两性聚丙烯酰胺的制备研究

本文研究了丙烯酰胺（ＡＭ）－丙烯酸（ＡＡ）共聚物的水溶液，经Ｍａｎｎｉｃｈ反应制备两性聚丙烯酰胺的反应条件，讨论了影响胺化度的因素。实验结果表明：分子量为３００万、阴离子度为２０％、浓度为２．５％的共聚物，在原料配比为（ＡＭ－ＡＡ）：ＨＣＨＯ：ＮＨ（ＣＨ３）２＝１：１．１：１．５、反应温度为５０±１℃、反应２ｈ的条件下，制得的两性聚丙烯酰胺的胺化度为４２．５％，是最佳的合成条件。用氯化胺和盐酸季胺     

红球菌酰胺酶降解阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺的亲和力分析

为探究酰胺酶降解阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺（HPAM）的微观机理，采用分子对接分别模拟了阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺（HPAM）或聚丙烯酸酯（PAA）结构模型与Rhodococcus sp. N-771酰胺酶（Rh Amidase）的结合，根据-CDOCKER＿Energy score值最高的原则，对获得最佳结合构象进行分析.基于亲和力虚拟突变进行丙氨酸（ALA）扫描.亲和力分析表明，Rh Amidase对HPAM-2的亲和力最高、最稳定，而Rh Amidase于PAA-2相互作用最小、结合最好.同时，该酶更倾向于降解短链的聚合物.相互作用分析表明，疏水相互作用是Rh Amidase-HPAM-2比Rh Amidase-PAA-2更稳定的主要原因.通过ALA扫描进一步得知，PHE146、ILE450、LYS96和GLY193是Rh Amidase降解HPAM-2的关键氨基酸残基.其中GLY193与HPAM-2形成的1个氢键对Rh Amidase-HPAM-2的亲和力影响最大.突变体ASP191ALA可以提高Rh Amidase对HPAM-2的酶活性，这些数据可为设计更高活性的Rh Amidase突变体提...     

自然水体介质中白腐菌对二噁英类物质的降解

研究了自然水体介质中白腐菌射脉侧菌（Phlebia radiata）Ⅰ-5-6对二噁英类物质2，7-二氯二苯并噁英（2，7-diCDD）和八氯二苯并呋喃（OCDF）的降解规律．结果显示，在自然河水为介质的培养环境中，2，7-diCDD随着江水加入量的递增，降解率逐步下降，但这种影响随着培养时间的延长而逐步减弱．白腐菌处理OCDF底物的效果并不理想，经过12d处理后，降解率最高只达到36．00％，这很可能是由于OCDF已经高度氧化，再要对它进行氧化降解比较困难．     

衍生化气相色谱法测定黄磷诱发氧化水中苯酚降解产物

利用衍生化气相色谱法对黄磷诱发氧化苯酚降解产物进行了研究，在磷酸存在下，以甲醇作酯类衍行生试剂，分别和ＳＥ－５２和ＨＰ－１７石英毛细管双柱结合ＧＣ－ＭＳ进行分离定性定量，黄磷诱发氧化苯酚降解产物以羧酸为主，在反应温度５０℃时，表现为一级反应特征，速率常数（Ｋ）：０．０７７ｍｉｎ＾－１，半衰期（ｔ１／２）：９．０ｍｉｎ。     

动胶菌接触氧化法处理含油废水的工艺设计基础

根据动胶菌接触氧化法处理含油废水中试结果，为日处理１ ０００ ｍ３ 含油废水的生物接触氧化池进行了工艺设计，按负荷法（ 二种） 和降解动力学模型（ 三种） 进行了池容的计算，评价了它们的合理性．发现，其中以中试为基础的三种计算方法：一种降解动力学模型（ 据中试结果计算油去污系数） 、二种负荷法（ 据中试中填料容积负荷、从中试扩大为生产规模的入流流量） 较为合理，可作为设计池容的推荐方法．     

萘酚在超临界水中氧化降解路径的研究

采用GC-MS方法对萘酚在超临界水中氧化降解的产物进行了分析和鉴别，通过对中间产物的鉴别并结合相关的研究，提出了萘酚在超临界水中氧化降解的路径．萘酚氧化降解的路径可用纵横交叉模式描述，即纵向的氧化开环降解反应和横向的偶合反应，萘酚及其带芳环的中间产物进一步氧化都经过苯酚，并由其继续开环氧化降解．     

