塑料增塑剂对凡纳滨对虾存活、生长和免疫的影响(Effects of Plastic Plasticizers on Survival, Growth and Immune Factors of Litopenaeus vannamei)

研究了塑料增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)存活、生长和免疫的影响.96h急性毒性实验表明,在助溶剂Tween20的安全浓度范围内,随着DMP、DEP、DBP和DOP水平的升高,凡纳滨对虾存活率呈下降趋势,24h、48h、72h和96h的LC50分别为40.33、35.29、25.48、19.14mg·L-1,30.52、23.45、16.96、15.38mg·L-1,7.51、6.97、6.57、6.06mg·L-1和6.85、5.87、5.01、4.47mg·L-1;DMP、DEP、DBP和DOP对凡纳滨对虾的安全浓度随塑料增塑剂碳链的增加呈下降趋势,分别为8.11、4.15、1.80和1.29mg·L-1.90d慢性毒性实验表明,凡纳滨对虾存活率、特定生长率、血清蛋白含量、血清酚氧化酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性均以对照组和0.0400mg·L-1助溶剂Tween20处理组最高,而且显著高于1/100倍DMP、DEP、DBP和DOP安全浓度处理组(p<0.05).     

芽孢杆菌植酸酶phy(ycD)基因在大肠杆菌中的异源表达与纯化

为研究中性植酸酶的性质,将芽孢杆菌来源植酸酶基因phy(ycD)构建到大肠杆菌表达载体pET-28a(+)上,进行诱导表达,利用Ni-NAT和Superdex-75纯化后,对重组植酸酶r-phy(ycD)的性质进行分析.结果显示,该酶是Ca2+依赖性酶,Ca2+最适浓度为1 mmol/L,酶比活为4.7 U/mg,酶促反应的最适pH为6.5,在中性条件下稳定,最适反应温度为45℃,K m值和V max值分别为0.213 mmol/L和5.55 U/mg.Zn2+、Ni2+、Ba2+和Ag2+对酶促反应均有显著抑制作用.本研究表明,Ca2+对该类酶的活性和热稳定性起着关键性作用,因此在表达和纯化过程中需要在培养基和纯化所需的各类缓冲液中添加Ca2+.     

猪精液酸性N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶的纯化及性质水

以杜洛克猪精液为材料,采用硫酸铵分级沉淀、DEAE-32阴离子交换柱层析和Sephadex G-100分子筛柱层析纯化,获得纯化倍数为27.64、比活力为1 773.25 U mg~(-1)的酸性N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶纯酶制剂.经SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法测定,纯酶两种亚基相对分子质量分别为129.13×10~3和62.24×10~3.对其酶学性质的研究结果表明,酶的等电点为5.10,最适pH值为5.5,最适温度为60℃.酶在pH 3.6~9.2、温度10℃～55 ℃的范围内较稳定.以对硝基苯-N-乙酰-β-D-氨罐葡萄糖苷(pNP-NAG)为底物,测得米氏常数K_m为0.455 mmol L~(-1),最大反应速度V_m为17.34μmol L~(-1)min~(-1),活化能为41.70 kJ mol~(-1).图8表1参15     

Hg2+和Pb2+对中国鲎N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶的影响

节肢动物蜕皮与N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(EC3.2.1.52,NAGase)密切相关。为了探究Hg~(2+)和Pb~(2+)这2种重金属离子对节肢动物NAGase的影响,以中国鲎(Tachypleus tridentatus)为材料,从其内脏分离提取了NAGase。利用酶促反应动力学方法,研究Hg~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对中国鲎NAGase的影响;通过对酶荧光发射光谱的测定,研究NAGase酶蛋白经Hg~(2+)和Pb~(2+)作用后的空间构象变化。结果表明,Hg~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对中国鲎NAGase均有较强的抑制作用,Hg~(2+)对NAGase的抑制作用强于Pb~(2+),Hg~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对NAGase的抑制作用均表现为可逆过程,其中Hg~(2+)对NAGase的抑制属于竞争性抑制作用,抑制常数KI为22.68μmol·L~(-1),Hg~(2+)只与游离酶结合,不与酶-底物络合物结合;而Pb~(2+)对NAGase的抑制是属于竞争性-非竞争性混合型抑制作用,抑制常数KI和KIS分别为19.13 mmol·L~(-1)和75.23 mmol·L~(-1),Pb~(2+)与游离酶的亲和力相比与酶-底物络合物的亲和力更强。NAGase经Hg~(2+)和Pb~(2+)作用后荧光发射强度均降低,但荧光发射峰值并没有发生位移,说明Hg~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对中国鲎NAGase的抑制作用均为酶蛋白空间构象的变化所致。这证明了Hg~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对中国鲎NAGase活力具调控作用。     

