青岛地区大气气溶胶中微量金属的时空分布

于 2 0 0 1年 4月— 2 0 0 2年 5月在青岛近海三个采样点采集了 1 0 0多个大气气溶胶样品 ,用ICP AES测定了Al,Fe ,Mn ,Cu ,Pb和Zn的浓度 ,讨论了这几种元素的时空分布特征及其来源 .结果表明 ,六种元素浓度的时空分布特征为 :沧口 >八关山 >仰口 ,TSP(总体悬浮颗粒物 )与Al,Fe ,Mn的浓度呈明显的季节变化 :春季 >冬季 >秋季 >夏季 ,而Cu ,Pb ,Zn的季节变化比较复杂 .六种元素中Al,Fe,Mn主要由自然过程输入 ,而Cu ,Pb ,Zn主要是人为来源 .     

ICP-AES法测定大气颗粒物中的金属元素

颗粒物质是重要的大气污染物 ,由于颗粒组分复杂 ,往往要进行多种项目的测定 .采用玻璃纤维滤膜或过氯乙烯滤膜收集样品 ,对于金属元素样品的收集并不理想 .本文使用微孔滤膜收集环境空气中的金属元素 ,样品消化后用ＩＣＰ ＡＥＳ法进行测定 ,分析了环境空气中的铬、铜、锰、锌、镍、铁 ,并对其分析条件进行了探讨 .1　主要仪器与试剂ＫＢ 1 2 0ＴＳＰ大气采样器 ;岛津ＩＣＰＳ 1 0 0 0Ⅱ电感耦合等离子体光谱仪 ,Ｃｚｅｒｎｙ Ｔｕｒｎｅｒ单色器 ,1ｍ焦距 ,光栅刻线 3 6 0 0条·ｍｍ- 1 ;微孔滤膜 (孔径 0 2 2 μｍ、直径 9ｃｍ) ;所有玻…     

电感耦合等离子体-质谱法研究大气颗粒物中元素浓度

1　IntroductionAirborneparticulatematterisoneoftheimportantmarkersofairqualityandisanimportanthealthconcerninurbanareas,especiallywithrespecttoanumberofchronicrespiratorydiseases.Medicaldatasuggeststhatitisthisfractionofparticulatematterthatbecomesdeeplyi…     

重庆市区大气颗粒物的物相组成分析

大气颗粒物组成非常复杂 ,包括晶态和非晶态的无机物与有机物 .同一个元素往往又以多种形态出现 ,而某些元素含量又较低 ,这些都给物相鉴定带来了很大的困难 .本文用Ｘ 射线衍射物相分析(ＸＲＤ)对重庆市区大气颗粒污染物的物相组成进行了研究 .在对大气颗粒物的Ｘ 射线衍射分析中 ,采用丙酮 二碘甲烷重液体系对颗粒物样品进行了密度梯度分级处理 ,鉴定出重庆市区大气颗粒物中存在的 1 0种物相 ,并初步讨论了重庆市区的污染来源和分布规律 .1　样品的采集与制备样品采集利用了ＵＶ1 3Ｈ 1型安德逊采样器及玻璃纤维膜 (采集的颗粒物为ＰＭ1 0…     

杭州市大气总悬浮颗粒物中多环芳烃的HPLC分析

由于大部分致癌多环芳烃 (PAHs)与颗粒物 (TSP)有联系 .而分子量 (MW)≥ 2 2 8的PAHs绝大部分 ( >99% )是以颗粒态形式被采集的 .因此 ,分析研究大气颗粒物中PAHs的含量具有重要意义 .本文分析了杭州市 5个大气监测国控网络点一年 1 2个月TSP中 1 5种PAHs浓度的分布特征 .1　样     

城市环境综合整治定量考核中大气环境指标的系统分析

针对目前实行的城市环境综合整治定量考核指标体系中,有关大气环境综合整洁的九项指标的完整性、重要性、合理性进行了系统分析.采用逻辑关系分析方法分析了指际的完整性,提出了应增加一项有关工业能耗的指标.采用层次分析的方法,分析了各项指标的重要性程度.确定了相应的权值作为进一步修定各项指标评分的准则,对部分指标进行了初步订证使之更趋合理.     

