天津城区大气气溶胶质量浓度分布特征与影响因素

根据中国气象局天津大气边界层观测站2009年的气溶胶观测资料和同期气象资料,对天津城区PM10和PM2.5质量浓度变化特征,及其与气象条件的相互关系进行研究,结果表明：PM10和PM2.5年均质量浓度为153.24和68.78μg·m-3,其日均值超标率近半,表明南部城区尤其是交通干道附近气溶胶污染较为严重;PM10和PM2.5质量浓度逐月变化呈现明显的冬季高、夏季低的特征,其日变化特征呈明显的双峰型,早晚污染高峰主要受交通源影响;气象条件对气溶胶质量浓度作用显著,气溶胶质量浓度与气温正相关,相对湿度的增高易导致细粒子吸湿性增长,但高湿状态下易引起降水有利于气溶胶的湿清除,西南气流和偏北风是PM10和PM2.5高浓度的主要影响风向,静小风易造成气溶胶堆积,高风速可引起PM10排放增多,但对PM2.5影响不大。     

天津城区PM_(2.5)中碳组分污染特征分析

为探讨天津城区碳组分的季节污染特征,于2009年4月—2010年1月采集大气PM2.5样品,测定其碳组分浓度,分析有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的相互关系,并探讨气象条件对碳组分浓度的影响.结果表明,天津城区PM2.5质量浓度为141.47μg·m-3,OC和EC质量浓度年均值分别为18.81μg·m-3和6.86μg·m-3,分别占PM2.5质量浓度的13.3%和4.8%,碳组分系PM2.5的重要组成部分;季节分布特征显示,秋、冬季OC和EC污染较为严重,总碳气溶胶(TCA)分别为45.74μg·m-3和46.75μg·m-3,占PM2.5质量浓度的30.1%和40.1%;采用改进的OC/EC最小比值法计算得到的二次有机碳(SOC)浓度显示,秋季和冬季SOC较高,为7.45μg·m-3和7.28μg·m-3.后向轨迹的聚类分析表明,局地气流或偏南气流控制下的PM2.5中碳组分浓度较高.     

厦门市大气PM2.5中多环芳烃的昼夜变化特征

对厦门市冬季不同功能区大气PM2.5中多环芳烃(PAHs)的昼夜变化特征进行分析.结果表明,在检出的13种PAHs中,总浓度及其组分均呈现明显的差异.PAHs总浓度(ΣPAHs)分布在3.04-12.49ng·m-3;各功能区PAHs以菲、芘和含量相对较高,其中菲占优势,说明厦门市冬季大气PM2.5中PAHs以菲的污染为主.局部地区晚间ΣPAHs的浓度明显高于日间浓度,这可能与夜间大气混合层下降、污染物不易扩散传输、日间PAHs易光降解等有关.     

北京市秋季大气颗粒物的污染特征研究

大气颗粒物是造成城市空气污染的重要原因之一,并已经成为我国北京等大中城市空气污染中的首要污染。为了分析北京市大气细颗粒物的污染水平及其影响因素,以大气中的PM10和PM2.5为研究对象,于2005年秋季在北京市设立了9个采样点进行采样监测,通过对所采集到的PM10和PM2.5质量浓度的对比来分析大气颗粒物的空间分布和时间变化特征,并建立起PM10和PM2.5质量浓度与风力、温度、湿度等气象条件的对应关系来分析各种气象因素对大气细颗粒物污染水平的影响。结果表明:北京市不同区域的PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度差异较大,同时,值得注意的是通过对同一地点同一采样时间大气颗粒物质量浓度的对比发现PM2.5质量浓度的空间分布并不完全同于PM10,这主要是与采样点所处的环境中不同污染源影响的强弱有关;气象条件稳定时,PM10和PM2.5质量浓度的日变化表现出一定的规律性,这种时间变化的特征主要取决于所在环境中排放的污染物变化情况;气象条件是影响PM10和PM2.5污染程度的重要因素,在一定的范围内,颗粒物质量浓度随着温度的上升而下降,随着相对湿度的升高而增大,随着风力的增强而减小。     

