褐煤风化过程中化学特性的变化

本文测定了６种不同风化程度褐煤的化学性状。结果表明，随着在自然界堆积风化时间的延长，褐煤的总碳，总氮含量及碳氮比都下降，灰分含量则增大，可提取的腐植酸及黄腐酸量明显增大，且紫外吸光值呈系统变化，尤其是黄腐酸中聚乙烯吡咯烷酮树脂可吸附部分（黄腐酸中腐植部分）随风化加深而降低，各种不同风化程度褐煤中腐植酸的红外吸收光谱变化不是很明显，且与土壤腐植吸收光谱相似。     

硝化褐煤对铬离子溶液的吸附研究

利用硝酸与龙口褐煤反应制得硝化褐煤，使其有效吸附质腐植酸含量提高。用该湖化褐煤对铬离子进行吸附试验，研究吸附剂的吸附量、吸附动力学、吸附模型和溶液的pH值对吸附的影响。结果表明：硝化褐煤对铬离子具有良好的吸附特性，其静态等温吸附符合Langmuir等温议程。     

微生物固定化降解含聚废水

采用微生物固定化技术降解含聚废水.将混合菌固定化制得的微生物固定化颗粒加入到含聚废水处理工艺的生化池单元中,进行含聚废水处理的模拟实验.通过曝气和添加营养物质的方式对含聚废水进行可生化性调整,以提高废水的生化比,使其达到可以生化处理的水平.实验流程分为静态和动态两部分.微生物固定化静态处理含聚污水3 d后,出水的PAM含量为82.2 mg.L-1,降解率可达83.6%;微生物固定化动态处理含聚废水3 d后,出水的水质指标趋于稳定,PAM含量为104 mg.L-1,降解率为79.2%;原油含量为8.5 mg.L-1,去除率为98.8%;CODCr含量为119 mg.L-1,去除率为85.5%.出水水质指标达到国家污水综合排放的二级排放标准.利用紫外光谱分析PAM在微生物降解前后的光谱变化,结果表明经微生物降解后的PAM结构中的羟基和酰胺基已被降解.     

水体/沉积物中蒽的生物降解

对水体/沉积物中蒽的降解情况进行了研究,结果表明,往天然水体中添加沉积物对蒽的生物降解有较明显的促进作用,沉积物能够吸附一定量的蒽,从而抑制其自然挥发,体系中沉积物含量为15g·l-1时,吸附效果最为明显,在蒽初始浓度为10mg·l-1的情况下,5d后残留率达100.00%,沉积物本身存在的土著微生物对蒽有一定的降解能力,沉积物含量为15g·l-1时,5d后蒽降解率最高,为49.29%,往15g·l-1沉积物中接种蒽高效降解菌烟曲霉A10后,蒽降解率达88.92%,表明往污染环境中外加微生物能够明显改善污染物的降解情况.     

苯并[a]芘和二苯并[a,h]蒽的土壤降解特性及其影响因素

实验室条件下,研究了不同土壤性质、水分含量、通气条件、外加营养元素比例与外源微生物等条件下,苯并[a]芘(BaP)和二苯并[a,h]蒽(DBA)在土壤中的降解特性.结果表明,当土壤中BaP和DBA的添加水平分别为2.5 mg·kg-1时,至125 d时,BaP在pH较低的江西红壤中降解最快,降解率达87.3%;而DBA在有机质含量较高的中性太湖水稻土中降解较快,降解率为52.0%.土著微生物对BaP和DBA在土壤中的降解起重要作用;合适的土壤C/N比值能明显加快降解速率;好气条件有利于BaP和DBA的降解.     