大气非均相反应及其环境效应

大气颗粒物是地球大气的重要组成成分之一,以全球气候和区域环境质量具有重要影响.由于大气颗粒物具有区域牲强、寿命较短和组成多样且不均匀等特点,使得其气候和环境效应具有相当大的不确定性,而颗粒物表面发生的非均相反应,一方面可改变痕量气体的源汇平衡,另一方面会改变颗粒物本身的表面组成、形貌和与之相关的吸湿性和光学性质,从而进...     

广州市白云山、电视塔春季酸性降水的研究

本文根据10187—1988年春季在广州市白云山、电视塔区的观测结果,对酸性降水的污染状况、特征、化学成因及其来源进行了分析和探讨。结果表明.春季降水严重酸化,广州已成为典型的酸雨污染城市。     

北京市大气中多氯联苯的污染水平和分布特征

利用XAD树脂被动采样技术和同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱联用法(HRGC/HRMS)研究了2012年11月至2014年1月北京地区大气中多氯联苯(PCBs)的污染现状、区域分布特征及季节性变化规律.结果表明,北京大气中19种PCBs总浓度为8.42—45.2 pg·m-3(平均值23.1 pg·m-3),各采样点全年平均毒性当量范围为0.33—3.33 fg WHO-TEQ m-3(平均值1.85 fg WHO-TEQ m-3).PCB-11浓度范围为27.9—136pg·m-3,平均值为78.2 pg·m-3.大气中的PCBs以低氯代(2—5氯代)PCBs为主.季节变化规律呈现出夏/秋季节PCBs浓度高于冬/春季节的规律;区域分布特征呈现出人口密集的城区大于背景区、工业区大于城区的规律.     

大气活性氧物质污染特征、机制及其来源研究进展

活性氧(reactive oxygenspecies,ROS)是指含有氧、且具有较高氧化反应活性的一类物质的总称,因其会由大气颗粒物中的不同组分诱导生成并危害人体健康而广受关注.本文主要概述了大气ROS的国内外研究进展,总结了大气ROS的检测方案,并详细介绍了细胞衬里液法、二硫苏糖醇检测法等几种常用的胞外ROS检测方案.大气细颗粒物是大气ROS的主要诱导组分,具体的成分为水溶性有机物和金属离子,环境持久性自由基也可能是潜在的ROS诱导物质.ROS的来源研究表明燃烧过程和交通排放等人为来源是大气ROS的主要来源.在未来的研究中可以以大气ROS的生成机制为研究重点,通过实验室模拟等具体实验手段全面研究ROS的污染特征,为ROS污染评价体系的制定提供数据支撑.     

Relation of particle-size spectrum and food abundance to particle selectivity in the mud snail Hydrobia totteni (Prosobranchia: Hydrobiidae)

We studied the relationship between particle-size selectivity and variable particle-size distribution in the American mud snail Hydrobia totteni Morrison (Prosobranchia: Hydrobiidae) collected in the summer of 1979 and 1982, from saltmarsh mudflats at Flax Pond, Old Field, New York, USA. Using individual size fractions of native sediment, snails fed fastest on intermediate-sized particles (41 to 63 m); this pattern was related to diatom abundance, which was similarly greatest on the intermediate particle-size classes. These results conform to another study, which found a quite different relationship between feeding rate and particle size, but a similarly strong correlation between particle size and diatom abundance. Snails were fed a range of particle-size distributions of glass beads. As median particle size increased, preference shifted towards smaller particles. This shift cannot be explained by feeding rates determined from individual particle-size classes. The most reasonable alternative model is a shift towards feeding on fine particles that occur among the coarser particles that are not ingested. Our data suggest that diatom growth on certain particle sizes is as important to particle selectivity as the particle sizes themselves. Particle size preference cannot be extrapolated from studies of feeding rates on individual size classes since selectivity is qualitatively different in mixtures of various size classes.     

