代森锰锌及其代谢物乙撑硫脲在马铃薯和土壤中的残留动态

采用田间试验方法研究代森锰锌及其代谢物乙撑硫脲(ETU)在马铃薯和土壤中的残留动态.气相色谱法定量分析,本方法马铃薯中代森锰锌和ETU的平均回收率分别为85.41%-95.47%和87.71%-92.19%;土壤中代森锰锌和ETU的平均回收率分别为85.61%-103.09%和91.08%-94.46%.结果表明:代森锰锌和ETU在马铃薯茎叶中消解较快,在合肥市和天津市两地其消解半衰期分别为6.41-7.89d和6.16-7.15d;在土壤中的消解半衰期分别为5.26-7.71d和9.80-10.16d.在马铃薯上使用了72%锰锌·霜脲可湿性粉剂,按照推荐剂量的2倍(3240gai·ha-1)最多施药4次,采收期距最后一次施药7d,马铃薯中代森锰锌残留量小于1.0mg·kg-1,ETU小于0.05mg·kg-1.说明该药为低残留、易消解农药.     

施药与采样技术对代森锰锌在苹果和土壤中残留量的影响

研究了施药技术和采样方法对土壤和苹果中代森锰锌残留原始沉积量的影响.结果表明,在不同剂型、相同有效成分用药量下,代森锰锌在土壤中的原始沉积量不同,30%代森锰锌悬浮剂喷雾后在土壤中的原始沉积量(1.37—1.57 mg·kg-1)高于70%可湿性粉剂(1.03—1.26 mg·kg-1)和75%水分散粒剂(1.04—1.17 mg·kg-1);同种剂型和剂量条件下,施药液量对代森锰锌在土壤中的原始沉积量有显著影响,随着施药液量的增加,原始沉积量呈递减趋势.喷片孔径从0.7 mm增大至1.6 mm时,代森锰锌在土壤中的原始沉积量由0.76 mg·kg-1增大至0.90 mg·kg-1.样品直径6 cm和8 cm对苹果上原始沉积量影响不大.相同施药量下不同苹果品种残留量差异显著.重复间小直径样品所占比例升高,残留量增大.可见施药技术和采样方法是影响农药原始沉积量的主要因素.     

HPLC法检测灭蝇胺在黄瓜和土壤中的残留

建立了高效液相色谱测定灭蝇胺在黄瓜和土壤中残留的方法,灭蝇胺的最小检出量为4×10-10g.对黄瓜样品,在005—50mg·kg-1时,平均回收率为762—862%;变异系数为04—20%,最低检出浓度为002mg·kg-1.对土壤样品,在02—50mg·kg-1时,平均回收率为854—881%;变异系数为06—14%,最低检出浓度为002mg·kg-1.     

咪鲜胺及其代谢物在黄瓜和土壤中残留的分析方法

建立了气相色谱法测定咪鲜胺及其代谢物在黄瓜和土壤中残留的分析方法.咪鲜胺的最小检出量为15×10-11g;最低检出浓度为0001mg·kg-1;在浓度为002—20mg·kg-1时,平均回收率为756%—1060%;变异系数为25%—115%.     

烯肟菌酯在苹果及土壤中的残留动态研究

对烯肟菌酯在苹果和土壤中的残留消解规律和最终残留进行分析,结果表明,烯肟菌酯的最小检出量为4.10×10-13 g,对苹果和土壤中烯肟菌酯的最小检出浓度分别为0.002 mg·kg-1和0.003mg·kg-1,苹果中烯肟菌酯的平均回收率为92.19%-97.69%,变异系数为4.78%-10.71%;土壤中烯肟菌酯平均回收率为100.43%-107.84%,变异系数为2.21%-4.61%.烯肟菌酯在苹果中的消解动态以及最终残留试验显示,烯肟菌酯消解较快,在天津市和合肥市两地苹果中降解的半衰期分别为7.74d和2.91d,土壤中降解的半衰期分别为8.85d和11.09d.在苹果树上按推荐剂量的2倍使用18%氟环唑·烯肟菌酯悬浮剂施药3次,距最后一次施药21d,烯肟菌酯在苹果和土壤中的残留量分别为0.0247mg·kg-1-0.0843mg·kg-1和0.1013mg·kg-1-0.1480mg·kg-1,苹果收获时烯肟菌酯的消解率在90%以上.     