高温原油降解菌处理油田采油废水的研究

研究了筛选的嗜热降解功能菌对高温、高盐环境的耐受性，同时采用接触氧化工艺，探索高温条件下嗜热生物系统对油田外排水的处理效果．结果表明，嗜热降解功能菌能够耐受高温（40～59℃）、高盐（30g/kg）和高pH（9.0）环境，实验室小试运行温度55～60℃，进水CODcr为270～510mg／L，出水CODcr为61．7～101．0mg／L．胜利油田王家岗污水站高温外排水生物处理中试，进水CODcr200～300mg/L，温度60～67℃，生化出水CODcr79．2～140．1mg/L．图4表3参10     

Fenton氧化4-氯酚降解机制研究

为了深入探讨4-氯酚（4-CP）在Fenton氧化体系中的降解机制,利用高效液相色谱（HPLC）等多种手段系统分析了反应过程中Fe2＋、Cl-、氧化中间产物对苯二酚、1,4-苯醌、4-氯邻苯二酚和4-氯间苯二酚的浓度以及氧化还原电位（ORP）的变化规律.研究结果表明,Fe2＋浓度经历了短暂的下降之后迅速上升到接近初始的...     

涕灭威在土壤中的降解特性

用实验室模拟培养方法研究了土壤中涕灭威及其代谢物在不同条件下的降解规律，探讨了影响降解的主要因素。结果表明，温度和土壤微生物活性是影响降解的重要因素，温度升高、有机质含量增加均大大加快涕灭威残留物降解。２５℃时，涕灭威在不同类型表层土壤中Ｔ＿（０．５）为３～８ｄ，其残留物总量的Ｔ＿（０．５）为３０～６５ｄ．在温度低、徽生物活性小的深层土壤中涕灭威Ｔ＿（０．５）为３４～１２０ｄ，残留物总量的Ｔ＿（０．５）为１５９～６８６ｄ，其中亚矾较难降解。     

野生与养殖长吻血液及不同器官同工酶的比较

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＰＡＧＥ－Ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｐｈｏｒｓｉｓ），对野生及养殖长吻Ｕａｉ心脏、肾脏、肌肉、肝脏四个器官及血液的ＬＤＨ（ＥＣ．１．１．１．２７）、ＰＯＤ（ＥＣ．１．１．１．１）、ＥＳＴ（ＥＣ．３．１．１．１）、ＭＤＨ（ＥＣ．１．１．１．３７）同工酶所获电泳图谱进行对比分析，发现以上各酶在不同组织器官中均表现出组织特异性；野生Ｕａｉ和养殖Ｕａｉ四种同工酶也存在差异；ＬＤＨ同工酶电泳带分     

土壤中地乐酚降解的实验研究

利用一系列批实验来研究地乐酚在不同土壤样本中的非生物降解和生物降解，并对各土壤特性与降解参数的相关性作统计分析。结果表明地乐酚的降解主要是生物降解。地乐酚在土壤中降解缓慢，加上实验土壤对地乐酚的弱吸附，因此地乐酚对当地地下水资源存在较大的威胁。在本实验地区降解参数服从正态分布。在水平α=0．05下，地乐酚的降解与已知的几种土壤特性以及吸附的相关性不显著。     

Effect of dilution rate on dynamic and steady-state biofilm characteristics during phenol biodegradation by immobilized Pseudomonas desmolyticum cells in a pulsed plate bioreactor

Continuous pulsed plate bioreactor (PPBR) was used for phenol biodegradation. Pseudomonas desmolyticum cells immobilized on granular activated carbon was used. Dynamic and steady state biofilm characteristics depend on dilution rate (DR). Lower DR favour phenol degradation and uniform, thick biofilm formation. Exo polymeric substance production in biofilm are favoured at lower dilution rates. Pulsed plate bioreactor (PPBR) is a biofilm reactor which has been proven to be very efficient in phenol biodegradation. The present paper reports the studies on the effect of dilution rate on the physical, chemical and morphological characteristics of biofilms formed by the cells of Pseudomonas desmolyticum on granular activated carbon (GAC) in PPBR during biodegradation of phenol. The percentage degradation of phenol decreased from 99% to 73% with an increase in dilution rate from 0.33 h?1 to 0.99 h?1 showing that residence time in the reactor governs the phenol removal efficiency rather than the external mass transfer limitations. Lower dilution rates favor higher production of biomass, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) as well as the protein, carbohydrate and humic substances content of EPS. Increase in dilution rate leads to decrease in biofilm thickness, biofilm dry density, and attached dry biomass, transforming the biofilm from dense, smooth compact structure to a rough and patchy structure. Thus, the performance of PPBR in terms of dynamic and steady-state biofilm characteristics associated with phenol biodegradation is a strong function of dilution rate. Operation of PPBR at lower dilution rates is recommended for continuous biologic treatment of wastewaters for phenol removal.     

