混合糖发酵条件下甲酸抑制木糖发酵的机制

纤维素燃料乙醇生产面临的一个重要问题是纤维素原料预处理过程中产生多种副产物会显著抑制酿酒酵母的生长繁殖和发酵,其主要成分弱酸类中甲酸被认为具有最强的抑制效应.为了解工业酿酒酵母混合糖发酵时木糖利用被甲酸特异性显著抑制的机制,为发酵菌株的抑制物耐受育种提供依据,以乙酸存在条件下的发酵为对照,研究甲酸存在条件下菌株分别发酵混合糖和单独木糖时的发酵性能以及糖代谢相关基因的表达差异、葡萄糖浓度对菌株发酵木糖和木糖代谢基因表达的影响,同时研究甲酸存在条件下葡萄糖代谢产物乙酸和乙醇对菌株发酵木糖的影响以及混合糖和单独木糖发酵过程中甲酸浓度变化和甲酸脱氢酶基因FDH1转录情况.结果显示:葡萄糖只有在甲酸存在条件下才特异性地显著抑制木糖发酵,木糖消耗速率的下降与木糖还原酶(XR)和木糖醇脱氢酶(XDH)酶活下降有关;单独木糖发酵时,只有当乙酸、乙醇和甲酸共存时才表现出抑制效应,且随乙醇浓度增加抑制效应越明显,木糖发酵被抑制与XDH酶活下降有关,但乙酸、乙醇和甲酸三者对木糖发酵的协同抑制效应明显弱于60 g/L葡萄糖存在时的抑制;混合糖发酵时FDH1基因转录被抑制导致甲酸分解缓慢,对甲酸存在条件下木糖发酵被抑制有部分贡献.综上,葡萄糖抑制甲酸分解与葡萄糖代谢产物乙酸、乙醇和甲酸的协同抑制对混合糖发酵时甲酸对木糖发酵特异性显著抑制有贡献,但尚存在其他未知抑制机制,还需进一步深入研究.     

利用木质纤维素类生物质发酵生产乙醇重组菌株研究进展

要实现木质纤维素类生物质的有效利用,当前还面临很多瓶颈问题亟待解决,而缺乏能够同时高效利用纤维素类水解物的发酵菌株是制约纤维素乙醇生产的最关键因素.目前对发酵菌种的研究主要集中在酿酒酵母、运动发酵单胞菌、大肠杆菌和克雷白氏杆菌这4种菌上,已取得大量研究进展,为纤维素乙醇的产业化奠定了一定的基础.本文综述了这4种菌发酵纤维素水解物的基因工程改造研究进展,并对组学时代进一步优化发酵菌株进行了展望.图2表2参51     

Optimization of fermentation process for saccharide-based fuel ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae北大核心CSCD

低成本、高产量的发酵工艺是实现工业燃料乙醇经济和环境可持续性发展的关键,而不需要重大基础设施改变或投资.为获得酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)利用甘蔗汁生产燃料乙醇的最优发酵工艺,首先对发酵体系的氮源条件进行优化;其次,在单因素试验基础上,以乙醇发酵效率为响应值,通过响应面法优化了燃料乙醇生产的发酵工艺,并通过补料分批发酵技术在5 L发酵罐中进一步扩大发酵.结果表明,以1.0 g/L (NH)SO和1.0 g/L酵母提取物作为发酵氮源,乙醇发酵效率和得率比对照可分别提高4.80%、9.52%.响应面设计获得的最优发酵工艺条件为在总糖浓度150.0 g/L、酵母提取物浓度2.0 g/L、发酵时间24.5 h、pH5.0、外加(NH)SO浓度1.0 g/L时,最高乙醇发酵效率可达到91.10%.在5 L发酵罐中采用补料分批发酵获得的最终乙醇浓度达到98.92 g/L,发酵效率维持在90%左右,乙醇生产力最高达到3.81 g Lh.本研究获得了一种高效生产糖质燃料乙醇的发酵工艺,可在较短时间内获得高浓度乙醇且消耗较少氮源,结果可为进一步利用糖质原料进行高效生物炼制及高浓度乙醇工业化生产提供参考.(图6表6参30)     

