河台金矿矿山土壤-植物稀土元素含量分布和迁移积聚特征

在广东省河台金矿矿山采取岩石、土壤、植物样品,并对其中的稀土元素含量采用ICP-MS法测定,研究了金矿矿山岩石、土壤、植物的根、茎、叶稀土元素含量分布和迁移积聚特征.结果表明：在金矿区稀土元素在岩石、土壤、植物样品中含量均高于背景对照区.在成矿和表生地球化学过程中金矿土壤各层的稀土元素发生迁移和分异,在表土层和心土层含量高于底土层和成土母岩;矿山土壤各剖面层轻重稀土发生分异,轻稀土富集,重稀土相对贫乏,且均有不同程度的Eu亏损和Ce的负异常.蕨类植物芒萁(Dicranopteris dichotoma)表现极强的积累富集稀土元素能力.稀土元素在植株体内的分布规律不同,对于芒萁而言：叶>根>茎,而马尾松(Pinas massoniana)为：根>叶>茎.金矿区植物稀土元素地球化学和生物地球化学异常反映出所在金矿特殊成矿地质背景以及生境的地球化学特点.稀土元素的生物吸收系数和生物转移系数表征出植物对稀土元素的吸收富集能力以及在各个器官的迁移状况,金矿区各植物体形成对金矿环境不同的适应机制和各自独特的稀土元素生物地球化学特征.     

黔西北黄杉群落物种多样性的海拔梯度格局

研究海拔高度对黄杉群落物种多样性的影响,为珍稀濒危植物黄杉的保育和喀斯特山地生物多样性的保护提供科学依据。采用样地法调查不同海拔梯度黄杉群落的物种组成,分析其区系特征,研究黄杉群落物种多样性的海拔梯度格局和维持机制。样地内共记录种子植物50科95属124种,群落内植物属的地理成分复杂、多样,具有明显的温带性质;随着海拔的增加,黄杉群落灌木层和草本层的物种丰富度指数S、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H、Simpson优势度指数D和Pielou均匀度指数J均呈单峰格局变化趋势,且在不同海拔上存在显著差异(P0.05),但灌木层物种的Pielou均匀度指数不显著(P≥0.05);相邻海拔间的β多样性指数变化趋势不同,灌木层物种的S?renson指数呈双峰曲线,草本层物种的S?renson指数呈单峰曲线,灌木层和草本层的Cody指数均呈单峰曲线;随着海拔高差的增加,黄杉群落草本层物种的S?renson指数逐渐减小,其它均无明显变化规律。整体来看,相对海拔导致的水热条件差异是影响喀斯特山地物种多样性垂直分布格局的主要因素,其中,中海拔地带黄杉群落的物种多样性最高,这对黄杉种质资源的保护和维持具有重要意义,同时对喀斯特山地植物群落的管理和生态系统稳定的维持也具有重要指导意义。     

喀斯特山地草地植物群落结构与相似性特征

选择贵州典型喀斯特山地草地植物群落为研究对象,采用标准样地调查法,对不同海拔、坡向的植物群落结构、物种分布、种群习性等展开研究,结果表明,（1）喀斯特山地草地植物群落结构随海拔的升高,多年生草本植物种类比例逐渐降低,一年生草本植物和灌木植物没有明显的变化规律;喀斯特山地草地植物群落是以多年生草本为主,一年生草本和灌木为辅的植物群落结构类型。（2）喀斯特山地草地植物群落中,斑茅（Saccharum arundinaceum）、紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorum）、扭黄茅（Heteropogon contortus）、莠竹（Microstegium nudum）种群分别为不同海拔样点的优势种群,优势种群和次优种群以多年生草本植物主要。（3）喀斯特山地草地不同海拔间的植物群落相似性系数均在0~0.25之间,属于极不相似水平,海拔梯度间群落结构差异较大。喀斯特山地草地植物群落物种多样性较高,同时坡向对于植物群落相似性的影响较小,海拔是影响群落间差异的主要因素。     

洞庭湖湿地典型植物群落生活型构成及其环境影响因子

通过分析植物生活型可以了解植物群落结构及其环境的关系.采用样带法对洞庭湖湿地南荻、苔草、辣蓼和虉草4种植物群落物种多样性、植物生活型结构及环境因子开展调查研究.结果表明:洞庭湖湖湿地不同高程下典型植物群落物种多样性指数呈明显的规律性变化,表现为沿高程变化呈"V"型特征,即高、低程区高,中程区低,物种多样性指数的变化可能与地下水埋深及物种特性相关;植物群落生活型以一年生植物为主,其次为地下芽和地面芽植物,地上芽和高位芽植物分布较少;群落物种生活型类型及相同生活型植物在群落中的比例随高程的递增而增加;CCA分析表明,土壤物理性质的变化对植物群落生活型的构成影响极为重要,其中地下水位和高程的变化对植物生活型分布起着决定性作用.因此,地下水位和高程影响群落物种多样性指数,同时地下水位和高程的变化决定植物生活型的分布.     