介质阻挡放电对水中双氯芬酸钠的降解

本实验采用介质阻挡放电方法降解水溶液中的双氯芬酸钠,考察了初始浓度、Fe2+、腐植酸、硝酸根离子对双氯芬酸钠降解的影响,及降解过程中溶液TOC含量和UV的变化,并初步探讨了其降解动力学.结果表明,双氯芬酸钠在介质阻挡放电反应器中的降解符合一级反应动力学.对于初始浓度为10mg·1-1、20 mg·1-1和30 mg·1-1的双氯芬酸钠,降解率随着初始浓度的增加而降低.影响因子腐植酸和硝酸根离子的添加均能显著提高双氯芬酸钠的降解率,但相同实验条件下,亚铁离子的添加抑制了双氯芬酸钠的降解,当Fe2+添加量为1.0 mmol·1-1时,双氯芬酸钠的降解率仅为74.94%.降解过程中溶液TOC的含量减少缓慢,TOC残留含量仅从13.69 mg·1-1降为11.1 mg·1-1,可见双氯芬酸钠的矿化程度不高,而双氯芬酸钠的紫外-可见吸收光谱在吸收波段递减,介质阻挡放电对双氯芬酸钠有稳定的降解效果.     

碘甲磺隆钠盐在土壤中的降解

采用实验室模拟试验研究了微生物及不同环境条件对土壤中碘甲磺隆钠盐降解的影响。结果表明，微生物对土壤中碘甲磺隆钠盐的降解影响甚为明显；碘甲磺隆钠盐降解速率与土壤温度、湿度及葡萄糖含量呈正相关，与该农药初始用量呈负相关。     

磺胺嘧啶在水中的微生物降解研究

为了探明磺胺嘧啶在水中的环境行为,通过室内模拟降解实验分别研究了磺胺嘧啶在湖水和猪场废水中的好氧和厌氧微生物降解,考察了供氧方式和有机质含量对磺胺嘧啶微生物降解的影响。结果表明:磺胺嘧啶在猪场废水中厌氧微生物降解速率高于其好氧组,而磺胺嘧啶在湖水中厌氧微生物降解速率低于其好氧组。磺胺嘧啶在湖水和猪场废水中的好氧或厌氧微生物降解均较缓慢,这可能与其较强的抑菌性和微生物的营养状况有关。通过微生物培养还研究了好氧降解时磺胺嘧啶对湖水中微生物种群生长的影响,数据显示:磺胺嘧啶对湖水和猪场废水中细菌的生长具有一定的刺激作用,而对真菌和放线菌的生长影响不明显。     

降解褐煤菌种选育及降解产物研究

通过对分离自洗煤厂的一株青霉菌进行人工诱变,选育出一株具有较强降解褐煤能力的突变株．将褐煤加到平板培养的该菌株上,经过３６ ｈ 开始被降解．将该菌株用摇瓶培养３ ｄ ,其培养液也能降解褐煤．元素分析结果表明,降解物中 Ｈ、 Ｏ、 Ｎ 的元素质量分数（ ｗ／ ％ ） 比原煤均有所升高,而ｗ（ Ｃ）／ ％ 明显下降．降解产物的经验分子式可写为 Ｃ１００ Ｈ１４４ Ｏ５８ ．２ Ｎ１０ ．０ Ｓ１ ．１８ ,经凝胶过滤法测,定其 Ｍｒ 分布在（２ ～８） ×１０４ 之间; 其红外吸收光谱与原煤相比也有一定的变化． 这些结果说明生物降解过程中褐煤的组成和结构发生了一定的变化     

多效唑在土壤中降解、吸附和淋溶作用

本文研究了植物生长调节剂多效唑(MET)在土壤中的环境引为,MET在土壤中降解较缓慢并随土壤环境条件而异,淹水厌氧条件比旱地好氧条件降解更缓慢,灭菌土壤中未见明显降解,微生物培养试验表明,MET对真菌有明显抑止作用,以MET为唯一营养源的培养基上能生长出几种放线菌,在三种供试土壤中,MET在高有机质含量的黑土中吸附常数远大于黄棕壤和潮土;MET的淋溶则在砂粒含量较高和有机质含量较低的潮土中最快,黑土最慢,黄棕壤居间.     