过表达分支酸歧化酶编码基因ARO7对酿酒酵母抑制物耐受性的影响

利用纤维素原料生产乙醇一直是国内外研究的热点,但纤维素预处理过程产生的弱酸、酚类和糠醛等抑制物对酿酒酵母细胞生长和乙醇发酵具有抑制作用,因此,提高酿酒酵母细胞的环境胁迫耐受性是提高纤维素乙醇发酵效率的重要手段之一.对芳香族氨基酸代谢途径中分支酸歧化酶基因ARO7的过表达对酿酒酵母在胁迫条件下细胞生长和乙醇发酵性能的影响进行研究.结果显示,过表达ARO7的重组菌株在含有5.0 g/L乙酸的平板中生长优于对照菌株;在含有5.0 g/L乙酸的发酵培养基中进行乙醇发酵,过表达ARO7的重组菌株的发酵效率高于对照菌株,在菊芋秸秆水解液中ARO7过表达重组酵母菌株乙醇得率由对照的0.44 g/g提高到0.47 g/g葡萄糖,乙醇生产强度提高了22.38%.以上表明,ARO7的过表达可提高酿酒酵母在抑制物存在条件下纤维素乙醇的发酵效率.     

工业酿酒酵母菌株KF-7对发酵抑制物的耐受性

木质纤维素原料预处理过程中产生的抑制物是燃料乙醇发酵的一大障碍,要求工业酿酒酵母菌株具有优秀的抑制物耐受能力.利用平板培养和批次发酵两种方式系统评价了弱酸抑制物(乙酸、甲酸、乙酰丙酸)、呋喃类抑制物[糠醛和5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)]、酚类抑制物(香草醛、丁香醛、苯酚)对工业酿酒酵母菌株KF-7生长和发酵的影响.结果显示,菌株KF-7在批次发酵时细胞生长对抑制物的耐受性优于平板培养.低浓度的抑制物虽然对菌株的生长有一定的抑制作用,但对乙醇的产生具有一定的促进作用;高浓度抑制物显著抑制了菌株的生长,降低了葡萄糖的代谢速率,抑制了乙醇的产生.菌株KF-7对甲酸耐受能力强于乙酸,对乙酰丙酸的耐受能力较弱.在平板生长评价中,糠醛对菌株生长的抑制作用强于HMF,但在批次发酵过程中HMF的抑制作用强于糠醛;该菌株代谢糠醛的能力强于代谢HMF的能力.香草醛对菌株的抑制作用最强,丁香醛相对较弱.在秸秆水解液中,菌株KF-7也表现出良好的乙醇发酵性能.菌株KF-7无论在单一抑制物、混合抑制物或实际水解液条件下发酵,均能达到较高的乙醇收率.本研究表明,菌株KF-7适用于纤维素原料燃料乙醇工业化生产过程.     