海南岛吊罗山植物群落特征和物种多样性分析

根据吊罗山自然保护区不同海拔6个植物群落的样方资料,分析了吊罗山植物群落结构特征和物种多样性,同时比较了吊罗山植物群落与邻近地区植物群落的组成特征。研究结果表明吊罗山低地雨林乔木层以蝴蝶树、青梅、高山榕、粘木、长脐红豆、海南柿、肉实树和海南木莲为主,灌木层以白颜树、白茶、柏拉木和九节为主;山地雨林以陆均松、鸡毛松、黄叶树、阿丁枫、扫把青冈和海南杨桐为优势种;山顶常绿矮林则以山地常绿阔叶林陆均松、琼崖柯、岭南青冈和油丹等种类的矮化为特征。植物群落Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数分析表明,吊罗山植物群落物种多样性在空间的变化基本上表现为随海拔梯度增加而降低,次生林物种多样性最低,山地雨林和山顶矮林物种均匀度指数最高,群落优势种明显。     

澳门松山市政公园物种多样性特征

根据实际情况.将澳门松山市政公园植物群落分为阴香群落、假萍婆群落、假萍婆+石栗群落,调查并分析了各群落的物种多样性特征.结果表明,乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种多样性水平表现为灌木层较高.草本层与乔木层较低.但总体而言.这些群落的植物种类都较少,物种多样性水平尤其乔木层物种多样性水平低.因此,应加强抚育,可通过生态恢复改善环境条件,为生物多样性的发展创造条件;通过林分改造促进群落物种多样性水平的提高,同时也能丰富森林景观.     

喀斯特山地草地植物群落物种数量特征及多样性分析

选择贵州典型喀斯特山地草地植物群落为研究对象,采用标准样地调查法,对不同海拔、坡向的植物群落数量特征、物种特性、以及物种丰富度、多样性、均匀性等特征展开研究,结果表明,（1）喀斯特山地草地植物群落密度随海拔升高呈显著增加趋势（F=20.600;P≤0.01）。植物群落中矛叶荩草（Arthraxon lanceolatus）和扭黄茅（Heteropogon contortus）种群在数量上占优势,同时矛叶荩草和扭黄茅种群密度随海拔升高呈现出增加趋势;但矛叶荩草种群密度在群落中的比例呈现出下降趋势,而扭黄茅种群密度在群落中的比例呈现出升高趋势。（2）喀斯特山地草地植物群落以禾本科（Gramineae）、菊科（Compositae）、蔷薇科（Rosaceae）、唇形科（Labiatae）为主;其中禾本科植物种类比例随海拔升高呈现出下降趋势,而菊科、蔷薇科、唇形科植物种类比例呈现出升高趋势。（3）喀斯特山地草地植物群落丰富度指数随海拔升高呈现出增加趋势,Simpson多样性指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数随海拔升高呈现先降后升趋势,Peilow均匀性指数随海拔升高呈现下降趋势。     

不同地质背景下黄荆的光合蒸腾及水分利用效率比较

为了掌握岩溶生态环境下典型植物的水分生理生态特征,采用英国产TPS-1便携式光合作用测定系统,研究比较了桂林毛村不同地质背景(石灰岩、白云岩和砂页岩)下黄荆 (Vitex negundo Linn.) 的蒸腾光合和水分利用效率特征,并通过偏相关分析和主成分分析,探讨了影响黄荆水分利用效率的主要因素.结果表明,①砂页岩区黄荆的日平均蒸腾速率明显高于石灰岩区和白云岩区,但日平均光合速率却明显低于石灰岩区,与白云岩区差别不显著.关于水分利用效率(WUE),则是石灰岩区远高于砂页岩区,白云岩区则略高于砂页岩区,说明生长在岩溶区(石灰岩区和白云岩区)的典型植物黄荆在长期的演化中形成了适应岩溶干旱的水分生态特征.②影响黄荆水分利用效率的主要因子是大气温度、大气相对湿度、气孔导度和CO2浓度,但影响程度因地质背景的不同而有较大差异.     

念青唐古拉山东南坡植被群落数量生态分析及群落多样性

研究沿海拔梯度对植被群落的影响,有助于人们进一步理解未来气候变化背景下,高寒生态系统结构和功能的响应模式。选择念青唐古拉山东南坡的典型生境,包括从海拔4 775 m到5 305 m全部范围内的植物群落。沿着海拔梯度每隔约30m设置1个样带,并在各个样带上随机设置样方,调查样方内物种数、物种高度、物种盖度、物种频度。采用群落多样性指数、应用双向指示种分析法(TWINSPAN)和除趋势对应分析(DCA)等方法,对西藏念青唐古拉山东南坡高山草甸植物群落进行了分析。TWINSPAN将所有植物群落划分为5种类型,分别为:香柏(Sabina pingii var.wilsonii)+高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)灌丛草甸群落;高山嵩草+圆穗蓼(Polygonum macrophyllum)草甸群落;高山嵩草+矮生嵩草(Kobresia humilis)草甸群落;高山嵩草草甸群落;流石滩冰缘植被群落。这些群落分别位于不同的海拔高度。分类结果很好地反映了植物群落类型分布与地形、海拔的关系,并在DCA二维排序图上得到了较好的验证。念青唐古拉山东南坡草地植物群落多样性在高海拔、低海拔地区较低,中间海拔高度地区较高。植物群落多样性指数呈现出草本层灌丛层流石滩冰缘的特征。多样性指数与海拔高度之间的趋势模拟均呈负二次函数关系,单峰式函数关系能较好地表达不同海拔梯度植物群落多样性和均匀度与海拔之间的分布格局。     

