低压离子色谱分离-吐温-20增敏偶合化学发光检测Cr(Ⅵ)

Cr(Ⅵ)经低压离子色谱分离,与K4Fe(CN)6反应生成的K3Fe(CN)6再和Luminol化学发光反应偶合,表面活性剂吐温-20对此化学发光有很强的增敏作用.优化条件下,Cr(Ⅵ)浓度与化学发光强度在2.8×10-9-1.0×10-6g·ml-1范围内成正比,检出限达9.3×10-10g·ml-1.用于江水中Cr(Ⅵ)测定,结果与标准方法一致.     

铬天青S-铝(Ⅲ)-聚乙二醇4000体系的共振散射光谱及其应用

在pH5 0的NaAc HAc缓冲溶液及非离子表面活性剂聚乙二醇 40 0 0存在下 ,铬天青S与铝 (Ⅲ )形成络合物微粒体系 ,在 40 0nm和 5 30nm处出现两个较强的共振散射峰 .共振散射光强度与Al(Ⅲ )的浓度在 0 0 84— 0 84μg·ml- 1 范围内呈良好的线性关系 ,考察了适宜的反应条件及共存物质的影响 .建立了一个共振散射光谱测定水中Al的方法 ,其结果与分光光度法一致 .     

罗丹明染料荧光猝灭法分别测定痕量二氧化氯和亚氯酸根

在碱性条件下,ClO2氧化罗丹明染料发生荧光猝灭可选择性地测定ClO2的含量,而ClO2-不干扰测定;在酸性条件下可测量ClO2与ClO2-共同产生的荧光猝灭强度,利用差减法可求出ClO2-的含量.对于罗丹明S,罗丹明G,罗丹明B及丁基罗丹明B四体系,ClO2浓度分别在0.00840-0.53μg·ml-1,0.0930-3.15μg·ml-1,0.215-2.610μg·ml-1及0.0825-1.096μg·ml-1范围内,与四体系的荧光猝灭强度呈线性关系;亚氯酸根浓度分别在0.00950-0.711μg·ml-1,0.0940-2.36μg·ml-1,0.473-4.73μg·ml-1及0.473-2.36μg·ml-1范围内,与四体系的荧光猝灭强度呈线性关系.另外,选择罗丹明S荧光猝灭法分别测定了饮用水中ClO2及ClO2-,获得了满意的结果.     

中国室内和室外灰尘中邻苯二甲酸酯的分布和健康风险评价

邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)是一类内分泌干扰物,作为塑料添加剂被大量生产和使用,其环境污染和风险评价已成为当今关注的焦点。对中国各地区88个室内灰尘样品和86个室外灰尘样品进行了调查,发现邻苯二甲酸酯在两类灰尘中广泛存在,10种邻苯二甲酸酯的总浓度分别为9.60~4 130μg·g~(-1)dw和0.102~1 430μg·g~(-1)dw,且室内灰尘中邻苯二甲酸酯含量高于室外灰尘。研究还表明,不同地区的邻苯二甲酸酯含量差异很大,但邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DnBP)和邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(Di BP)在各地区都是主要组分,三者总量占总PAEs的95%以上。估算了成人和儿童每天通过灰尘摄入DEHP、Dn BP、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)的总量分别为5.32×10~(-2)~1.81、2.21×10~(-2)~0.595、1.90×10~(-4)~5.62×10~(-3)μg·kg~(-1)bw·d~(-1)和1.20~8.32、0.704~3.47、4.48×10~(-3)~2.43×10~(-2)μg·kg~(-1)bw·d~(-1);灰尘中DEHP对成人和儿童的致癌风险(R)分别为7.45×10-7~2.53×10-6和1.68×10-5~1.16×10~(-4)。上述研究结果为进一步评价该类物质健康风险提供科学依据和基础资料。     

藉过硫酸钾—茜素紫催化法测定痕量铅

茜素紫被过硫酸钾氧化褪色的反应能被Pb~(2+)催化,可用于催化光度法测定痕量铅.在pH8.2的硼酸缓冲溶液中,过硫酸钾和茜素紫的浓度分别为|0.03和3.75×10~(-5)mol/L时,用固定时间法测定铅的灵敏度为1.255吸光度值|(μg/mL)~(-1),Bi~(3+)<3.5μg/L时不干扰.Ag~+,Cu~(2+),Cd~(2+),Zn~(2+),Fe~(3+)的干扰可用掩蔽除去,但Ag~+超过|5μg/mL时不能掩蔽.     

杭州市空气中PM10的化学组成特征

于2001年2月至2002年4月在杭州5个空气质量自动监测子站采集了176组PM_(10)样品,分析了22种化学元素、5种离子以及有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的含量,并讨论了PM_(10)的化学组成特征.杭州市空气中铅污染仍然存在,硫的存在形式主要为水溶性硫酸盐.5种水溶性离子的浓度由大到小排列的顺序是SO~(2-)_4>NO_3~->NH_4~ >Cl~->F~-,大气中NH_4~ 主要是以(NH_4)_2SO_4,NH_4HSO_4和NH_4NO_3的形式存在.OC和EC浓度分别为20·4μg·m~(-3)和4·0μg·m~(-3),其相关性不好表明碳的来源复杂.PM_(10)的物质平衡计算表明,局地地质尘是最高的化学组分,达27·7%,其次为有机物23·9%,第三为硫酸盐16·2%,这3个组分占PM_(10)的67·8%,其它为硝酸盐6·3%,铵盐6·1%,微量元素5·5%,元素碳3·4%以及未测组分11·0%.     