木糖发酵酿酒酵母抑制物耐受能力提升及利用秸秆原料的乙醇发酵性能北大核心CSCD

木糖利用能力和抑制物耐受能力优良的工业酿酒酵母菌株以及合理的糖化发酵工艺是纤维素燃料乙醇生产的两个关键.对一株工业酿酒酵母菌的磷酸戊糖途径转醛醇酶基因TAL1进行差异过表达,评价其在8种典型抑制物存在时对菌株利用木糖的影响;利用TAL1过表达菌株研究油菜秸秆预处理物料中抑制物含量高低对分步糖化发酵（SHF）、预糖化-同步糖化发酵（P-SSF）和同步糖化发酵（SSF）3种不同糖化发酵方式发酵过程的影响,探讨高固含量发酵的可行性.结果显示,TAL1基因过表达提高了菌株的木糖代谢能力和对8种典型抑制物的耐受能力,适度过表达菌株表现最优,有抑制物存在时的木糖消耗速率提升了20%-70%.秸秆预处理物料中抑制物总含量约为4 g/L时,SHF无法正常发酵,SSF的乙醇收率接近70%,略高于P-SSF;当物料中抑制物总含量下降到约2 g/L时,3种方式都能顺利发酵,SSF表现最优,96 h时的乙醇收率为86.5%,但SSF（96 h）和P-SSF（112 h）所需糖化发酵总时间远低于SHF（144 h）;总固含量约为25%的分批补料-同步糖化发酵（FB-SSF）的乙醇浓度和乙醇收率分别达到54.2 g/L和67.2%.上述结果表明,TAL1基因适度过表达提升了菌株的木糖发酵和抑制物耐受能力,菌株已具备比较优秀的发酵和耐受抑制物的能力;预处理物料中抑制物含量相对较高时采用SSF或P-SSF工艺,而抑制物浓度相对较低时,3种糖化发酵方式都可以采用,但SSF所需发酵时间最短,生产能力最高.     

鲜甘薯发酵生产高浓度乙醇的技术

乙醇作为燃料可以改善能源结构,减少对石油进口的依赖.高浓度发酵技术是一种生产燃料乙醇的新兴技术,有利于降低乙醇的生产成本.本研究采用酿酒酵母以鲜甘薯为底物进行了快速高浓度乙醇发酵的研究.对高浓度乙醇发酵的影响因素如发酵促进剂种类和浓度、无机盐、维生素及初糖浓度进行了探讨,获得了最佳发酵培养基配方,确定最适发酵促进剂为B,浓度为1.20 g kg-1,不需要添加无机盐和维生素,初糖浓度为270 g kg-1.在最适条件下,28 h可生产乙醇132.86 g kg-1,乙醇发酵强度达4.74 g kg-1h-1,发酵效率达91.44%.发酵规模放大至10 L时,28 h可产生乙醇131.71 g kg-1,乙醇发酵强度为4.70 g kg-1h-1,发酵效率为90.53%.图3表3参16     

木糖发酵酿酒酵母抑制物耐受能力提升及利用秸秆原料的乙醇发酵性能

木糖利用能力和抑制物耐受能力优良的工业酿酒酵母菌株以及合理的糖化发酵工艺是纤维素燃料乙醇生产的两个关键.对一株工业酿酒酵母菌的磷酸戊糖途径转醛醇酶基因TAL1进行差异过表达,评价其在8种典型抑制物存在时对菌株利用木糖的影响;利用TAL1过表达菌株研究油菜秸秆预处理物料中抑制物含量高低对分步糖化发酵(SHF)、预糖化-同步糖化发酵(P-SSF)和同步糖化发酵(SSF)3种不同糖化发酵方式发酵过程的影响,探讨高固含量发酵的可行性.结果显示,TAL1基因过表达提高了菌株的木糖代谢能力和对8种典型抑制物的耐受能力,适度过表达菌株表现最优,有抑制物存在时的木糖消耗速率提升了20%-70%.秸秆预处理物料中抑制物总含量约为4 g/L时,SHF无法正常发酵,SSF的乙醇收率接近70%,略高于P-SSF;当物料中抑制物总含量下降到约2 g/L时,3种方式都能顺利发酵,SSF表现最优,96 h时的乙醇收率为86.5%,但SSF(96 h)和P-SSF(112 h)所需糖化发酵总时间远低于SHF(144 h);总固含量约为25%的分批补料-同步糖化发酵(FB-SSF)的乙醇浓度和乙醇收率分别达到54.2 g/L和67.2%.上述结果表明,TAL1基因适度过表达提升了菌株的木糖发酵和抑制物耐受能力,菌株已具备比较优秀的发酵和耐受抑制物的能力;预处理物料中抑制物含量相对较高时采用SSF或P-SSF工艺,而抑制物浓度相对较低时,3种糖化发酵方式都可以采用,但SSF所需发酵时间最短,生产能力最高.     

