多氯代二恶英在土壤表面的紫外光解研究

本文利用５００Ｗ中压汞灯研究了二恶英在干燥土壤中的紫外光解，根据光解结果计算了土壤中二恶英的降解深度，并分析了五氯代二恶英（ＰｅＣＤＤ）的光解产物，结果表明，二恶英在土表面发生了较快的光解反应，反应在２ｈ内基本完成，降解深度为０．０２７ｍｍ，对ＰｅＣＣＤ光解产物的分析结果显示，二恶英在土壤表面紫外光降解的主要途径为脱氯，而且脱氯优先发生在邻位下。     

高效液相色谱串联质谱法检测蚯蚓体内硒代氨基酸

建立了高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱联用技术(HPLC-ESI-MS)检测蚯蚓体内硒代氨基酸的分析方法.采用振荡超声辅助酶解法提取蚯蚓(赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida))体内的硒代蛋氨酸(SeMet)和甲基硒代半胱氨酸(MeSeCys).用HPLC-ESI-MS正离子多反应离子监测模式(MRM)对这两种硒代氨基酸进行分离检测,外标法定量.SeMet和MeSeCys在4—600 ng·mL~(-1)有良好的线性关系,线性相关系数R~2均大于0.9999.SeMet和MeSeCys的方法检出限分别为0.49μg·g~(-1)和0.67μg·g~(-1).样品加标回收率在81.1%—112.4%之间,并且相对标准偏差RSD均小于3.1%.本方法不需要柱前衍生化,增加反向气等繁琐操作,简单快速的实现对两种硒代氨基酸的分离检测.     

聚苯乙烯基硫代磺酸钾树脂的合成及其与卤代烃的反应

由聚苯乙烯基磺酰氯树脂与硫化氢钾反应制备聚苯乙烯基硫代磺酸钾树脂（Ｉ），树脂Ｉ与亲电的卤代烃反应，生成聚苯乙烯基硫代磺酸酯树脂（Ⅱ），树脂Ⅱ经过乙硫醇处理，使卤代烃结构部分以不对称二硫醚的形式游离下来，用ＧＣ／ＭＳ对其结构进行鉴定。从不对称二硫醚的结构可推导出原卤代烃的结构，所制备的聚苯乙烯基硫代磺酸钾树脂的转化效率为１．１１ｍｍｏｌ·ｇ＾－１。     

共存氯代酚结构对1-NP致突变性的影响

研究了氯代酚与1－NP的单一和联合致突变效应，结果发现，各氯代酚对1－NP的致突变性有不同程度的抑制作用，且抑制效应系数（S）与各氯代酚的分子描述参数的关系能用QSAR方程表示，由方程得出的预测值与实验测定值之间能较好地吻合。     

羧甲基—β—环糊精的合成及对卤代芳烃的增溶研究

本文报道了羧甲基－β－环糊精的一种简便合成方法,并研究了羧甲基－β－环糊精对卤代芳烃类化合物的增溶作用。羧甲基－β－环糊精能与水以任意比例互溶其水溶液对卤代芳烃有明显的增溶作用。增溶作用的大小主要与卤代芳烃的疏水性及分子的几何形状与环糊精空腔的匹配程度有关。     

环境水样中卤代甲基磺酸的高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用分析方法研究

利用高效液相色谱三重四极杆串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS),建立了环境水样中卤代甲基磺酸的分析方法.通过对固相萃取、色谱柱、流动相和质谱条件的优化,确定了最佳萃取和分析条件.选用WAX固相萃取柱对卤代甲基磺酸进行富集,再依次用2 m L的5%氨水甲醇溶液、2%甲酸甲醇溶液和20%二氯甲烷甲醇溶液(均为体积比)进行洗脱.选用Acclaim HILIC-10为色谱分离柱,以乙腈和100 mmol·L~(-1)甲酸铵水溶液为流动相,分离目标化合物,采用串联质谱负离子扫描和多反应监测模式进行检测.方法对5种卤代甲基磺酸(三氟甲基磺酸、一氯甲基磺酸、二氯甲基磺酸、三氯甲基磺酸和一溴甲基磺酸)的线性范围为0.05—50μg·L~(-1),线性相关系数r0.99,各化合物的检出限(S/N=3)在0.005—0.039μg·L~(-1)之间.将建立的分析方法应用于实际样品中卤代甲基磺酸的测定,所得加标回收率在67.5%—95.4%之间,峰面积相对标准偏差(n=5)在8.5%—13.0%之间,可满足饮用水环境样品中痕量卤代甲基磺酸的分析.     

氯代苯及氯代酚类优先污染物好氧生物降解动力学的研究

利用测定微生物呼吸耗氧量的方法，对氯代苯及氯代酚类中的７种优先污染物，用经它们分别驯化的活性污泥对其好氧生物降解动力学进行了研究。     

水溶液中氯代烷烃的催化还原脱氯研究

研究了氯代甲烷系列和氯代乙烷系列的各种氯代烷烃在铁、铜二相金属体系中的还原脱氯反应,分析了氯代有机物结构性质对还原脱氯反应的影响和规律性,探讨了氯代烷烃在金属还原作用下的还原脱氯机理．     

聚苯乙烯磺酰肼基二硫代甲酸盐树脂的制备及其除卤效果初探

由卤代次甲基化合物标样分别民对甲苯代磺酸钾、对甲苯亚磺酸钠及对甲苯磺酰在二硫代甲酸进行反应，发现化合物３与标样反应最快，因此，通过三步反频将该基因接枝到聚苯乙烯白球上，     

黄孢原毛平革菌对氯代蒽的生物降解及降解途径

氯代多环芳烃(chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Cl-PAHs)是多环芳烃的氯代衍生物,其毒性与母体相当甚至高于母体,在各种环境介质中广泛存在且难以降解,对生态环境和人类健康具有一定的潜在威胁.微生物降解是环境中去除有机物的主要途径之一,本文以白腐真菌的模式菌种-黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pc)为代表,优化了Pc菌对氯代蒽的降解条件、探究了降解效果以及降解动力学,并分析了可能的降解途径.结果表明,Pc菌对氯代蒽有一定的降解能力.当液体培养基的初始pH值为4.5,Pc菌接种量约为每毫升1×10~5个时,在35℃,120 r·min~(-1)的恒温摇床中培养6 d后,接入浓度为100 mg·L~(-1)的底物能够达到较高的降解效率.在此条件下降解16 d后9-ClAnt和9,10-Cl_2Ant的降解率分别达到了96.45%和92.83%.动力学分析表明,Pc菌降解氯代蒽的过程符合一级动力学方程.分析降解过程,检测到5种降解中间产物,结合生物催化反应的特点推测了氯代蒽可能的降解途径.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.