京津冀冬季与夏季PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)及其水溶性离子组分区域性污染特征分析

为研究京津冀地区冬、夏两季大气颗粒物质量浓度与水溶性离子组成特征,于2013年2月、7月对北京、天津、石家庄及4个国家大气背景点进行了PM2.5及PM10的采样,分析了质量浓度及9种水溶性离子,结果表明:(1)京津冀地区颗粒物污染冬季重于夏季,冬季污染水平石家庄天津北京,夏季污染天津、北京石家庄,区域内PM2.5与PM10之间有很好的相关性,相关系数r冬季为0.8796,夏季为0.8424,说明整个区域颗粒物污染有较为相近的来源,大气颗粒物污染表现出区域性特征;(2)京津冀地区PM2.5及PM10中的9种水溶性离子浓度规律为NO-3、SO2-4、NH+4Cl-、Ca2+K+、Na+F-、Mg2+.该地区水溶性离子污染冬季最重为石家庄,夏季则为北京;(3)在京津冀地区二次离子NO-3、SO2-4、NH+4是主要的污染离子,3种离子质量浓度总和在PM2.5、PM10中冬季分别占48.9%、27.8%,夏季分别占58.7%、48.5%.二次离子主要集中在PM2.5中,其对细离子浓度的升高起到直接作用,且二次离子的构成关系也在发生变化.整个区域向硝酸型污染转变,二次离子的季节分布也呈现区域特征,冬季NO-3离子质量浓度比重最大.夏季则为SO2-4;(4)粒径越小富集水溶性离子的能力越强,在PM1中分布了50%以上的水溶性离子,73.9%—94.8%的水溶性离子分布在PM2.5中.     

遂宁市大气细颗粒物污染现状及成因

通过研究遂宁市环境空气质量变化趋势、城区空气颗粒物组成及浓度变化,系统分析了遂宁市雾霾天气的污染状况及成因,并横向比较了四川省内各城市的空气质量.研究结果表明,细颗粒物(PM2.5)是遂宁市环境空气中的主要污染物.2012年遂宁市大气中PM2.5浓度值为35—119μg·m-3,平均值为68μg·m-3.2013年1—4月,PM2.5浓度值为21—120μg·m-3,达标率不到50%.尤其在2013年3月,PM2.5/PM10由62.0%—87.2%降低为45.3%.由此判断遂宁市环境空气质量主要受细颗粒物类型、气象条件以及大气污染物长距离迁移等因素影响,其中细颗粒物的最主要来源为机动车尾气排放,并提出了细颗粒物污染防治的对策措施.     

北京大气颗粒物中多环芳烃浓度季节变化及来源分析

使用大流量滤膜采样器,从2006年9月至2007年8月,每周同时采集北京城市大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和细粒子样品(PM2.5)各一次,二氯甲烷超声抽提一气相色谱/质谱分析了17种多环芳烃(PAHs)浓度,结果表明,春、夏、秋、冬四季北京大气PM10和PM2.5中PAHs总量分别为63.8±44.6ng·m-3、43.2±4.5ng·m-3、84.7±108.3ng·m-3、348.0±250.0ng·m-3和54.7±17.3ng·m-3、40.3±8.6ng·m-3、66.1±81.5ng·m-3、337.7±267.2ng·m-3;约有70%的PAHs存在于细粒子PM2.5中,其质量浓度有明显季节变化,冬季>秋季>春季>夏季;颗粒物中PAHs主要以4、5、6环存在,其中4环以上占79.4%.源解析表明,北京大气颗粒物中的PAHs主要来自燃煤,同时汽油、柴油燃烧排放也不能忽略.结合气象要素分析,温度升高和太阳辐射增强易造成多环芳烃挥发和反应,湿沉降有利于多环芳烃随颗粒物清除.     