牛粪生物质资源综合利用研究进展

畜禽粪便是一种重要的廉价生物质资源,含有丰富的木质纤维素和矿质营养,但随意堆弃必然会对环境形成污染,同时造成资源浪费.为促进实现畜禽粪便的循环再生利用,从牛粪肥料化利用、能源化利用和化学品生产原料3个方面综述牛粪生物质资源的研究进展,分析不同处理方式对牛粪利用效率的影响.肥料化利用在一定程度上能消解环境中的牛粪,但因生产成本高、资源利用率低等问题限制了其大规模推广.而牛粪厌氧发酵能产生清洁能源沼气,结合厌氧共发酵方式可以提高甲烷产率,并且发酵后的沼液可用于浸种和生物农药利用;同时牛粪可以作为制取乙醇的新型原料,通过分子生物学手段构建重组运动发酵单胞菌,扩大菌株的底物利用范围.此外,牛粪作为乳酸、富马酸、纤维素等生物基产品的生产原料,丰富了牛粪利用方式.最后提出在牛粪利用过程中加强对重金属和抗生素的脱除,着力研究沼气工程建设技术,稳定发酵温度,提高产率,同时构建糖利用范围广、乙醇得率高的菌株,发展多重牛粪利用方式,以实现牛粪生物质资源的高值高效利用.     

菊芋秸秆高浓度物料分步糖化及乙醇发酵

菊芋是生物能源和生物炼制的新型原料作物,具有和其他作物不同的秸秆组成.为了解菊芋秸秆的生物转化情况,本研究首先比较了NaOH-H_2O_2、瞬间弹射蒸汽爆破(ICSE)及NaOH-H_2O_2和ICSE联用等3种预处理方法,证明对于菊芋秸秆NaOH-H_2O_2预处理法简单高效.进一步研究显示,NaOH-H_2O_2预处理过程中水洗一次即可显著促进酶解和后续发酵.利用分批补料和补加纤维素酶的方式进行高物料浓度条件下预处理菊芋秸秆的分步水解和乙醇发酵,当物料浓度达到30%(m/V)时,水解72 h的葡萄糖和木糖浓度分别可达143.6 g/L和36.2 g/L.利用木糖-葡萄糖共发酵重组酿酒酵母菌株LX03在菊芋秸秆水解液中进行乙醇发酵,发酵72 h乙醇最高浓度达66.2 g/L(8.27%,V/V),且发酵总糖利用率达86.9%.本研究利用菊芋秸秆水解液发酵获得较高的乙醇产量,为进一步利用菊芋秸秆进行高效生物炼制及高浓度纤维素乙醇生产提供了参考.(图3表1参23)     

Research progress on hydrothermal dissolution and hydrolysis of lignocellulose and lignocellulosic waste

Ethanol production from lignocellulosic waste has attracted considerable attention because of its feasi- bility and the generation of valuable products. Previous studies have shown that pretreatment and hydrolysis are key processes for lignocellulose conversion. Hydrothermal process is a promising technique because of its efficiency to break down the lignocellulosic structures and produce fermentable hexoses. Most studies in this field have therefore focused on understanding these processes or optimizing the parameters, but commonly reported low yields of fermentable hexoses. The inability to produce high yields of fermentable hexoses is mainly attributed to inadequate information on the conversion mechanisms of lignocellulose, particularly the reaction rules of dissolu- tion, which is a limiting step in the entire conversion process. This paper critically reviewed the progress done in the research and development of the hydrothermal dissolution and hydrolysis of lignocellulose. Principles, processes, and related studies on separate dissolution and asynchronous hydrolysis of lignin, hemieellulose, and cellulose are presented. Potential research prospects are also suggested.     