大肠杆菌植酸酶的原核表达及酶学性质

将大肠杆菌植酸酶appA摹因重组于表达载体pET32a中,导人大肠杆菌Origami(DE3)构建工程菌Origami(DE3)-pET32aappA.对表达的appA重组植酸酶经Ni柱亲和纯化、SDS-PAGE分析表明,纯化后条带单一,酶的纯度较高.对其酶学性质的研究表明,该酶反应的比活力为3.36×106 U/mg;最适pH为4.5;最适温度为60℃ ;在80℃和85℃的耐干热能力超过耐湿热能力;在37℃下,Mg2+、Ca2+、Mn2+对酶活性有促进作用,CO2+、Cu2+、K+对酶活性有不同程度的抑制作用,而Fe3+和Zn2+对酶活性有强烈的抑制作用;此外,该酶还具有非常好的抗胃蛋白酶水解的能力和部分抗胰蛋白酶水解的能力.图8表1参21     

果糖对莆田黑猪精液中NAGase的抑制动力学

为了解精液中不同类型糖类物质对精子细胞中N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAGase)的影响,以莆田黑猪精液NAGase为材料,研究精液和精液稀释液主要成分之一果糖对酶的抑制作用.结果显示,果糖对NAGase具有浓度效应(IC50=575 mmol L-1).果糖对NAGase的抑制类型是可逆的非竞争性抑制,抑制常数是1.27×10-2 mmol L-1.应用底物反应的动力学方法研究果糖对该酶的抑制动力学,建立了抑制动力学模型,证明了果糖对该酶的影响是快速结合再缓慢失活的过程.本研究表明,在高浓度的抑制剂溶液中NAGase将完全失活,底物对其无保护作用.     

日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶初步纯化及部分性质

以日本沼虾内脏为材料,通过硫酸铵沉淀分级分离、DEAE-32离子交换柱层析和SephadexG-100分子筛柱层析纯化,获得比活力为3000Umg-1、纯化倍数为8.88倍的N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶制剂(NAGase).以对-硝基苯-N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖为底物,研究酶催化底物水解的反应动力学,结果表明,酶的最适pH为6.0,最适温度为53℃.该酶在pH4.5~9.3区域较稳定,当pH>9.3很快失活;在50℃以下处理30min,酶活力保持稳定,高于50℃,酶稳定性较差,75℃酶完全失活.酶促反应动力学符合米氏双曲线方程,测得米氏常数Km为0.165mmolL-1,最大反应速度Vm为6.55μmolL-1min-1.酶催化pNP-β-D-GlcNAc反应的活化能为63.55kJmol-1.图5表1参16     

地衣芽孢杆菌生麦芽糖α-淀粉酶的基因克隆与鉴定

以地衣芽孢杆菌ATCC14580基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增出1.7 kb大小的麦芽糖淀粉酶基因amyM,克隆入表达载体pET-28a(+),转化Escherichia.coli BL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导,测定麦芽糖淀粉酶酶活性.结果表明,麦芽糖淀粉酶基因amyM获得了活性表达,酶活力为3.797 U/mL,SDS-1PAGE电泳结果显示出相对分子质量约为67×103的特异性蛋白质条带.酶学性质分析表明,重组麦芽糖淀粉酶的最适反应温度为45℃,最适反应pH为6.5,在45℃以下的中低温环境保持稳定,且能在比较宽的pH范围内(pH 4.5～8.5)稳定.图3表1参16     