古田山国家自然保护区针阔叶混交林植物物种多样性特征

利用样方法进行野外群落调查.共调查了6个样地,每个样地大小为20m×20 m,研究古田山自然保护区针阔叶混交林植物物种多样性特征.结果表明:古田山针阔混交林的科、属、种组成多样性较高,植物种类丰富.组成复杂.群落的属种多样性>科属多样性>科种多样性.从灌木层、乔木层至草本层物种多样性依次递减,乔木层和灌木层的物种多样性指数明显大于草本层物种多样性指数.     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

Lead in a residential environment in Jamaica

The background levels of lead in Jamaica in soils and sediments, estimated at 37 mg kg^–1, are relatively high compared with world averages. Several areas have values in excess of this due to mineralisation and pollution. One such is the residential Hope Flats/Kintyre area in which levels of lead up to 2.5% are found in the soils and up to 8 g kg^–1 in the water of the nearby Hope River. The blood lead levels of a sample of children were in the range 5.7–57 g dl^–1. The high lead levels suggest a potential health risk, particularly for the children. This can be minimised by programmes which include community education, case management and abatement to reduce the lead exposure.     

硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难以降解的污染物之一。因其用途广泛,大量残留于土壤,水体和大气中,造成的环境污染日趋严重。多种植物对该类污染物具有吸收、富集和代谢降解作用,利用植物对其环境污染进行治理是一种有效的方法。文章在总结国内外有关硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究基础上,重点阐述了植物对硝基芳香化合物的吸收、转运和代谢过程,分析了吸收、代谢机理以及影响吸收的因素;硝基芳香化合物的理化特性、浓度和植物自身特性及其它外界条件都会影响植物对该类化合物的吸收,植物可以通过体内降解、体外联合代谢、根部释放酶催化的机制实现该类化合物的降解。目前,硝基芳香化合物进入植物细胞膜的机理认知不足,模拟模型缺乏有力数据验证;代谢机制中参与反应的酶、化合物等体系和反应产物环境特性仍不明确,植物修复可行性缺乏有力证据。未来将在模型预测构建、降解机理和修复工程的实际应用方面作进一步探究,以形成系统的认知,为硝基芳香化合物污染土壤和农产品的生态风险评价以及植物修复提供理论依据。     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

Bioavailability of trace metals in brownfield soils in an urban area in the UK

Thirty-two brownfield sites from the city of Wolverhampton were selected from those with a former industrial use, wasteland or areas adjacent to industrial processes. Samples (<2 mm powdered soil fraction) were analysed, using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES) for 20 elements. Loss on ignition and pH were also determined. A five-step chemical sequential extraction technique was carried out. Single leach extraction with 0.12 M hydrochloric acid of Pb, Cu and Zn in soil was determined as a first approximation of the bioavailability in the human stomach. Some of the sites were found to have high concentrations of the potentially toxic elements Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni. The partitioning of metals showed a high variability, however a number of trends were determined. The majority of Zn was partitioned into the least chemically stable phases (steps 1, 2 and 3). The majority of Cu was associated with the organic phase (step 4) and the majority of Ni was fractionated into the residue phase (step 5). The majority of Pb was associated with the residue fraction (step 5) followed by Fe–Mn oxide fraction (step 3). The variability reflects the heterogeneous and complex nature of metal speciation in urban soils with varied historic histories. There was a strong inverse linear relationship between the metals Ni, Zn and Pb in the readily exchangeable phase (step 1) and soil pH, significant at P < 0.01 level. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the partitioning of Cu, Ni and Zn into step 4 (the organic phase) in soils with a higher organic carbon content (estimated by loss on ignition). Copper was highly partitioned into step 4 as it has a strong association with organics in soil but this phase was not important for the partitioning of Ni or Zn. The fractionation of Ni, Cu and Zn increased significantly in step 3 when the total metal concentration increases (P < 0.01). The Fe–Mn oxide fraction becomes more important in soils elevated in these metals, possibly due to the scavenging of metals by oxides. Cu and Pb extracted by HCl was statistically similar to the sum of the metals in steps 1 to 4 (P < 0.01) and HCl available Zn was statistically similar to the sum of Zn in steps 1 to 3 (P < 0.01). Step 4 (the organic phase) was not an important phase for Zn, so it was concluded that any Cu, Zn and Pb present in soil in a nonresidue phase would be potentially available for uptake into the human system once soil has been ingested.