Sorption of Isoproturon and Dimetomorph on lignocellulose from wheat

The adsorption of toxic chemicals on solid substates is a potential means to clean polluted waters. Here, the adsorption of two pesticides, isoproturon and dimetomorph, on lignocellulose extracted from wheat straw is investigated at 20 °C using batch adsorption experiments. Here, we show that the sorption of both pesticides is independent of pH. The sorption capacity of lignocellulose is evaluated. We show that the presence of metallic cations has no influence on the retention capacity of lignocellulose towards pesticides.     

鲜甘薯发酵生产燃料乙醇中的降粘工艺

鲜甘薯高浓度发酵生产燃料乙醇的瓶颈之一是醪液粘度高,容易堵塞管路,严重影响工业化生产和增加能源消耗,同时也会降低乙醇发酵效率.为解决此问题,进行了添加降粘酶系及其作用条件优化研究,结果如下:1)确定最适降粘酶系为四川禾本生物工程有限公司的纤维素酶,粘度由1.7×104mPa.s降到8.8×102mPa.s,并且降低了生产成本;2)确定降粘酶作用前高温处理条件:110℃,20 min;3)最适降粘酶对不同品种鲜甘薯高浓度发酵的降粘效果表明降粘酶对大部分品种鲜甘薯降粘效果较好,粘度均约为1.0×103mPa.s以下,最低粘度只有2.7×102mPa.s,粘度下降率均在95%以上;4)在确定最适降粘酶系和其作用前高温条件后,将其应用于工业化生产,加入降粘酶2 h后发酵醪液的粘度由1.8×105mPa.s下降到2.7×103mPa.s,发酵后终粘度仅为7.9×102mPa.s,发酵时间仅为23 h,乙醇浓度达到10.56%(V/V),进一步验证了该降粘酶系应用于工业化鲜甘薯燃料乙醇生产的实际意义.表8参19     

Improved Cu and Zn sorption on oxidized wheat lignocellulose

We studied the effect an oxidizing treatment of a lignocellulosic substrate, extracted from wheat bran, on the sorption of Cu and Zn. Oxidizing agents, such as potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) or sodium periodate (NaIO₄), creates oxygenated functions, e.g. alcohol and carboxylic acid, which increase the density of functional sites and the binding capacity of lignocellulose towards copper and zinc. We found that the treatment with KMnO₄ is the most efficient, with an increase of about 30–40% metal ion binding, compared to 15–25% using NaIO₄. The investigation of the oxidation process shows that the efficiency of KMnO₄ can be attributed to its affinity towards insaturated double bonds of lignin entities. Oxidized lignocellulose is thus a promising, efficient, and cheap biomaterial for the decontamination of wastewater.     

青霉木质纤维素降解酶系研究进展

越来越多的研究表明青霉属(Penicillium)真菌中的一些种类不仅能分泌组成齐全、酶活较高的木质纤维素降解酶系,而且具有易培养和生长快的优势.本文就国内外对青霉菌木质纤维素降解酶系研究的最新动态进行了综述,包括菌株的选育、纤维素酶系的特性与合成调控,以及基因分析与克隆.同时介绍了斜卧青霉纤维素酶系的生产与发酵工艺,以及酶解过程分析等相关研究进展.表4参48     

Expansion of sugarcane ethanol production in Brazil: environmental and social challenges.

