氯代芳香族化合物高效降解菌的驯化与筛选

为了筛选除解造纸废水中的氯代芳香族化合物的高效降解菌株，选用了造纸废水SBR处理系统的活性污泥作为菌源，采用平板分离池分离出18种菌株，并从中选出生长势态良好的11种，通过对废水中CODCr,TCl的降解效果试验，确定出以M3＋M8为组合的优势混合菌。     

硫酸盐废水生物处理产生的硫化物处理含Pb2+、Zn2+的钢丝酸洗废水

在一套小型搅拌反应器中,研究了碱沉淀(KOH,处理a)、碱沉淀及硫酸盐废水厌氧处理产生的硫化物出水混合(KOH+出水混合,处理b)、碱沉淀及N2吹脱硫酸盐废水厌氧处理产生的硫化物(KOH+N2吹脱,处理c),以及碱沉淀、硫酸盐废水厌氧处理产生的硫化物出水混合和N2吹脱硫化物联合(KOH+出水混合+N2吹脱,处理d)等4组处理方式对含Zn2+、Pb2+的钢丝绳酸洗废水处理效果的影响.废水pH值为0.7,Zn2+和Pb2+含量分别为450和3274 mg.L-1.结果表明,KOH+出水混合+N2吹脱的处理方式对废水有较好的处理效果,Zn2+和Pb2+的去除为氢氧化物、硫化物沉淀的共同作用结果,处理后,废水中Zn2+和Pb2+的去除率均达99.6%以上,满足污水综合排放标准(GB 8978—1996).     

对氨基酚生产废水的综合治理技术研究

本文提供的对氨基酚生产废水综合治理技术，采用蒸发结晶法回收工艺废水中的对氨基酚和硫酸铵，采用甲苯萃取－蒸馏分离法回收共沸废水中的苯胺，采用梯度浓度优势菌－常规生化组合技术处理混合废水，投资６１０万元建设年产２０００ｔ对氨基酚生产废水治理工程，排水可达到国家污水综合排放二级水质标准，每这可回收硫酸铵３０６０ｔ，苯胺３９０ｔ，对氨基酚６０ｔ，年回收价值５８０万元，年利税合计１８７万元，实现了废水处理与     

高浓度难降解工业废水菌种筛选及其降解特性

使用富集、稀释涂平板的方法从制药、染料、化工及精细化工、食品等多家工厂的混合高浓度难降解化工废水中筛选到8株细菌,经16S rDNA鉴定为Bacillus aquimaris、Enterobacter、Pseudomonas putida、Microbacterium、Agrobacterium、Alpha proteobacterium、Planococcus rifietoensis,其中两株细菌为Bacillus aquimaris。对各单一菌种生长条件的研究表明,各菌种生长的最适pH为7,最适接种量为15%（v/v）,最适生长温度为37℃,其中Pseudomonas putida的最适生长温度为30℃。在最适生长条件下,研究了各单一菌种及不同组合的混合菌种对废水的降解效果,结果表明在单一菌种中Pseudomonas putida对废水的降解效果最优,混合菌的降解效果优于单一菌种的降解效果,混合菌可将废水COD由1 249 mg/L降至97 mg/L,比普通活性污泥对废水的去除率提高了14.7%。     

啤酒废水处理工程运行分析

桂林漓泉有限公司污水处理厂经过改造，采用UASB－SBR工艺处理啤酒废水，处理后出水水质达到GB 8978－96国家污水综合排放标准。文章主要对UASB装置的启动，运行以及控制因素进行了论述和探讨。     

微生物固定化降解含聚废水

采用微生物固定化技术降解含聚废水.将混合菌固定化制得的微生物固定化颗粒加入到含聚废水处理工艺的生化池单元中,进行含聚废水处理的模拟实验.通过曝气和添加营养物质的方式对含聚废水进行可生化性调整,以提高废水的生化比,使其达到可以生化处理的水平.实验流程分为静态和动态两部分.微生物固定化静态处理含聚污水3 d后,出水的PAM含量为82.2 mg.L-1,降解率可达83.6%;微生物固定化动态处理含聚废水3 d后,出水的水质指标趋于稳定,PAM含量为104 mg.L-1,降解率为79.2%;原油含量为8.5 mg.L-1,去除率为98.8%;CODCr含量为119 mg.L-1,去除率为85.5%.出水水质指标达到国家污水综合排放的二级排放标准.利用紫外光谱分析PAM在微生物降解前后的光谱变化,结果表明经微生物降解后的PAM结构中的羟基和酰胺基已被降解.     