典型农耕区黑土和沼泽土团聚体颗粒中重金属的分布特征解析

了解重金属在土壤中的富集特征是其风险评价和土壤修复的基础。分别以黑龙江省典型的农耕黑土和沼泽土为研究对象,采用干筛法获得〉4000、4000～2000、2000～1000、1000～250、250～53和〈53衄16个粒级的土壤团聚体颗粒组。利用等离子质谱（ICP-MS）测定了本土和各级团聚体颗粒中Cr、Cd、As和Pb的含量,并对其颗粒组分布特征及对有机碳的响应进行了解析。研究表明,2种土壤中的重金属Cr、Cd和Pb的富集因子均大于1,而As则存在明显的流失。除了黑土中的As和Pb外,其他重金属随着团聚体粒径的增加而呈现富集减弱的趋势。其中,cr和cd主要趋向分布在粉．黏团聚体（〈53wn）颗粒中;Pb在黑土中易赋存于1000～2000μm大团聚体中,在沼泽土中则富集于53～250μm的微团聚体中;As不但趋向被吸附在53～250μm的微团聚体中,而且在黑土中也容易被吸附在〉l000μm的大团聚体中。金属质量负载计算表明,大粒径颗粒组对土壤中重金属含量的总体贡献较大。土壤中有机碳含量均随着团聚体粒径减小而升高,cr和Cd分布与颗粒有机碳含量正相关,黑土中As的分布与颗粒中有机碳含量负相关而在沼泽土中呈弱正相关,Pb的分布则与有机碳含量均无明显的相关性。     

The influence of physicochemical parameters on bioaccessibility-adjusted hazard quotients for copper,lead and zinc in different grain size fractions of urban street dusts and soils

When the hazard quotient for ingestion (HQI) of a trace element in soil and dust particles is adjusted for the element’s bioaccessibility, the HQI is typically reduced as compared to its calculation using pseudo-total element concentration. However, those studies have mostly used bulk particles (<2 mm or <250 µm), and the reduction in HQI when expressed as bioaccessible metal may not be similar among particle size fractions, the possibility probed by the present study of street dusts and soils collected in Tehran. The highest Cu, Pb and Zn near-total concentrations occurred in the finest particles of dusts and soils. Bioaccessible concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn in the particles (mg kg^?1) were obtained using simple bioaccessibility extraction test (SBET). The bioaccessibility (%) did not vary much among near-total concentrations. In the bulk (<250 µm) sample, the bioaccessible concentration of Cu and Pb increased as the pH of sample increased, while Zn bioaccessibility (%) in the bulk particles was influenced by organic matter and cation exchange capacity. X-ray diffraction identified sulfide and sulfate minerals in all of the size-fractionated particles, which are insoluble to slightly soluble in acidic conditions and included most of the Cu and Pb in the samples. The only Zn-bearing mineral identified was hemimorphite, which would be highly soluble in the SBET conditions. The calculated HQI suggested potential non-carcinogenic health risk to children and adults from ingestions of soils and dusts regardless of particle size consideration, in the order of Zn > Pb ≥ Cu. The HQI calculated from near-total metal was not much different for particle size classes relative to bulk particles; however, the bioaccessibility percent-adjusted HQI for Pb was higher for the smaller particles than the bulk. This work is novel in its approach to compare HQI for a bulk sample of particles with its composite particle size fractions.     

北京大气气溶胶单个颗粒的化学表征

用安德逊分级采样器采集京都三个点（北辛安，冷泉村和生态环境研究中心）的大气气溶胶颗粒，用扫描电镜／Ｘ射线能谱观察和分析单个颗粒的形貌和元素成分，对粗细颗粒分别进行了Ｘ射线物相分析，通过对颗粒的形貌，组分和化合物形态等的综合分析结果表明，细粒样品中常含有较多的铁或铵的硫酸盐及氯化铵，粗粒样品中则主要为矿物物质如石英，方解石，石膏，白云石和一些粘土矿物，圆形颗粒可能是煤的燃烧产物，许多不规则形的颗粒大     