湘中某工矿区土壤及作物砷污染特征及其健康风险评价

为研究湘中某工矿区土壤及作物砷污染特征及健康风险,采集稻田和菜园土壤及对应的糙米和蔬菜样品,测定其砷含量,评价土壤和作物砷污染特征与人类健康风险.研究结果表明,66个稻田土壤样品中,砷含量均值为91.91 mg·kg-1;18个菜园土壤样品中,均值为69.06 mg·kg-1.对应的66个糙米样品中,砷(以无机砷计)均值为0.45 mg·kg-1;61个叶菜类蔬菜样品中,砷含量均值为4.89 mg·kg-1,8个根茎类蔬菜样品中,砷含量均值为1.03 mg·kg-1.单因子污染评价结果表明,稻田土壤样品中砷轻、中、重度污染的比例分别为36.36%、15.15%、28.79%;菜园土壤为:45.45%、39.39%、15.15%;糙米为:38.89%、22.22%、33.33%.蔬菜为:8.70%、18.83%、66.67%.人类健康风险评价结果表明,糙米、叶菜类蔬菜和根茎类蔬菜的日均暴露剂量(ADD)分别为:8.57×10-4、5.43×10-4、0.28×10-4mg·kg-1·d-1,其中糙米和叶菜类蔬菜超过了美国环境保护局(USEPA)和世界卫生组织(WHO)制定的成人砷允许摄入量3×10-4mg·kg-1·d-1.糙米的危险度(HQ)为2.86,叶菜类蔬菜为1.81,根茎类蔬菜为0.09.该工矿区土壤、水稻和蔬菜均存在不同程度的砷污染,对人体健康存在较大的潜在风险.     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱检测猪粪中残留的四环素类抗生素

本研究建立了超高效液相色谱/四极杆-飞行时间串联质谱(UPLC/Q-ToF Ms/Ms)测定猪粪中残留土霉素、四环素和金霉素的方法.样品分别经Mc Ⅰ lvaine-Na2EDTA缓冲液和超声提取、SPE固相萃取后,采用超高效液相色谱分离,紫外检测外标法定量,四级杆-飞行时间串联质谱仪正离子模式定性.在0.5mg·kg-1DW-10 mg·kg-1Dw(dry weight)范围内,土霉素、四环素、金霉素的标准曲线R2均大于0.99,相对标准偏差小于3%,样品加标平均回收率在70.0%-113.0%之间;采用该方法,土霉素、四环素和金霉素的检测可在5min内完成,它们的检出限分别为0.1 mg·kg-1,0.1 mg·kg-1和0.2 mg·kg-1.北京地区万头养猪场猪粪样品的检测结果表明,这3种四环素均有不同程度的检出,其中土霉素浓度范围10.5mg·kg-1DW-513.4 mg·kg-1DW,四环素浓度范围12.53-77.10 mg·kg-1Dw,金霉素浓度范围0.0-19.22 mg·kg-1Dw.     

阿维菌素在油菜和土壤中残留及降解行为研究

在北京和山东两地对阿维菌素在油菜和土壤中的残留以及降解动态进行了研究.样品衍生化后用高效液相色谱-荧光检测器对阿维菌素进行分析,在0.005 mg·kg-1-0.100 mg·kg-1的浓度下,该方法在油菜和土壤中的回收率分别为88.3%-99.3%和85.9%-95.9%,相对标准偏差分别为4.0%-7.2%和4.4...     

噻嗪酮在番茄和土壤中的残留分析

建立了一种固相萃取-反相高效液相色谱检测噻嗪酮在番茄和土壤中残留的方法.方法的添加回收率为79.8%-109.2%,变异系数为2.8%-7.0%.最小检出量为6×10-11g,最低检测浓度为0.01mg·kg-1.消解动态研究表明,噻嗪酮在番茄中的消解半衰期为3.27-3.83d,在土壤中的消解半衰期为10.57-12.91d.最终残留试验研究表明,在嚷嗪酮含量为432g(a.I.)-ha-1与216g(a.I.)·ha-1,施药2次和3次的情况下,噻嗪酮在番茄中的最终残留2d为0.076-0.237 mg·kg-1,3d为0.013-0.105mg·kg-1噻嗪酮在土壤中的最终残留2d为0.067-0.294mg·kg-1,3d为0.044-0.197mg·kg-1.     

60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂中吡唑醚菌酯在葡萄和土壤中的残留分析

建立了一种固相萃取-反相高效液相色谱检测60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂中吡唑醚菌酯在葡萄和土壤中的残留方法.方法的回收率为80.4%-98.4%,变异系数为1.8%-3.8%.最小检出量为2×10-10g,最低检测浓度为0.01 mg·kg-1.消解动态研究表明,吡唑醚菌酯在葡萄和土壤中消解较快,其半衰期分别为3.7-3.8d和8.7-10.2d.最终残留试验表明,60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂900mg(a.i.)·kg-1喷雾,4次药后7d,吡唑醚菌酯在葡萄和土壤中的最终残留量分别为0.1585-0.1886mg·kg-1和0.6935-0.7245 mg·kg-1,低于CAC规定吡唑醚菌酯在葡萄中的最高允许残留量(MRL值)2.0 mg·k-1.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.     