厌氧-好氧一体式折流板反应器处理淀粉废水的启动运行

采用厌氧-好氧一体式折流板反应器,处理马铃薯淀粉废水,以淀粉废水排放口底泥作为接种污泥,可以实现快速启动。启动过程的结果表明:在温度为2 5℃～35℃,总水力停留时间(HRT)为5 4h ,容积负荷从0 .5kg/ (m3 ·d)逐渐升高到3.0 8kg/ (m3 ·d)时,第11d就将反应器启动成功,前3级厌氧反应器总的去除率达到75 % ,厌氧-好氧一体式折流板反应器总的去除率达到96 %。而后逐渐提高容积负荷,当容积负荷为10 .0kg/ (m3 ·d)时,COD去除率最高为96 % ,出水水质达到或接近国家污水排放二级标准(GB 8978- 96 )。     

水解酸化预处理光学工业生产废水的效果研究

以水解酸化为预处理手段,利用自主设计的水解酸化柱为处理设备,处理光学工业生产废水。通过分析光学工业生产废水的水质了解到：该废水BOD5/CODCr〉0.3,可以采用生物的方法处理废水,但是考虑到BOD5/CODCr值较低,而该废水中又含有大量的高分子有机物,直接利用好氧生物降解的方法效果不明显,为提高其生物降解性能,使用水解酸化为前处理手段。通过近一个月的启动试验,水解酸化反应器出水稳定,CODCr去除率达到45%左右。以废水中CODCr去除率和酸化率为分析指标,确定水解酸化反应体系的最佳适用条件,试验结果表明：pH值为6.5～7.5,水力停留时间为8～10h时,废水CODCr去除率和酸化率较高。设定pH值为7、水力停留时间为8h的试验条件,比较进、出水BOD5/CODCr的试验结果变化可知：经水解酸化预处理后,该废水的可生化性提高了近一倍左右,水解酸化预处理效果明显,该预处理方法改善了光学工业生产废水的可生化降解性能。     

催化湿式氧化复合催化剂对偶氮染料废水的降解

以C包覆海绵铁(SI-C)为载体,La、Mn、Ni的硝酸盐为前驱物,采用混合浸渍焙烧法制备了SI-C表层负载金属催化剂(Mn-Ni/C、Mn-La/C、Ni-La/C、Mn-Ni-La/C),以H2O2为氧化剂,研究常温常压下H2O2与催化剂协同作用处理偶氮染料模拟废水的效果,并对其制备条件和性能进行探讨.结果表明,负载型Mn-Ni-La/C在催化湿式过氧化氢氧化(CWPO)中降解效果最好,且0.02 mol·L-1的La、Mn、Ni硝酸盐金属浸渍液以体积比1:1:1均匀混合,300℃焙烧2 h条件下制得的催化剂效果最佳;通过海绵铁固定床外加高频交变磁场,实现一种新型热传递方式下的感应热非均相反应处理有机废水.以海绵铁为感应磁核,形成固-液界面高温微反应区,促进非均相催化反应的进行.实验结果显示直接蓝D-3GL的去除率达98.39%,对直接紫D-BL的去除率达97.56%,对直接大红D-GLN的去除率达92.18%.     

油田压裂液废水的处理方法

为了有效解决干旱区油田压裂液废水超标排放对土壤、地下水及荒漠植被带来的危害,本文以臭氧为氧化剂,铜绿假单胞杆菌(P.Aeruginosa,A)、油泥驯化后菌液(B)及美国生态实验室Microbe-lift水处理菌(C)为生物菌剂,开展了臭氧和生物法单独处理以及二者联合处理吐哈油田压裂液废水实验.研究结果表明:3种处理法以臭氧/生物法联合处理压裂液废水效果最优;废水COD初始值为3982.38 mg·L~(-1)时,经臭氧处理2.5 h后可使废水COD值降低62.24%;生物处理以多组混合菌群处理效果较好,使COD值进一步降低34.37%,其中,A、B、C菌群等比例混合后的接菌ABC处理可在150 h处理后使COD值降至135 mg·L~(-1),达到《废水综合排放标准》(GB8978—~(199)6)二级排放标准.     

