低浓度下4个取代苯污染物与硝酸铅的混合对发光菌的联合毒性

多种污染物混合特别是低浓度下的混合对生物的联合毒性是生态毒理学研究的热点之一。选择了3类污染物苯酚、间甲基苯酚、苯胺、对硝基苯胺、硝酸铅,采用美国微板光度计测定了它们对发光菌青海弧菌-Q67(Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.-Q67)的单一及联合毒性。应用非线性拟合技术模拟了这5种物质及其混合物的剂量-效应曲线,硝酸铅可用Logit模型模拟,其它4个物质能用Weibull模型准确描述,所有拟合相关系数在0.98以上,均方根误差在0.02以下。根据纯物质的EC50值,获得这5个物质的毒性强弱顺序:硝酸铅〉对硝基苯胺间甲基苯酚苯酚苯胺。混合实验设计了各物质在EC50、EC1、无观察效应浓度(no observed effect concentration,NOEC)比例的混合。用浓度加和(dose addition,DA)和独立作用模型(independent action,IA)对混合物毒性进行预测。IA基本准确预测了这5个物质在各自EC50混合的毒性。DA与IA模型都稍微过高地预测了以EC1及NOEC浓度比例混合的联合毒性,但都在毒理学实验容许的范围之内。这5个物质以NOEC混合时对测试生物Q67没有产生明显毒性,但是还不能判定这些物质在此浓度下混合是安全的。污染物在各自的NOEC浓度下混合是否对其它生物有潜在的威胁还需更多毒理学实验支持。     

微耗损固相微萃取技术及其在有机污染物自由溶解态浓度测定中的应用

自由溶解态浓度可用于评价污染物的生物有效性,评估污染物的环境风险.本文介绍了微耗损固相微萃取(nd-SPME)技术测定自由溶解态浓度的原理、测定条件和基质干扰等影响因素,并着重总结归纳了nd-SPME技术在在环境基质和生物基质中有机污染物自由溶解态浓度测定中的应用.     

低浓度下4个取代苯污染物与硝酸铅的混合对发光菌的联合毒性

多种污染物混合特别是低浓度下的混合对生物的联合毒性是生态毒理学研究的热点之一。选择了3类污染物苯酚、间甲基苯酚、苯胺、对硝基苯胺、硝酸铅，采用美国微板光度计测定了它们对发光菌青海弧菌．Q67（Vibrio-qinghaiensissp-Q67）的单一及联合毒性。应用非线性拟合技术模拟了这5种物质及其混合物的剂量．效应曲线，硝酸铅可用Logit模型模拟，其它4个物质能用Weibull模型准确描述，所有拟合相关系数在0．98以上，均方根误差在O．02以下。根据纯物质的EC50值，获得这5个物质的毒性强弱顺序：硝酸铅〉对硝基苯胺〉间甲基苯酚〉苯酚〉苯胺。混合实验设计了各物质在EC50、EC1、无观察效应浓度（noobserved effectcon centration，NOEC）比例的混合。用浓度加和（doseaddition，DA）和独立作用模型（independentaction，IA）对混合物毒性进行预测。IA基本准确预测了这5个物质在各自EC50混合的毒性。DA与队模型都稍微过高地预测了以EC。及NOEC浓度比例混合的联合毒性，但都在毒理学实验容许的范围之内。这5个物质以NOEC混合时对测试生物Q67没有产生明显毒性，但是还不能判定这些物质在此浓度下混合是安全的。污染物在各自的NOEC浓度下混合是否对其它生物有潜在的威胁还需更多毒理学实验支持。     

被动加标在水生生态风险评价中的应用——以多氯联苯分配系数的测定为例

准确的水生生态风险评价需要可靠的毒性数据,而其获取要求在一定时间范围内,水体中污染物的浓度保持恒定。对疏水性有机污染物进行水体生物毒性测试时,通常采用有机溶剂加标,然而该方式可能因为污染物的挥发和降解、容器壁吸附、生物摄取等问题,水体中污染物浓度持续下降,导致污染物的浓度-效应关系难以明确。近期为了克服这些问题,被动加标用于替代溶剂加标,通过污染物在加标体系中平衡分配来维持精确和恒定的水体浓度,同时还可通过测定加标聚合物中污染物的浓度来监测水体浓度。首先介绍了被动加标方法及其材料选择,讨论了该方法在生态风险评价中的主要应用,包括分配系数的测定、体外细胞测试、体内生物积累及毒性测试,以及沉积物毒性评价等。然后,以测定代表污染物多氯联苯在聚二甲基硅氧烷与水间的分配系数为例,详细说明被动加标的操作流程。最后,讨论了被动加标方法的优缺点,并对其在水生生态风险中的应用前景进行了展望。     