β-甘露聚糖酶基因在枯草芽孢杆菌中的克隆及表达

从Bacillus subtilis JNA 3-10中克隆出β-甘露聚糖酶基因成熟肽链编码序列manA1和含信号肽的β-甘露聚糖酶基因manA2,在B.subtilis 168中克隆表达,分别筛选获得高效分泌表达β-甘露聚糖酶的重组菌株BPM1001(pMA5-manA1/B.subtilis 168)和BPM1002(pMA5-manA2/B.subtilis 168),结果表明菌株BPM1002总酶活力是菌株BPM1001的9.65倍,是原始菌株的13.1倍.在基因manA2下游引入His序列克隆出β-甘露聚糖酶基因manA3,获得枯草芽孢杆菌168重组菌株BPM1003.采用Ni-NTA柱纯化重组菌株BPM1003分泌表达的β-甘露聚糖酶,并研究其酶学性质,该酶促反应的最适pH为6.5,最适温度为65℃,在37℃条件下保存一个月酶活力依然保留有77.8%.5 L发酵罐放大实验结果表明魔芋粉对于产β-甘露聚糖酶具有明显的诱导作用,酶活力最高可达2 748.82 U/mL.图9表3参19     

4种重金属离子对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)NAGase活力的影响

研究了Ag+、Pb2+、Zn2+、Hg2+等重金属离子对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkia)N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAGase)活力的影响,结果表明:4种重金属离子对酶活力均有不同程度的可逆抑制作用,其中Hg2+、Zn2+对酶的抑制作用较强,表现为反竞争性抑制,对结合酶(ES)的抑制常数KIS分别为0.07 mmol/L和22.04 mmol/L;而Ag+、Pb2+对酶有先激活后抑制的作用,其中Ag+对酶的抑制作用类型表现为反竞争性抑制,其抑制常数KI为1.08 mmol/L,Pb2+对酶的抑制作用类型表现为非竞争性抑制,其抑制常数KI为26.17 mmol/L.     

Trading-off risks from predators and from aggressive hosts

Some birds exploit the aggressiveness of others that are more capable of defending their nests against predators. Usually this behaviour is selected for through improved breeding success for the timid (associate) species. The risk of predation from the more aggressive (host) species is generally rare but may select against the behaviour. The breeding success of red-breasted geese (Branta ruficollis) nesting in association with peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) in arctic Siberia was investigated from 1995 to 1999. Nest-predation risk for geese within colonies was positively correlated with distance from the falcons' eyries and negatively correlated with colony size. Though predation risk from the hosts was low, the risk of being attacked by the falcons was high, which we suggest explains why the likelihood of geese deserting their nests was negatively correlated with distance from the eyries. The optimal distance geese nested from eyries was 46 m, though only 37% of pairs managed to nest within 20 m of this. In years with low predation pressure, some geese within colonies nested farther from the falcons. This may be the first evidence to suggest a trade-off between costs and benefits in a nesting association, both of which are directly mediated by the host's nest defence behaviour.     

Oxygen-binding properties of haemolymph from the benthic amphipod Monoporeia affinis from the Baltic

The Baltic benthic amphipod Monoporeia affinis (Lindström) has haemocyanin as a respiratory pigment. Haemocyanin constitutes ca. 90% of the total protein in the haemolymph. Oxygen affinity of the pigment is low, a P₅₀ of 4 kPa at pH?7.5 (6?°C). The Bohr factor (Δlog P₅₀/ΔpH) is also low, ?0.51, and the cooperativity coefficient, n₅₀, at P₅₀ is 1.5 to 2.5. The pigment characteristics point to a modest role of the haemocyanin, contrary to what could be expected for this sediment-living amphipod. It is suggested that physically dissolved oxygen is most important as oxygen supplier to the tissues.     

Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions using activated carbon prepared from Cicer arietinum

Removal of Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Zn²⁺ from aqueous solutions by activated carbon prepared from stems and seed hulls of Cicer arietinum, an agricultural solid waste, has been studied. The influence of various parameters, such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and initial concentration of metal ions on removal was evaluated. The activated carbon was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and elemental analysis. Sorption isotherms were studied using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. All experimental sorption data were fitted to the sorption models using nonlinear least-squares regression. The maximum adsorption capacity values for activated carbon prepared from Cicer arietinum waste for metal ions were 18 mg g^?1 (Cu²⁺), 18 mg g^?1 (Cd²⁺), 20 mg g^?1 (Pb²⁺), and 20 mg g^?1 (Zn²⁺), respectively. The Freundlich isotherm model fit was best, followed by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Desorption studies were carried out with dilute hydrochloric acid for quantitative recovery of the metal ions and for regeneration of the adsorbent.     

Sensitivity and acclimation to UV radiation of zoospores from five species of Laminariales from the Arctic

Spores of five Laminariales from Arctic Spitsbergen were exposed in the laboratory to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR; 400–700 nm), PAR+UVA radiation (UVAR; 320–400 nm) and PAR+UVAR+UVB radiation (UVBR; 280–320 nm). Subsequently, germination was monitored over periods of 3, 6 and 9 days. The investigated species were the upper sublittoral Saccorhiza dermatodea, the upper to mid-sublittoral Alaria esculenta and Laminaria digitata, the mid-sublittoral L. saccharina and the lower sublittoral L. solidungula. The germination capacity decreased sharply after 16 h exposure to PAR+UVAR+UVBR in all species. However, S. dermatodea was able to recover from the damaging effects of UVBR. There was also a small increase in percentage germination of A. esculenta 6–9 days after the treatment. No recovery was evident in the other species. After 8 h exposure to PAR+UVA+UVB, L. digitata recovered completely, and L. saccharina and L. solidungula, partially. The only species susceptible to PAR+UVAR was L. solidungula. One prominent cytological feature of UVR-exposed spores was the enlargement of phenolic vesicles (physodes) (particularly seen in S. dermatodea and A. esculenta), which may have a protective function against UVR. Pilot experiments under natural irradiance conditions indicate that the PAR component of solar radiation exerts an additional stress. Overall the data show that zoospores of the species from the upper sublittoral are less sensitive to UVR or have the capacity to recover from UV stress in contrast to species from deeper waters, probably due to their UV protective and repair capabilities.Communicated by O. Kinne, Oldendorf/Luhe     

Sustainability of metal recovery from E-waste

The issue of E-waste disposal is concerning all the stakeholders, from policymakers to the end users which have accelerated the research and development on environmentally sound disposal of E-waste. The recovery of metals (gold, tantalum, copper, iron etc.) from E-waste has become an important focus. The mechanical recycling, thermo-chemical processes like pyrolysis, pyro-, hydro- and biometallurgical processes can play important roles in the Metal Recovery from E-waste (MREW) technology. For the industrial application of the MREW technology, it is important to analyze the sustainability. In this paper, two case studies have been presented on E-waste recycling industries in India and China. Based on the literature data, an attempt has been made to assess qualitatively the overall sustainability of MREW technology considering the three pillars, i.e., environmental, economic and social. Two conceptual frameworks with (Option-2) and without (Option-1) pyrolysis for integrated MREW units have been developed and the generalized energy and environmental impact analysis has been made using the principles of LCA. The impacts of two options have been compared. Option 2 has been found to be more efficient and sustainable. It has been realized that climate change, fossil fuel depletion, water depletion, eutrophication, acidification, fresh and marine water ecotoxicity are possible impact categories. The recommendations based on the generalized assessment are in good agreement with the findings of previous researchers on individual steps of MREW unit. The findings of this paper are expected to be beneficial to researchers and stakeholders for research directions and decision making on MREW.

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利用废聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料制取涂料的研究

文章阐述了利用废旧泡沫塑料研制和开发各种不同用途的涂料的进展，研究了利用废聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料制取涂料的方法，讨论了该涂料的配方选择及性能指标等。     

Mechanisms of arsenic removal from water

In this review paper, various methods for arsenic removal from water have been described by explaining the related mechanisms of each methods. Advantages and drawbacks were discussed. Membrane methods were suggested as reliable methods for elimination of arsenic from water in addition to other conventional separation methods.