高浓度有机废水处理技术的发展

本文对高浓度有机废水的处理进行了一些探讨,并主要讲述了ＵＡＳＥ反应器的发展,特点及其在高浓度有机废水方面的应用。     

Anaerobic treatment of wastewater containing methanol in upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor

The direct conversion of methanol into methane is the main process in anaerobic treatment of methanol containing wastewater. However, acetic acid can also be produced from methanol theoretically, which may probably result in an abrupt pH drop and deteriorate the anaerobic process. Therefore, it is interesting to know what would really happen in an anaerobic reactor treating methanol wastewater. In this study, an up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor treating methanol wastewater was operated. The chemical oxygen demand (COD), acetic acid and pH of the effluent were monitored at different loadings and influent alkalinity. The results showed that the anaerobic reactor could be operated steadily at as low as 119 mg/L of influent alkalinity and high organic loading rate with no obvious pH drops. Volatile fatty acids accumulation was not observed even at strong shock loadings. The microorganisms in the sludge at the end of the test became homogeneous in morphology, which were mainly spherical or spheroidal in shape.     

Impact of roxarsone on the UASB reactor performance and its degradation

Roxarsone (3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid, ROX) has been widely used for decades as an organoarsenic feed additive to control intestinal parasites and improve feed efficiency in animal production. However, most of the ROX is excreted into the manure, causing arsenic contamination in wastewater. The arsenic compounds are toxic to microorganisms, but the influence of continuous ROX loading on upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor is still unknown. In this study, the impact of ROX and its degradation products on the performance of the UASB reactor and the degradation and speciation of ROX in the reactor were investigated. The UASB reactor (hydraulic retention time: 1.75 d) was operated using synthetic wastewater supplemented with ROX for a period of 260 days. With continuous ROX addition at 25.0 mg·L^–1, severe inhibition to methanogenic activity occurred after 87 days operation accompanied with an accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and a decline in pH. The decrease of added ROX concentration to 13.2 mg·L^–1 did not mediate the inhibition. As(III), As (V), MMA(V), DMA(V), HAPA and an unknown arsenic compound were detected in the reactor, and a possible biotransformation pathway of ROX was proposed. Mass balance analysis of arsenic indicated that 60%–70% of the arsenic was discharged into the effluent, and 30%–40% was precipitated in the reactor. The results from this study suggest that we need to pay attention to the stability in the UASB reactors treating organoarsenic-contaminated manure and wastewater, and the effluent and sludge from the reactor to avoid diffusion of arsenic contamination.

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Feasibility assessment of up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket treatment of sulfamethoxazole pharmaceutical wastewater

The UASB system successfully treated sulfamethoxazole pharmaceutical wastewater. High concentration sulfate of this wastewater was the main refractory factor. UASB recovery performance after a few days of inflow arrest was studied. The optimal UASB operating conditions for practical application were determined. Treatment of sulfamethoxazole pharmaceutical wastewater is a big challenge. In this study, a series of anaerobic evaluation tests on pharmaceutical wastewater from different operating units was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using anaerobic digestion, and the results indicated that the key refractory factor for anaerobic treatment of this wastewater was the high sulfate concentration. A laboratory-scale up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was operated for 195 days to investigate the effects of the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD), organic loading rate (OLR), and COD/SO₄^2? ratio on the biodegradation of sulfamethoxazole in pharmaceutical wastewater and the process performance. The electron flow indicated that methanogenesis was still the dominant reaction although sulfidogenesis was enhanced with a stepwise decrease in the influent COD/SO₄^2? ratio. For the treated sulfamethoxazole pharmaceutical wastewater, a COD of 4983 mg/L (diluted by 50%), OLR of 2.5 kg COD/(m³·d), and COD/SO₄^2? ratio of more than 5 were suitable for practical applications. The recovery performance indicated that the system could resume operation quickly even if production was halted for a few days.     

厌氧氨氧化反应器研究进展

厌氧氨氧化是废水生物脱氮研究的新领域,厌氧氨氧化反应器影响厌氧氨氧化菌的富集、厌氧氨氧化过程的启动、运行的稳定性和处理效果,是其中十分重要的研究内容.本文根据厌氧氨氧化反应的基本特征,分析了反应过程对反应器的主要要求;通过对固定床反应器、流化床反应器、气提式反应器、上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)等反应器的运行参数和运行结果的比较,分析了各种类型反应器的主要优缺点,并对反应器今后的发展方向提出了建议.表2参37     

糖蜜酒精废水两相UASB处理工艺的酸化段特征

文章考察了糖蜜酒精废水二相UASB处理工艺的酸化段特征 ,试验结果表明酸化段的容积负荷达到3 0kgCOD/m3 时 ,系统仍能正常运行 ,TOC去除率在 3 5%以上 ,酸化段的SO4 2 -去除率在 70 %。糖蜜酒精废水酸化率在 50 % ,二相厌氧生物处理系统并未将产酸微生物与产甲烷微生物截然分开 ,在产酸相中仍含有一定数量的产甲烷菌。     