Mitigating the effects of climate change on the nests of sea turtles with artificial irrigation

For sea turtles, like many oviparous species, increasing temperatures during development threaten to increase embryonic mortality, alter offspring quality, and potentially create suboptimal primary sex ratios. Various methods are being implemented to mitigate the effects of climate change on reproductive success, but these methods, such as breeding programs, translocations, and shading, are often invasive and expensive. Irrigation is an alternative strategy for cooling nests that, depending on location, can be implemented relatively quickly and cheaply. However, multiple factors, including ambient conditions, nest substrate, and species characteristics, can influence irrigation success. Additionally, irrigation can vary in duration, frequency, and the volume of water applied to nests, which influences the cooling achieved and embryonic survival. Thus, it is critical to understand how to maximize cooling and manage risks before implementing irrigation as a nest-cooling strategy. We reviewed the literature on nest irrigation to examine whether artificial irrigation is feasible as a population management tool. Key factors that affected cooling were the volume of water applied and the frequency of applications. Embryonic responses varied with species, ambient conditions, and the timing of irrigation during development. Nest inundation was the key risk to a successful irrigation regime. Future irrigation regimes must identify clear targets, either primary or adult sex ratios, that maximize population viability. Monitoring population responses and adjusting the irrigation regime in response to population characteristics will be critical. Most studies reported on the manipulation of only one or two variables, further research is required to understand how altering multiple factors in an irrigation regime influences the cooling achieved and embryonic responses.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Positive and Negative Effects of a Threatened Parrotfish on Reef Ecosystems

Species that are strong interactors play disproportionately important roles in the dynamics of natural ecosystems. It has been proposed that their presence is necessary for positively shaping the structure and functioning of ecosystems. We evaluated this hypothesis using the case of the world's largest parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum), a globally imperiled species. We used direct observation, animal tracking, and computer simulations to examine the diverse routes through which B. muricatum affects the diversity, dispersal, relative abundance, and survival of the corals that comprise the foundation of reef ecosystems. Our results suggest that this species can influence reef building corals in both positive and negative ways. Field observation and simulation outputs indicated that B. muricatum reduced the abundance of macroalgae that can outcompete corals, but they also feed directly on corals, decreasing coral abundance, diversity, and colony size. B. muricatum appeared to facilitate coral advancement by mechanically dispersing coral fragments and opening up bare space for coral settlement, but they also damaged adult corals and remobilized a large volume of potentially stressful carbonate sediment. The impacts this species has on reefs appears to be regulated in part by its abundance—the effects of B. muricatum were more intense in simulation scenarios populated with high densities of these fish. Observations conducted in regions with high and low predator (e.g., sharks) abundance generated results that are consistent with the hypothesis that these predators of B. muricatum may play a role in governing their abundance; thus, predation may modulate the intensity of the effects they have on reef dynamics. Overall our results illustrate that functionally unique and threatened species may not have universally positive impacts on ecosystems and that it may be necessary for environmental managers to consider the diverse effects of such species and the forces that mediate the strength of their influence. Efectos Positivos y Negativos de un Pez Loro Amenazado Sobre Ecosistemas Arrecifales     

Form-specific fragances fromOphrys insectifera L. (Orchidaceae) attract species of different pollinator genera. Evidence of sympatric speciation?

Two closely related forms ofOphrys insectifera were observed in the field to attract different pollinator species selectively.O. i. ssp.insectifera attracted males of two species ofArgogorytes (Sphecidae, Hymenoptera Aculeata) andO. i. ssp.aymoninii attractedAndrena combinata males (Andrenidae, Apoidea, Hymenoptera Aculeata). A third form,O. aff.i. ssp.insectifera, attracted none of these three species. Volatile compounds from flowers and inflorescences of the three forms (originating from Öland, Sweden, and Aveyron, France) were collected, using entrainment, enfleurage, and solvent extraction techniques, and identified by gas chromatography — mass spectrometry. Scent differences between the three forms were confirmed in the amounts of aliphatic hydrocarbons (C₁₁–C₁₉), methyl esters (C₁₄–C₁₈), short chain aliphatic 1-alcohols (C₆–C₁₂), and monoterpene alcohols (C₁₀).     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.