Deposition and resorption of organic aerosol constituents in the respiratory tract as calculated from particle size distribution data

Data on the particle size distributions of organic aerosol constituents were used as input for a study, designed to calculate the fractions of the particulate concentrations of these compounds, deposited into the respiratory tract. The known relation between the deposition probability and the particle size as described by the ICRP‐model was used. The organic constituents were from the classes of the aliphatic hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, polycyclic and aza‐heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Aerosol samples were obtained by Hi‐Vol cascade impactor sampling at suburban, rural and sea shore background stations as well as in an industrial emission site (coke oven).

Our approach uses the measured concentrations, being average values within each impactor particle size interval, as well as the integrated average deposition probabilities. This procedure was validated experimentally for eight model distributions from the literature, for which an infinitesimal calculation of the deposited fractions was possible.

Dilution reduces total particulate concentrations in the remote areas and predominantly determines the total deposited pollutant concentrations. Of these, pulmonary and nasopharyngeal deposition are most significant and, as a first approximation, correspond largely to the relative importance of the accumulation and dispersion modes of the sampled aerosol. A particle size distribution shift toward larger particles within the accumulation mode occurs upon ageing of the aerosol and reduces the pulmonary deposited fraction of the measured compounds in the background sites, compared to the one in the suburb. The total deposited fraction, however, increases. The contributions of biogenic higher odd n‐alkanes and, to a lesser extent, of even carboxylic acids to the dispersion mode of the aerosol result in an increased nasopharyngeal deposition at the background sites mainly during summer.

Since little information on the bio‐availability of organic aerosol constituents is available in the literature, the fractions of the particulate pollutant concentrations, resorbed in the tissues from the deposited material, were calculated, assuming an average efficiency of 70% for pulmonary and of 10% for nasopharyngeal and tracheobronchial resorption. A nearly constant total resorbed fraction of 20±2% resulted, independent of the sampling station or the season chosen, in contrast with the total deposited fractions, for which significant differences were observed. The predominant pulmonary resorption as well as compensating effects of the nasopharyngeal resorption level out the relatively small differences in particle size distributions observed. Based on these data, a first estimate in nanogram of the daily intake by inhalation of the organic pollutants studied can be formulated as four times the particulate pollutant concentration, expressed in ngm^‐3.     

Charakterisierung von Holzasche aus Biomassefernheizwerken

Analyses of ashes from wood chips and bark combustion and research work about possibilities of utilization of these ashes showed that in general a mixture of bottom ash and cyclon fly-ash in the ratio as they occur in the plant can be used as a fertilizer and liming material. An important question is whether mineral impurities (sand, earth, stones) in the biomass are responsible for slagging on the grate (by lowering the melting point) because sintered and slagged ash with a particle size larger than 2 cm has to be sieved or milled before utilized. Furthermore, the influence of these impurities on the homogeneity of wood ash is important for taking and preparing samples for analysis. Usually, the occurring ash fractions in biomass district heating plants can only be volumetrically measured. In order to determine the actual mass flow and to proportion the ash-amounts for fertilization properly, it is necessary to know the bulk densities of the different ash fractions in dependence on the particle size and the biomass used. Moreover, the knowledge of the surface properties of fly-ash particles enables to evaluate the influencing variables on the process of heavy metal deposition from the flue gas to the fly-ash particles. This information represents the basis for a fractionated desublimation/condensation of heavy metals. The aim is to concentrate them in the filter fly-ash, because this smallest and finest ash fraction is cut off from the ash cycle and is disposed of. Conforming to these open questions, ashes from biomass district heating plants were examined. The facts and findings obtained represent the basis for technological measures in order to improve a closed cycle economy with wood ash.     

