四川省内各城市的空气质量.研究结果表明,细颗粒物(PM2.5)是遂宁市环境空气中的主要污染物.2012年遂宁市大气中PM2.5浓度值为35—119μg·m-3,平均值为68μg·m-3.2013年1—4月,PM2.5浓度值为21—120μg·m-3,达标率不到50%.尤其在2013年3月,PM2.5/PM10由62.0%—87.2%降低为45.3%.由此判断遂宁市环境空气质量主要受细颗粒物类型、气象条件以及大气污染物长距离迁移等因素影响,其中细颗粒物的最主要来源为机动车尾气排放,并提出了细颗粒物污染防治的对策措施.     

天津城区PM_(2.5)中碳组分污染特征分析

为探讨天津城区碳组分的季节污染特征,于2009年4月—2010年1月采集大气PM2.5样品,测定其碳组分浓度,分析有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的相互关系,并探讨气象条件对碳组分浓度的影响.结果表明,天津城区PM2.5质量浓度为141.47μg·m-3,OC和EC质量浓度年均值分别为18.81μg·m-3和6.86μg·m-3,分别占PM2.5质量浓度的13.3%和4.8%,碳组分系PM2.5的重要组成部分;季节分布特征显示,秋、冬季OC和EC污染较为严重,总碳气溶胶(TCA)分别为45.74μg·m-3和46.75μg·m-3,占PM2.5质量浓度的30.1%和40.1%;采用改进的OC/EC最小比值法计算得到的二次有机碳(SOC)浓度显示,秋季和冬季SOC较高,为7.45μg·m-3和7.28μg·m-3.后向轨迹的聚类分析表明,局地气流或偏南气流控制下的PM2.5中碳组分浓度较高.     

成都市灰霾与正常天气下大气PM2.5的化学元素特征

为研究成都市灰霾期间PM2.5中元素的特征,于2009年4月和5月采集环境大气中PM2.5样品,用X-射线荧光光谱法测定元素含量.研究结果表明,成都市非灰霾与灰霾期间PM2.5的质量浓度分别为124.9 μg·m-3 和152.8 μg·m-3;Na、Mg、Al、Si和Ca的质量浓度在非灰霾期间略高于灰霾期间,其它元素则基本上是灰霾大于非灰霾期间.富集因子分析表明,Na、Mg、Al、Si和Ca在不同天气下主要是地壳来源,而Cu、Zn、Mo、Pb、Br、S、Cd、As和Cl在灰霾期间更容易富集,与人类活动密切相关.因子分析显示,灰霾期间重金属元素主要来源于机动车排放、地面扬尘、冶金化工.     

我国4个大气背景点环境空气颗粒物(PM_(2.5)、PM_(10))中水溶性离子分布特征

为研究国家大气背景点颗粒物质量浓度与水溶性离子组成特征,于2013年2月、7月、9月、12月分别对4个国家大气背景点进行了PM2.5及PM10的采样,通过超声萃取-IC法测定了样品中的9种水溶性离子(F-、Cl-、NO-3、SO2-4、Na+、NH+4、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+)质量浓度,结果表明:(1)可吸入颗粒物浓度水平一、二季度重于三、四季度,PM2.5、PM10年均值分别为17μg·m-3、32μg·m-3,与其他主要国家和地区背景区域浓度相当,背景点大气状况良好;(2)PM2.5中水溶性离子比重全年波动不大,为35.5%—42.2%,浓度排序为SO2-4、NH+4、NO-3Ca2+、Cl-、K+、Na+F-、Mg2+,第一季度PM10中Ca2+浓度显著升高,控制风沙尘将有效降低PM10的浓度;PM2.5及PM10中的9种水溶性离子在不同季节的浓度分布规律与颗粒物浓度类似,一季度较高,三、四季度较低;(3)二次离子是背景点区域的主要水溶性离子,浓度值与其他主要国家和地区相当.NO-3、SO2-4的物质的量浓度与NH+4存在显著相关性,相关系数r为0.7539,斜率小于1,水溶性离子中酸性离子的量比铵根离子略占优势,对气溶胶酸度产生重要贡献.     

西安市大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子的季节变化特征

用离子色谱法对11种无机水溶性离子(Na+,NH4+,K+,Mg2+,Ca2+,F-,Cl-,Br-,NO-2,NO-3和SO2-4)进行分析,探讨大气颗粒物中水溶性无机组分的季节变化与典型污染(灰霾、浮尘、燃烧秸秆和燃放烟花)的理化特性.结果表明,西安市大气中PM2.5和TSP的日均质量浓度分别为167.1和382.0μg·m-3,PM2.5占TSP总质量浓度的44%.PM2.5和TSP中无机水溶性离子组分的年均值分别为75.2μg·m-3和101.7μg·m-3.PM2.5中水溶性离子组分占PM2.5总质量浓度的45%左右,TSP中水溶性离子组分占TSP总质量浓度的30%左右.各种水溶性离子的来源和形成机理不同,其季节变化趋势和粒径分布也不同.典型污染事件期间,颗粒物污染特征与平时相比有很大差异:雾霾时PM2.5和TSP的质量浓度都显著增加,主要污染组分为二次污染离子NH+4,NO-3和SO2-4;浮尘发生时,大气颗粒物中人为污染组分会大大减少,而来自沙尘传输和地面扬尘等的地壳物质显著增加;燃烧秸秆对大气颗粒物中K+和Cl-的影响最大;燃放烟花时K+,Mg2+和Ca2+的质量浓度显著增加.     