木质素降解真菌的筛选及产酶特性

通过定性、定量系列实验从土壤中筛选到5株有木质素降解能力的低等真菌，经鉴定属于青霉属、镰刀霉属、曲霉属和木霉属，其中青霉属和镰刀霉属是土壤中木质素转化的主要作用者．降解能力最强的简青霉Penicillium simflitcissimum H5培养13d可降解Kraft木质素40．26％，产酶研究发现，该菌分泌胞外木质素过氧化物酶和漆酶，其中前者主要在培养前期产生，后者在整个培养过程中均有较好的活性．图4表1参14.     

Chloroacetic acids in environmental processes

The fate of chloroacetic acids (CAA) in forest soils was studied using radio-indicator methods. We showed that chloroacetic acids are both microbially degraded and simultaneously formed by chloroperoxidase-mediated chlorination of acetic and humic acids. The degree of biodegradation of chloroacetic acids in soil depends on their concentration. Dichloroacetic acid (DCA) is degraded faster than trichloroacetic acid (TCA). Chlorination of acetic acid led to a fast formation of dichloroacetic acid, whereas chlorination of humic acids gave rise to trichloroacetic acid. Both processes lead to a steady state in soil, participate in the chlorine cycle and possibly also in decomposition of organic matter in forest ecosystems.     

Comparative study of humic acids of the mound of a wood-feeding termite and of the litter directly below in the Amazon river delta

In order to determine the role of termites in the recycling of organic matter and in humification processes, organic matter from the mound of a wood-feeding termite (Nasutitermes sp.) and from the litter directly below has been studied in secondary forest on the campus of Belem University, in Brazil. The carbon content was slightly lower in the litter (just beneath the mound) than in the mound, but nitrogen was much more abundant in the mound. As a consequence, the C/N ratio of fragmented litter total organic matter is very high, which shows that the humification process is not complete. Therefore, plant debris seemed to be more degraded in the mound than in the litter, indicating a humification gradient from mound to litter. Humic acid extracted from the mound and from the litter was compared by using elemental, E4/E6 ratio, spectroscopic (FTIR) analyses, and Sephadex gel chromatography. First, humic acids were more abundant in the mound than in the litter, showing that humification processes were more advanced in the mound than in the litter. Gel-permeation chromatography showed that the humic acids of the mound contained more low-molecular-weight fractions than those of the litter. In addition, the results of infrared spectra, E4/E6 ratio and elemental composition can confirm the fulvic character of mound material and the humic character of litter material. Therefore, the plant debris seems to follow two different humification pathways in the two environments, as long as the mound is alive.     

Comparative study of humic acids of the mound of a wood-feeding termite and of the litter directly below in the Amazon river delta

In order to determine the role of termites in the recycling of organic matter and in humification processes, organic matter from the mound of a wood-feeding termite (Nasutitermes sp.) and from the litter directly below has been studied in secondary forest on the campus of Belem University, in Brazil. The carbon content was slightly lower in the litter (just beneath the mound) than in the mound, but nitrogen was much more abundant in the mound. As a consequence, the C/N ratio of fragmented litter total organic matter is very high, which shows that the humification process is not complete. Therefore, plant debris seemed to be more degraded in the mound than in the litter, indicating a humification gradient from mound to litter. Humic acid extracted from the mound and from the litter was compared by using elemental, E4/E6 ratio, spectroscopic (FTIR) analyses, and Sephadex gel chromatography. First, humic acids were more abundant in the mound than in the litter, showing that humification processes were more advanced in the mound than in the litter. Gel-permeation chromatography showed that the humic acids of the mound contained more low-molecular-weight fractions than those of the litter. In addition, the results of infrared spectra, E4/E6 ratio and elemental composition can confirm the fulvic character of mound material and the humic character of litter material. Therefore, the plant debris seems to follow two different humification pathways in the two environments, as long as the mound is alive.     