北京市冬季大气气溶胶中PAHs的污染特征

利用大流量颗粒物采样器采集了2005-2006年冬季北京市大气气溶胶中PM10和PM2.5样品,采用气相色谱/质谱技术对样品中的多环芳烃进行检测.结果表明:北京市冬季大气颗粒物PM10和PM2.5中PAHs总量分别为520.5±476.9ng·m-3和326.8±294.3ng·m-3,且大部分存在于细粒子中,4环以上的稠环芳烃占总浓度的87%.根据荧蒽/芘等比值指标判别,北京市冬季PAHs主要以燃煤排放为主,其次是石油燃烧交通排放.风速增大和太阳辐射曝辐量增强,都会降低颗粒物中多环芳烃浓度.     

湖北省主要观测站PM_(2.5)污染特征及气象要素的影响分析

有关湖北省PM2.5污染的时空分布、影响因素及成因的研究较少,分析PM2.5污染特征及气象因素的影响,对科学治理湖北省PM2.5污染具有重要意义。利用2017年和2018年1—3月湖北省7个大气成分观测站逐小时PM2.5质量浓度及平均气温、降水量、相对湿度、10 min平均风速和风向等地面气象观测资料,运用多元逐步线性回归法,探讨PM2.5的变化特征及其与气象因素的关系。结果表明,(1)湖北大气成分监测站PM2.5具有明显的时间变化规律,从日变化上看,除金沙站全天变化平缓外,其他6站PM2.5日变化呈双峰双谷型分布,双峰出现在10:00—11:00和20:00—22:00,双谷出现在06:00—08:00和15:00—17:00。各站PM2.5日均质量浓度变化范围为2.7～269.1μg?m-3,其变化幅度最大值通常出现在1月份。从月份上看,1—3月PM2.5月均质量浓度呈下降趋势;各站PM2.5平均质量浓度介于42.3～90.9μg?m-3,金沙最低而荆州最高;PM2.5质量浓度日均值平均超标率42.3%,其中3月平均超标率22.2%,明显低于1月56.7%和2月50.7%。(2)平均气温、降水量、风速和相对湿度4个近地面气象因素对黄石、金沙和武汉PM2.5质量浓度的影响大而对荆州影响最小,其中平均气温和风速为主要影响因素;具体而言,荆门、宜昌和武汉颗粒物质量浓度主要受气温引起的垂直输送及风速引起的水平扩散影响,襄阳、金沙和黄石则主要受大气中水分变化导致的粒子生成及沉降清除作用影响。(3)各站PM2.5质量浓度水平和变化特征差异在于监测点地理位置和周边环境、城市经济水平和气候气象条件的不同。     

国庆前后北京城区PM2.5组分污染及来源特征分析

为探究北京城区国庆前后及国庆期间PM2.5主要组分的污染及来源特征情况,采集2019年9月27日-10月14日北京市大气PM2.5样本,并测定其中碳质气溶胶(OC、EC)及8种水溶性离子(Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Cl-、NO3-、SO42-)的质量浓度,并分析PM2.5中各化学组分的浓度变化特征、来源特性及气象要素的影响,并对北京市细颗粒物进行源解析和区域传输分析.结果 表明,整个观测期间PM2.5基本呈现"M"型的变化趋势,国庆期间呈现"V"型的变化趋势.国庆期间总碳质气溶胶、水溶性无机离子质量浓度为(14.45±5.87)μg·m-3和(14.97±9.75)μg·m-3,占PM2.5质量浓度的59.7％,各组分质量浓度在国庆期间均有所下降,其中NO3-质量浓度下降最为明显,下降率达53.4％.来源分析结果表明,机动车尾气、燃煤和扬尘是大气PM2.5化学组分的主要来源,其中道路扬尘和建筑扬尘是Ca2+、Mg2+和Na+的主要来源,机动车车尾气排放是碳质气溶胶及二次无机离子的最主要来源.车流量的改变和气象因素与国庆前后PM2.5及其组分变化密切相关,PM2.5及各组分质量浓度在车流量高峰的9月30日和10月6、7日达到峰值,而1-5号移动源贡献减弱和气象要素(降水)导致了最低值的出现.较低的风速及来自于东北、西南方向的污染物输送是观测期间PM2.5较高的重要原因.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.