气溶胶水溶性无机物及有机物的离子色谱测定

利用离子色谱技术同时测定大气气溶胶中的水溶性有机物 (WSOC)与各种无机成分 ,检测出 1 2种无机离子 (F- ,Cl- ,NO-2 ,NO-3 ,SO2 -3 ,SO2 -4 ,PO3-4 ,Na ,NH 4,K ,Mg2 ,Ca2 )及 7种WSOC (甲酸、乙酸、甲磺酸、乙二酸、丙二酸、丁二酸、戊二酸 ) .该方法对无机离子的线性范围为 0 0 1— 1 0 0 0 μg·m- 3,有机物的线性范围为 0 0 0 5—1 0 μg·m- 3,相关系数除NH 4以外均高于 99 9% ,最低检测限为 0 0 0 0 1— 0 0 0 0 5 μg·m- 3,相对标准偏差为 0 43— 1 32 % .利用该技术 ,对北京市 2 0 0 1— 2 0 0 2年度大气PM2 5中水溶性物种的浓度水平进行了测定 .结果表明 ,北京市PM2 5中主要的水溶性组分为SO2 -4 ,NO-3 和NH 4,其浓度水平分别为 1 1 1 ,7 8和 6 2 μg·m- 3,各占PM2 5 质量的 1 0 6% ,7 4%及5 7% ,而WSOC的浓度水平为 0 0 1 1— 0 1 1 8μg·m- 3,占PM2 5质量浓度的 0 0 1— 0 1 % ,其中 ,乙二酸的浓度最高 ,其次为乙酸、丁二酸 ,丙二酸等 .     

内蒙古某地区饮用水砷含量与人体暴露及致癌风险分析

砷的季节变化对暴露评估及健康风险评价的准确性具有重要影响。选择内蒙古某饮水型砷中毒病区为研究区,评估不同季节砷的直接摄入量、间接摄入量和皮肤接触吸收量,并评价砷的致癌健康风险。结果表明:(1)研究区男性和女性居民砷的摄入量分别为1.80和1.89μg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),明显高于对照区的0.08和0.08μg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1);研究区男性和女性居民砷的皮肤接触吸收量分别为8.89×10~(-4)和1.10×10~(-3)μg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),明显高于对照区的4.18×10~(-5)和4.93×10~(-5)μg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)。(2)研究区居民的砷摄入量占摄入及皮肤接触途径暴露量之和的99.93%以上,夏季及冬季砷暴露量占全年砷暴露量的89.04%以上。(3)研究区男性和女性居民砷的致癌健康风险分别为3.75×10~(-5)和3.67×10~(-5)a~(-1)。由研究结果可知,摄入是饮水型砷暴露的主要途径;夏季砷的暴露量最高,冬季次之;研究区居民摄入及皮肤接触途径的砷致癌健康风险均超过可接受风险水平(10~(-6)a~(-1))。     

贵阳秋季PM_(2.5)水溶性离子组成特征及来源解析

水溶性无机离子是PM_(2.5)的主要组分之一,对研究PM_(2.5)的物理化学性质,来源及其形成机理具有重要意义.本研究于2017年9月—2017年11月期间在贵阳城区采集了80个PM_(2.5)样品,并测定了8种水溶性离子浓度,探讨贵阳秋季PM_(2.5)水溶性离子组成特征及来源.结果表明贵阳秋季PM_(2.5)中无机离子的平均质量浓度为15.99μg·m~(-3),阴离子和阳离子的平均质量浓度分别为10. 90μg·m~(-3)、5. 09μg·m~(-3); SO_4~(2-)(8. 53±4.63μg·m~(-3))平均质量浓度最高,其次是NH_4~+(2.56±1.62μg·m~(-3))、NO_3~-(2.21±2.96μg·m~(-3))、Ca~(2+)(1.98±0.88μg·m~(-3)),最后依次是K~+(0.37±0.24μg·m~(-3))、Cl-(0.16±0.11μg·m~(-3))、Mg~(2+)(0.11±0.03μg·m~(-3))、Na~+(0.07±0.06μg·m~(-3)); NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-是主要水溶性离子,所占比例为83%; NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-)值平均为0.21±0.12,远小于1,说明贵阳秋季PM_(2.5)以固定源污染为主.相关性分析表明,PM_(2.5)中NH_4~+主要以(NH_4)_2SO_4、NH_4HSO_4、NH_4NO_3的形式存在,Ca~(2+)与Mg~(2+)来源可能相同.结合富集系数分析NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)、K~+、Mg~(2+)基本都是来源于陆源贡献,NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)是人为源,Ca~(2+)、K~+、Mg~(2+)是地壳源,此外Mg~(2+)还有一部分海源贡献.     

黑液电渗析回收碱的研究

采用电渗析法回收草浆黑液中的氢氧化钠,在恒压条件下,曝气时电渗析的效率比不曝气时好,90min时,曝气和不曝气条件下疏水氟膜的R值分别为1.62×10-6mol·ml-1·cm-2和8.48×10-7mol·ml-1·cm-2.在恒流条件下,不曝气时电渗析的效果反而好,180min时,曝气和不曝气条件下疏水氟膜的R值分别为3.24×10-6mol·ml-1·cm-2和3.76×10-6mol·ml-1·cm-2.疏水氟膜的电渗析效果远好于阳离子交换膜.在恒流不曝气条件下,180min时阳离子交换膜和疏水氟膜的R值分别为4.95 ×10-7mol·ml-1·cm-2和3.76×10-6 mol·ml-1·cm-2.在各种影响因素中,电极间距较小时效果好;电流变大时,能耗迅速上升,钠离子回收率也有所下降.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.