Effect of ammonoxidation on lignite properties

Oxidised lignite is a potential alternative source of N fertilizers. Ammonoxidation is the reaction of a given substrate with oxygen in aqueous ammonia. Lignite ammonoxidation is used for converting low-rank lignite into slowly nitrogen-releasing artificial humic matter. A lignite sample is compared before and after ammonoxidation in terms of geochemical and petrological properties, as well as the acid–base and physical hydrophobic sorptive behavior. The most obvious change caused by ammonoxidation is the decrease of attrinite, texto-ulminite and textinite in favor mainly of densinite and gelohuminite. In general, the ammonoxidative reactions promote the destruction of the structured humic macerals (texto-ulminite, textinite), and the formation of gels, which resulted in the cementation of the freely fine humic particles (attrinite). The pzc values are 3.4 and 4.3 for oxidised and non-oxidised lignite, respectively. After ammonoxidation the contents of carboxylic and free phenolic groups are found to be lower. The oxidised lignite shows a statistically lower sorptive capacity and affinity than the original sample due to a possible decrease in the hydrophobicity of the lignite.     

Strong adsorption of DNA molecules on humic acids

Analysing soil microbial communities is often hampered by DNA adsorption on soil organic compounds such as humic acids. However the role of humic acids in DNA adsorption and stability in soils remains controversial. To characterize DNA–humic acid interactions, we studied DNA adsorption on two commercially available humic acids and a soil humic acid extracted from an Andosol. Desorption of the adsorbed DNA using 4 different solutions—distilled water, 0.1 M NaCl, 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0), and 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate solution—was also studied to understand the mechanism of DNA adsorption on humic acids. Here, we show that humic acids play an important role in DNA adsorption to soils. DNA molecules were adsorbed on the humic acids, with adsorption increasing proportionally with the DNA concentrations in the solution. The adsorption on all humic acid samples was fitted with Freundlich equation, and the parameters obtained from the equation indicated a high affinity between the humic acids and DNA molecules. The total amount of DNA desorbed by the 4 solutions was less than 2% of the total DNA adsorbed on all the humic acids. The results demonstrate that DNA molecules are able to bind strongly to humic acids by ligand binding, hydrophobic interaction, aggregation, or precipitation.     

京密引水中天然有机物的形态

用改进的Ｌｅｅｎｈｅｅｒ分离方法，并引入最新的ＸＡＤ－８，ＸＡＤ－４树脂串联技术，将京密引水中有机物定量分离为悬浮和溶解态两大类。后者又进一步分离为憎水有机物、腐殖酸类，ＸＡＤ－４酸和亲水中性有机物等形成。溶解态有机物含量约为３ｍｇＣ／ｌ，其中一半左右为腐殖酸类。ＸＡＤ－４酸占溶解态有机１５－２０％，非极性憎水有机物所占比例很低。     

In vitro degradation of the herbicide atrazine by soil and wood decay fungi controlled through Elisa technique

The interaction between atrazine, a triazine herbicide, and a series of decay fungi was characterized in terms of biodegradation of the herbicide and its influence on fungal growth. The following fungi were studied: thermophilic cellulolytic (Penicillium sp. 13) and noncellulolytic (Humicola lanuginosa sp. 5 and 12) strains isolated from self‐heated plant composts, mesophilic diphenol oxidase producing strain Mycelia sterilia INBI 2–26, white‐rot fungi Cerrena maxima, Coriolopsis fulvocinerea and Coriolus hirsutus. Competitive enzyme immunoassay was elaborated for detection of atrazine in cultural liquid. During agar plate cultivation the growth of Humicola sp. 5 was promoted by atrazine whereas the growth of Humicola sp. 12 and Penicillium sp. 13 was suppressed whereas M. sterilia INBI 2–26 was not affected by the herbicide. Neither atrazine‐accelerated nor atrazine‐depressed thermophilic strains decomposed atrazine during 21‐day cultivation according to ELISA data. In contrast, white‐rot fungi Coriolus hirsutus, Coriolopsis fuhocinerea and Cerrena maxima degraded nearly 50% of the herbicide in 5‐day submerged cultivation and 80–92% of the herbicide up to the 40th day. The soil strain M. sterilia INBI 2–26 decomposed 70% of atrazine in 17‐day cultivation. The degradation level depended of the time of atrazine introduction to the growing media. The relationships between the degree of atrazine decomposition and laccase and Mn‐peroxidase production were shown.