制革废水处理系统各级出水的生态毒性评价

采用生态毒理学常用的大型溞（Daphnia magna）和活性污泥（activated sludge）作为试验系统,对制革废水处理系统各个环节出水进行毒性试验,以评价其处理效果。按照OECD标准试验方法,选取本实验室繁殖的大型溞（溞龄小于24 h）,和采自以处理生活污水为主的污水处理厂活性污泥,分别使用重铬酸钾和3,5-二氯酚作为参比物验证大型溞和活性污泥的毒性敏感性。以大型溞活动抑制和活性污泥呼吸抑制作为毒性终点,利用48 h静态试验和3 h曝气试验分别评价水样对于大型溞活动和活性污泥呼吸作用的急性毒性效应。统计各试验组大型溞的活动情况和活性污泥的呼吸速率,分别将其与空白对照组进行比较,计算大型溞的活动抑制率和活性污泥的呼吸抑制率,采用Bliss法统计制革废水处理系统各个环节出水对大型溞和活性污泥的半数抑制浓度（EC50）。结果表明：制革废水依次经过厌氧脱硫反应器、脱色厌氧反应器、微曝气反应器和厌氧氨氧化反应器的生物处理系统处理,其出水对大型溞和活性污泥的急性毒性已大为降低。进水、厌氧脱硫反应器出水、脱色厌氧反应器出水、微曝气反应器出水和厌氧氨氧化反应器出水对大型溞活动抑制试验的48 h-EC50分别为41.3%、32.2%、48.0%、91.2%和无抑制作用;活性污泥呼吸抑制试验3 h-EC50则分别为178.2%、101.5%、689.7%、184.6%和无抑制作用。总体上毒性呈现逐渐降低的趋势,而且大型溞比活性污泥更为灵敏。大型溞和活性污泥的生态毒性结果与化学分析的结果相互补充,可为制革废水处理提供预警和效果评价提供科学依据。     

糖蜜酒精废水两相UASB处理有机物去除特征

应用气相色谱研究了糖蜜酒精废水两相ＵＡＳＢ处理工艺段中有机物的去除情况，结果表明，酸化反应器内，易降解有机物的去除率上为１００％，产甲烷段反应器内，因易降解化合物在酸化反应器内大部分被去除，剩下的化合物的在该段反应器内去除率偏小，仅为８０％。质谱结果证实，进水中的酚类化合物经两级处理后，被有效去除。     

Acid resistance of methanogenic bacteria in a two-stage anaerobic process treating high concentration methanol wastewater

In this study, the two-stage upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) system and batch experiments were employed to evaluate the performance of anaerobic digestion for the treatment of high concentration methanol wastewater. The acid resistance of granular sludge and methanogenic bacteria and their metabolizing activity were investigated. The results show that the pH of the first UASB changed from 4.9 to 5.8 and 5.5 to 6.2 for the second reactor. Apparently, these were not the advisable pH levels that common methanogenic bacteria could accept. The methanogenic bacteria of the system, viz. Methanosarcina barkeri, had some acid resistance and could still degrade methanol at pH 5.0. If the methanogenic bacteria were trained further, their acid resistance would be improved somewhat. Granular sludge of the system could protect the methanogenic bacteria within its body against the impact of the acidic environment and make them degrade methanol at pH 4.5. The performance of granular sludge was attributed to its structure, bacteria species, and the distribution of bacterium inside the granule.     

UASB和EGSB反应器中厌氧颗粒污泥生物学特性的比较

测定了实验室规模的２Ｌ ＥＧＳＢ和ＵＡＳＢ反应器中培养的厌氧颗粒污泥在不同基质中的比产甲烷活性、辅酶Ｆ４２０含量和胞外多聚酶物含量，结果表明，ＥＧＳＢ反应器颗粒污泥在葡萄糖上的比产甲烷活性、利用乙酸的甲烷菌和产氢产乙酸菌的活怀和胞外多聚物／含量高于ＵＡＳＢ反应器颗粒污泥，而ＵＡＳＢ反应器颗粒污泥中利用甲酸和氢的甲烷菌的活性以及辅酶Ｆ４２０的含量较ＥＧＳＢ反应器颗粒污泥更高，辅酶Ｆ４２０可以指示同种