Arsenic distribution and bioaccessibility across particle fractions in historically contaminated soils

Incidental soil ingestion is a common contaminant exposure pathway for humans, notably children. It is widely accepted that the inclusion of total soil metal concentrations greatly overestimates the risk through soil ingestion for people due to contaminant bioavailability constraints. The assumption also assumes that the contaminant distribution and the bioaccessible fraction is consistent across all particle sizes. In this study, we investigated the distribution of arsenic across five particle size fractions as well as arsenic bioaccessibility in the <250-, <100-, <10- and 2.5-μm soil particle fractions in 50 contaminated soils. The distribution of arsenic was generally uniform across the larger particle size fractions but increased markedly in the <2.5-μm soil particle fraction. The marked increase in arsenic concentration in the <2.5-μm fraction was associated with a marked increase in the iron content. Arsenic bioaccessibility, in contrast, increased with decreasing particle size. The mean arsenic bioaccessibility increased from 25 ± 16% in the <250-μm soil particle fraction to 42 ± 23% in the <10-μm soil particle fraction. These results indicate that the assumption of static arsenic bioaccessibility values across particle size fractions should be reconsidered if the ingested material is enriched with small particle fractions such as those found in household dust.     

The adsorption of lead and copper from aqueous solution on modified peat-resin particles

Raw peat was modified with sulfuric acid, then mixed modified with resin to prepare the modified peat-resin particles. Using the batch experimental systems, the removal of heavy metals (copper and lead) on the modified peat-resin particles was investigated. The data of the adsorption isotherm could be fitted by the Langmuir equation well. The adsorption rate of heavy metals on modified peat-resin particles was very swift. The removal processes of heavy metals on modified peat-resin particles could be well described by pseudo-second order model. The adsorption rate of lead was affected by the initial heavy metal concentration, initial pH, particle size, agitation speed and particle mass. In the adsorption of heavy metals (lead and copper) on the modified peat-resin particles, ion exchange was the major reaction mechanism. Desorption data showed that the lead adsorbed by modified peat-resin particle could be desorbed by 0.5 N or 1.0 N HNO3. The desorption rate was swift. The experiments indicated that the modified peat-resin particles have great potential for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater.     

Distribution of metals in mechanical fractions of soils from a lake catchment in Venezuela

Soil samples were collected from both the surface and at depth from the lowlands around Lake Valencia and from the adjacent mountains. This paper reports results for Al, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn in mechanical fractions of the soils. Lowland soils, developed on lacustrine sediments, show a predominance of medium- to fine-grain size fractions whereas the shallow mountain soils show the highest percentage of particles in the coarse to medium fractions. Concentrations of most of the elements investigated increased toward finer particle sizes. The generally higher metal concentrations in lowland soils compared with mountain soils are consistent with release by weathering in the uplands and accumulation in the lowlands. The presence of carbonates derived from ubiquitous shelly material in the lowland soils may explain increases of Ca and Mg in labile fractions. In the lowland area, there is little evidence for the translocation of metals in the soil profiles, despite the high rainfall of a tropical climate, and the calcareous nature of these soils could account for the immobility of metals.     

Influences of suspended particles on the runoff of pesticides from an agricultural field at Askim, SE-Norway

Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to study the loss of particles from agricultural fields, and the role of suspended particles in carrying pesticides in surface runoff and drainage water. Propiconazole, a widely used fungicide was applied to experimental fields located at Askim, SE-Norway. Samples from surface runoff and drainage water were collected and analyzed for sediment mass, pesticides, particulate and dissolved organic carbon through a whole year. The surface soil and the runoff material were characterized by its particle size distribution, organic carbon content in size fractions and its ability to bind propiconazole. The results show that (1) particle runoff mostly occurred during the rainfall event shortly after harrowing in autumn. The highest particle concentration observed in the surface runoff water was 4600 mg l(-1), and in the drainage water 1130 mg l(-1); (2) the erosion of surface soil is size selective. The runoff sediment contained finer particle/aggregates rich in organic matter compared to its original surface soil; (3) the distribution coefficient (Kd) of propiconazole was significantly higher in the runoff sediment than in the parent soil. According to our calculation, particle-bound propiconazole can represent up to 23% of the total amount of propiconazole in a water sample with a sediment concentration of 7600 mg l(-1), which will significantly influence the transport behavior of the pesticide.