水体和沉积物中毒害污染物的生态风险评价方法体系研究进展

人类活动导致大量毒害污染物进入水体和沉积物,从而对水生生物产生诸多不利影响.开展毒害污染物的生态风险评价,筛选高风险毒害污染物,是毒害污染物风险管控和生态系统保护的基础.对美国和欧盟等发达国家和地区毒害污染物的生态风险评价方法进行了综述.水体和沉积物中毒害污染物风险评价的基本方法首先是采用预测或测定环境浓度(PEC或M...     

Fenton氧化处理对土壤中芘的生物可利用性的影响

研究发现蚯蚓吸收土壤中污染物芘的速率很快,10 d后蚯蚓体内富集污染物浓度基本达到稳定态;土壤中的有机质是影响污染物迁移的重要因素,土壤有机质的含量越高对芘滞留(吸附)能力越强,蚯蚓富集芘的量越低,蚯蚓富集到体内污染物的浓度越低.这也说明土壤对污染物的吸附/解吸行为决定了土壤中污染物的生态风险;氧化处理降低了土壤中的有机质含量,改变土壤有机质的组成,氧化处理也降低了土壤中被吸附污染物芘对蚯蚓的生物有效性.     

Arthrobacter sp.AD30和Pseudomonas sp.AD39在阿特拉津工业废水生物处理及污染土壤生物修复中的应用

将分类地位和降解特性不同的两个高效降解除草剂阿特拉津的菌株Arthrobacter sp.AD30和Pseudo-monas sp.AD39,用于阿特拉津工业废水的生物处理和污染土壤的生物修复试验.填充聚氨酯泡沫的小型生物反应器阿特拉津降解实验表明,在进水的CODCr为1702 mg·1-1、阿特拉津浓度为133 mg·1-1和水力停留时间(HRT)为24 h的条件下,出水的CODCr稳定在100 mg·1-1以下,阿特拉津浓度在0.2 mg·1-1以下,均达到国家工业水污染物排放标准(GB 21523-2008).土壤的生物修复实验表明,含有200 mg·kg-1阿特拉津的土壤接种上述两个菌株,在30℃处理20 d以后,土壤中99.1%的阿特拉津被去除.这些结果表明,由AD30和AD39组成的混合菌株在工业废水的生物处理和污染土壤的生物修复中具有很好的应用潜力.     

响应面法建立不同经口介质中邻苯二甲酸酯生物有效性预测模型及相关因素

运用响应面法对不同消化基质下邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)生物有效性的相关因素进行筛选建立预测模型,并对主要因素设定值进行分析.研究表明,3种模型中因变量与自变量之间的相关性较好(土壤:R2=0.959;农作物及植物:R2=0.973;脂肪:R2=0.862),模型拟合度较高.通过多次试验模拟,初步认为在土壤消化基质中,设置人体摄入PAEs经口摄入浓度为10μg·g-1,基质质量为0.4g,pH值约为7时,生物吸收量最高.在植物源基质下,污染物浓度在10—11μg·g-1,消化时间在6—7h,基质质量为0.4g为生物吸收量最高.脂肪源中,基质质量在0.4g,污染物浓度在10μg·g-1,脂肪量在10%—11%时,PAEs生物吸收量最高.研究通过重复试验,充分体现了该模型的准确性,及设定条件的可靠性.但本研究仅考虑摄入介质相对单一,污染物化合形态等未在考虑范围内,在后期研究中将补充试验.     