土壤中多氯代二噁(PCDDs)的研究进展

介绍了国内外对土壤（尤其是城市污泥）中的多氯代二口恶口英（ＰＣＤＤｓ）的研究现状,包括：土壤中ＰＣＤＤｓ的来源、分布及迁移转化情况,其环境稳定性使污染的危害程度加重;ＰＣＤＤｓ在环境中的降解主要是光降解、微生物降解和化学降解。     

Chiral pharmaceuticals in the environment

Many pharmaceutical pollutants are chiral, existing in the environment as a single enantiomer or as mixtures of the two enantiomers. In spite of their similar physical and chemical properties, the different spatial configurations lead the enantiomers to have different interactions with enzymes, receptors or other chiral molecules, which can give diverse biological response. Consequently, biodegradation process and ecotoxicity tend to be enantioselective. Despite numerous ongoing research regarding analysis and monitorization of pharmaceutical ingredients in the environment, the fate and effects of single enantiomers of chiral pharmaceuticals (CP) in the environment are still largely unknown. There are only few chiral analytical methods to accurately measure the enantiomeric fraction (EF) in environmental matrices and during biodegradation processes. Furthermore, the ecotoxicity studies usually consider the enantiomeric pair as unique compound. We reviewed the current knowledge about CP in the environment, as well as the chiral analytical methods to determine the EF in environmental matrices. The degradation and removal processes of CP of important therapeutic classes, usually detected in the environment, and their toxicity to aquatic organisms were also reviewed. On the other hand, this review demonstrate that despite the great importance of the stereochemistry in pharmaceutical science, pharmacology and organic chemistry, this is normally neglected in environmental studies. Therefore, CP in the environment need much more attention from the scientific community, and more research within this subject is required.     

Research progress on distribution,sources, identification,toxicity, and biodegradation of microplastics in the ocean,freshwater, and soil environment

• Microplastics are widely found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. • Cleaning products and discarded plastic waste are primary sources of microplastics. • Microplastics have apparent toxic effects on the growth of fish and soil plants. • Multiple strains of biodegradable microplastics have been isolated. Microplastics (MPs) are distributed in the oceans, freshwater, and soil environment and have become major pollutants. MPs are generally referred to as plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter. They consist of primary microplastics synthesized in microscopic size manufactured production and secondary microplastics generated by physical and environmental degradation. Plastic particles are long-lived pollutants that are highly resistant to environmental degradation. In this review, the distribution and possible sources of MPs in aquatic and terrestrial environments are described. Moreover, the adverse effects of MPs on natural creatures due to ingestion have been discussed. We also have summarized identification methods based on MPs particle size and chemical bond. To control the pollution of MPs, the biodegradation of MPs under the action of different microbes has also been reviewed in this work. This review will contribute to a better understanding of MPs pollution in the environment, as well as their identification, toxicity, and biodegradation in the ocean, freshwater, and soil, and the assessment and control of microplastics exposure.     

Use of metal-reducing bacteria for bioremediation of soil contaminated with mixed organic and inorganic pollutants

Mixed contamination by organic and inorganic compounds in soil is a serious problem for remediation. Most laboratory studies and field-scale trials focused on individual contaminant in the past. For concurrent bioremediation by biodegradation and bioleaching processes, we tested metal-reducing microorganism, Geobacter metallireducens. In order to prove the feasibility of the coupled process, multiple-contaminated soil was prepared. Mineralogical analyses have shown the existence of labile forms of As(V) as amorphous and/or weakly sorbed phases in the secondary Fe oxides. In the biotic experiment using G. metallireducens, biodegradation of toluene and bioleaching of As by bacteria were observed simultaneously. Bacteria accelerated the degradation rate of toluene with reductive dissolution of Fe and co-dissolution of As. Although there have been many studies showing each individual process, we have shown here that the idea of concurrent microbial reaction is feasible. However, for the practical use as a remediation technology, more details and multilateral evaluations are required in future studies.     