忻州市市区大气颗粒物中的元素组成特征

采集忻州市市区冬季和夏季总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和可吸入颗粒物(PM10)样品,测定其中Na、Mg、Al、Si、K、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb等18种元素含量,并对元素的浓度水平、时空分布特征和重金属的潜在生态风险以及元素的主要来源进行了研究.结果表明,忻州市TSP和PM10中18种元素平均浓度分别为47662.2 ng·m-3和17546.4 ng·m-3,重金属的生态危害在TSP中由高到低依次为CdCuCoPbAsCrZnNiMn,在PM10中为CdCuPbCoZnCrAsNiMn,且PM10比TSP具有更强的生态危害性.富集因子和主因子分析法表明,忻州市PM10中元素的主要排放源包括:煤烟尘和工业粉尘、土壤风沙尘、建筑水泥尘和汽车尾气,贡献率分别为56.30%、23.88%、19.78%.     

2011年冬季天津PM2.5及其二次组分的污染特征分析

2011年11月—12月于天津城区和武清采集PM2.5样品,分析其中的二次水溶性无机离子(NH4+、NO3-和SO24-)、有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC),估算二次成分浓度,并分析采样期间气象因素对一次持续重污染过程的影响.结果表明,天津地区冬季PM2.5污染严重、城区和武清PM2.5质量浓度平均值分别为166.9μg.m-3和180.0μg.m-3;城区样品中SO24-、NO3-和OC在PM2.5的比例依次为19.4%、16.7%和15.4%,武清样品中则为19.2%、15.5%和20.4%;二次组分占PM2.5质量浓度的47%(城区)和46%(武清),雾霾日二次组分含量明显高于非雾霾日;高湿和静小风等不利气象条件是造成PM2.5质量浓度持续增加以及二次组分浓度迅速升高的重要原因.     

石家庄市冬季PM_(2.5)污染特征、成因及潜在源区分析

对石家庄市2016年1月18—22日出现的PM_(2.5)污染过程进行研究,选择3个不同地区采用中流量采样器分别采集PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)样品,测定PM_(2.5)质量浓度及其化学组分(含碳组分、水溶性离子和无机元素),分析PM_(2.5)污染天气的污染特征和引起污染的气象因素,结合后向轨迹模型(HYSPLIT)分析污染的主要潜在源区。结果显示,在采样期间3个点的PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度分别为113、131和119μg·m-3,PM_(2.5)浓度高值出现在早晨和午夜,冬季京津冀地区农村散煤燃烧也是大气污染的主要原因。有机碳(OC)最大质量浓度值为218.37μg·m-3,无机碳(EC)最大质量浓度值为21.22μg·m-3。污染过程中3个点的地壳元素(Na、Ca、Mg、Al、K和Fe)质量浓度变化范围为27.19~60.03μg·m-3,占总无机元素的96.5%,表明交通源、道路扬尘和煤炭燃烧是此次石家庄市PM_(2.5)污染的主要贡献源类。较高的相对湿度和弱风速也会加速二次粒子的生成和颗粒物吸湿增长。潜在源分析表明,石家庄市PM_(2.5)污染主要受来源于北京和天津的气团影响,同时潜在源贡献(PSCF)分析表明河北省是影响石家庄市环境空气质量的最主要潜在源区。     

长白山PM2.5中水溶性无机离子观测研究

2005年12月-2006年11月在长白山北坡海拔763 m处,利用大流量滤膜采样器对大气中的PM2.5进行采样,并用离子色谱(IC)分析了PM2.5中水溶性无机离子的成分含量.结果表明,PM2.5中总水溶性无机离子年平均浓度为(7.4±5.7)μg·m-3.其中,主要的3种离子SO2-4、NH+4和NO-3占PM2....     

河南省平顶山市大气PM10和PM2.5污染水平及其微量元素特征

目前,大气颗粒物的研究主要集中在可吸入颗粒物(PM10),尤其是细颗粒物(PM2.5)方面.美国EPA(1997年)颁布了PM2.5的空气质量标准,其日均值为0.065mg·m-3,年均值为0.015mg·m-3,其限制非常严格.我国现行的环境空气质量标准中PM10的二级质量标准日均值为0.15mg·m-3,年均值为0.10mg·m-3,标准中尚无对PM2.5的规定.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Use of stochastic patch occupancy models in the California red-legged frog for Bayesian inference regarding past events and future persistence

Assessing causes of population decline is critically important to management of threatened species. Stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs) are popular tools for examining spatial and temporal dynamics of populations when presence–absence data in multiple habitat patches are available. We developed a Bayesian Markov chain method that extends existing SPOMs by focusing on past environmental changes that may have altered occupancy patterns prior to the beginning of data collection. Using occupancy data from 3 creeks, we applied the method to assess 2 hypothesized causes of population decline—in situ die-off and residual impact of past source population loss—in the California red-legged frog. Despite having no data for the 20–30 years between the hypothetical event leading to population decline and the first data collected, we were able to discriminate among hypotheses, finding evidence that in situ die-off increased in 2 of the creeks. Although the creeks had comparable numbers of occupied segments, owing to different extinction–colonization dynamics, our model predicted an 8-fold difference in persistence probabilities of their populations to 2030. Adding a source population led to a greater predicted persistence probability than did decreasing the in situ die-off, emphasizing that reversing the deleterious impacts of a disturbance may not be the most efficient management strategy. We expect our method will be useful for studying dynamics and evaluating management strategies of many species.