Several geopolitical factors, aggravated by worries of global warming, have been fueling the search for and production of renewable energy worldwide for the past few years. Such demand for renewable energy is likely to benefit the sugarcane ethanol industry in Brazil, not only because sugarcane ethanol has a positive energetic balance and relatively low production costs, but also because Brazilian ethanol has been successfully produced and used as biofuel in the country since the 1970s. However, environmental and social impacts associated with ethanol production in Brazil can become important obstacles to sustainable biofuel production worldwide. Atmospheric pollution from burning of sugarcane for harvesting, degradation of soils and aquatic systems, and the exploitation of cane cutters are among the issues that deserve immediate attention from the Brazilian government and international societies. The expansion of sugarcane crops to the areas presently cultivated for soybeans also represent an environmental threat, because it may increase deforestation pressure from soybean crops in the Amazon region. In this paper, we discuss environmental and social issues linked to the expansion of sugarcane in Brazil for ethanol production, and we provide recommendations to help policy makers and the Brazilian government establish new initiatives to produce a code for ethanol production that is environmentally sustainable and economically fair. Recommendations include proper planning and environmental risk assessments for the expansion of sugarcane to new regions such as Central Brazil, improvement of land use practices to reduce soil erosion and nitrogen pollution, proper protection of streams and riparian ecosystems, banning of sugarcane burning practices, and fair working conditions for sugarcane cutters. We also support the creation of a more constructive approach for international stakeholders and trade organizations to promote sustainable development for biofuel production in developing countries such as Brazil. Finally, we support the inclusion of environmental values in the price of biofuels in order to discourage excessive replacement of natural ecosystems such as forests, wetlands, and pasture by bioenergy crops.     

一株产耐热纤维素酶菌株的筛选及酶学性质

采用纤维素刚果红平板法从大田蘑菇种植场建堆的稻草样中分离得到了1株能产具有较好温度耐受性和pH稳定性的纤维素酶的放线菌DY3.综合形态、生理生化特征以及16S rDNA序列分析,将其初步鉴定为嗜热裂孢菌(Thermobifida fusca).对该菌所产纤维素酶的性质研究表明:最适催化温度为65℃,在70℃保温60 min后仍有75%以上的活力;最适催化pH为7.5,在pH 5.5～10.0之间该酶的稳定性较好,pH 10.0的条件下仍有80%的活力;最适作用底物是羧甲基纤维素钠.研究可为木质纤维素的生物预处理提供一定参考价值.     

Solid substrate fermentation of cassava fibrous residue for production of alpha-amylase, lactic acid and ethanol

There is serious concern about the disposal of solid residues left after large scale extraction of starch from cassava. Owing to the high starch content (55-65% on dry weight basis) and organic matter of these wastes, an attempt has been made to utilize it for the production of three bioproducts, i.e. alpha-amylase, lactic acid and ethanol in solid substrate fermentation by incubating the solid residue at different moisture holding capacity (40-80%) and incubation period (12- 60 hr for alpha-amylase, 24-144 hr for ethanol and 2-10 days for lactic acid). The highest product yield was obtained at 60% moisture holding capacity of the residue and period of incubation varied from 36 hr (alpha-amylase), 120 hr (ethanol) to 6 days (lactic acid). This study showed that the solid residues from cassava starch factories could serve as a low-cost substrate for bioproducts production.     

Supercritical fluid extraction of biofuels from biomass

A sustainable source of energy production can be provided using renewable resources. For instance, biomass is transformed into biofuels using several techniques such as supercritical fluid extraction, an effective thermochemical process. Here we review results on biofuels obtained from lignocellulosic and algal biomass using supercritical fluids. Biofuel yield and composition are controlled by operating conditions such as extraction temperature, pressure, biomass and solvent type, and the presence of catalysts. The extraction temperature is the major factor controlling biofuel yield. Biofuel yields can also be improved with the use of catalysts. Major compounds in biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass are phenols, catechols, guaiacols, syringols, syringaldehydes, syringyl acetone, acids, and esters. Most of these compounds are produced by lignin decomposition in lignocellulose. Furfural and derivatives are produced by the decomposition of cellulose and hemicellulose. Fatty acid alkyl esters are formed from lignin fragmentation by condensation of compounds bearing C–O or C=O. Prominent compounds in biofuels from algal biomass are saturated or unsaturated fatty acid alkyl esters.