Microbial biodegradation of plastics: Challenges,opportunities, and a critical perspective

● Health hazards of plastic waste on environment are discussed. ● Microbial species involved in biodegradation of plastics are being reviewed. ● Enzymatic biodegradation mechanism of plastics is outlined. ● Analytical techniques to evaluate the plastic biodegradation are presented. The abundance of synthetic polymers has increased due to their uncontrolled utilization and disposal in the environment. The recalcitrant nature of plastics leads to accumulation and saturation in the environment, which is a matter of great concern. An exponential rise has been reported in plastic pollution during the corona pandemic because of PPE kits, gloves, and face masks made up of single-use plastics. The physicochemical methods have been employed to degrade synthetic polymers, but these methods have limited efficiency and cause the release of hazardous metabolites or by-products in the environment. Microbial species, isolated from landfills and dumpsites, have utilized plastics as the sole source of carbon, energy, and biomass production. The involvement of microbial strains in plastic degradation is evident as a substantial amount of mineralization has been observed. However, the complete removal of plastic could not be achieved, but it is still effective compared to the pre-existing traditional methods. Therefore, microbial species and the enzymes involved in plastic waste degradation could be utilized as eco-friendly alternatives. Thus, microbial biodegradation approaches have a profound scope to cope with the plastic waste problem in a cost-effective and environmental-friendly manner. Further, microbial degradation can be optimized and combined with physicochemical methods to achieve substantial results. This review summarizes the different microbial species, their genes, biochemical pathways, and enzymes involved in plastic biodegradation.     

Assessing biodegradation benefits from dispersal networks

The performance of biodegradation of organic pollutants in soil often depends on abiotic conditions and the bioavailability of these pollutants to degrading bacteria. In this context, bacterial dispersal is an essential aspect. Recent studies on the potential promotion of bacterial dispersal by fungal hyphae raised the idea of specifically applying fungal networks to accelerate bacterial degradation processes in situ. Our objective is to investigate these processes and their performance via simulation modelling and address the following questions: (1) Under what abiotic conditions can dispersal networks significantly improve bacterial degradation? and (2) To what extent does the spatial configuration of the networks influence the degradation performance? To answer these questions, we developed a spatially explicit bacterial colony model, which is applied to controlled laboratory experiments with Pseudomonas putida G7 organisms as a case study. Using this model, we analyzed degradation performance in response to different environmental scenarios and showed that conditions of limited bacterial dispersal also limit degradation performance. Under such conditions, dispersal networks have the highest potential for improving the bioavailability of pollutants to bacteria. We also found that degradation performance significantly varies with the spatial configuration of the dispersal networks applied and the time horizon over which performance is assessed. Regarding future practical applications, our results suggest that (1) fungal networks may dramatically improve initially adverse conditions for biodegradation of pollutants in soil, and (2) the network's spatial structure and accessibility are decisive for the success of such tasks.     

Effect of surfactants on Fenton's reagent-mediated degradation of Kraft black liquor

One of the limitations of the biodegradation of hydrophobic chemical compounds, like lignins, is their low solubility in the aqueous solution where this process takes place. To resolve this problem, surfactants have been used to improve the solubility of these hydrophobic compounds. In this investigation, we studied the effect of surfactants (anionic, cationic, and non-ionic) on the treatment of Kraft black liquor with Fenton's reagent. In the Fenton reaction, H2O2 (two different concentrations, 10 mM and 20 mM), FeCl2 (1 mM) and surfactant solution (10%) were used. Black liquor degradation was determined by UV/Visible spectrophotometry and by measuring phenolic groups. In the presence of Fenton's reagent, the optimum conditions for the oxidative degradation of black liquor were 10 mM H2O2, 1 microL of 10% solution of anionic surfactant (SDS). The importance of the use of surfactants for preparing black liquor for subsequent Fenton's reagent-mediated degradation was discussed.     

有机磷酸酯阻燃剂降解方法的研究进展

有机磷阻燃剂(OPFRs)已取代溴代阻燃剂广泛应用于各行业,并很容易通过挥发、磨损等方式进入各环境介质中.目前,已在水体、土壤等环境介质中检测到了OPFRs的存在.本文总结了目前已有的OPFRs在环境中的降解方式,据其原理主要可分为化学法和生物法,化学法主要包含Fenton/类Fenton氧化法、紫外-双氧水法(UV/H2O2)、光催化法、过硫酸盐活化法和水解光解等,能够产生大量具有强氧化性的自由基(·OH、SO4·-等)破坏烃链使其降解.但该方法容易受到实际水体中的复杂成分影响,导致效果降低.生物法则是利用不同的细菌将OPFRs作为碳源或磷源在生长过程中将其消耗或和微生物体内的特异性酶发生酶促反应从而降解.通过总结归纳目前OPFRs的降解方法,了解现有方法存在的优点和缺点,为高效去除OPFRs提供理论基础.