联合基于野外的代谢组学和化学分析手段筛选优先关注新兴污染物：在五大湖流域的案例研究

由于毒性评估项目很难与日渐增长的需要测试的污染物保持同步,所以较难将关注点集中在影响水生生态系统的最为生物相关的污染物上。由于评估潜在毒性污染物所造成的生物影响已被证明是有效的,内生性代谢物的研究（代谢组学）对于剔除那些较低可能造成生物影响的污染物或许有一定帮助,从而找出生物重要性最高的污染物。本研究在北美五大湖流域的18个地点针对置于笼中的黑头软口鲦（Pimephales promelas）进行实验。我们测定了水体温度和水样中的污染物浓度（目标污染物132种,检出86种）,并使用1H-NMR谱测量了肝极性提取物中的内生性代谢物。利用偏最小二乘法回归来比对内生性代谢物的相对丰度与污染物浓度和环境温度。结果表明内生性极性代谢物的指标与最多49种污染物存在共同变化。因此我们认为至多52%的检出污染物与内生性代谢物变化的共同变化不显著,表明这些污染物很可能不会在这些地点造成可以检测到的影响。这是通过缩短对于实验地点有着潜在影响的污染物列表从而扫描出检出污染物生物相关性的第一步。类似的信息有助于风险评估者区分不同污染物的重要性并将重点毒性测试放在最为生物相关的污染物上。
精选自Nicol Janecko, Lucie Pokludova, Jana Blahova, Zdenka Svobodova, Ivan Literak. Linking field-based metabolomics and chemical analyses to prioritize contaminants of emerging concern in the Great Lakes basin. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 35, Issue 10, pages 2493–2502, October 2016. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3409
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3409/full
     

利用藻红外测试技术研究多种重金属溶液对滇池铜绿微囊藻的毒性作用

为考察多种重金属同时存在的混合溶液对藻类的生物毒性,选择Cr(Ⅲ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Hg(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Mn(Ⅱ)5种重金属,以按照国家饮用水卫生标准限值浓度配制的单一重金属溶液和多种重金属混合溶液为受试样品,并利用本实验室开发的藻红外测试技术,评价了低浓度下单一重金属溶液和多种重金属共存溶液对藻的生物毒性。实验结果显示:按照饮用水标准限值配制的5种单一重金属溶液均未观察到对藻有生物毒性,但在多种重金属共存的27个不同组合的混合溶液中,有73.1%的样品表现出明显的生物毒性;藻响应出现率与混合溶液中重金属的总浓度呈正相关关系(r=0.8942)。当多种重金属以二元至五元混合时,藻响应出现率分别为50%、80%、100%、100%,表明随着重金属组分的增加,混合溶液的毒性作用越来越显著。当不同混合溶液的重金属总浓度大于0.11 mg·L-1时,平均累积藻响应占比显著上升到93%,表明重金属混合溶液中藻的毒性与总浓度之间存在剂量响应关系。采用平均藻响应出现率分析,结果显示混合溶液中不同重金属的相对影响顺序为:Cr(Ⅲ)87.5%>Pb(Ⅱ)和Hg(Ⅱ)58.3%>Cd(Ⅱ)和Mn(Ⅱ)54.3%,表明Cr(Ⅲ)表现出的藻毒性远高出其他重金属。现行的水质标准通常采用单一指标和限值,本研究结果表明采用单一指标不能有效规避多种污染物共存体系的环境风险。     

Hydrodynamics and contaminant transport on a degraded bed at a 90-degree channel confluence

Channel confluences at which two channels merge have an important effect on momentum exchange and contaminant diffusion in both natural rivers and artificial canals. In this study, a three-dimensional numerical model, which is based on the Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes equations and Reynolds Stress Turbulence model, is applied to simulate and compare flow patterns and contaminant transport processes for different bed morphologies. The results clearly show that the distribution of contaminant concentrations is mainly controlled by the shear layer and two counter-rotating helical cells, which in turn are affected by the discharge ratio and the bed morphology. As the discharge ratio increases, the shear flow moves to the outer bank and the counter-clockwise tributary helical cell caused by flow deflection is enlarged, leading the mixing happens near the outer bank and the mixing layer distorted. The bed morphology can induce shrinkage of the separation zone and increase of the clockwise main channel helical cell, which is initiated by the interaction between the tributary helical cell and the main channel flow and strengthened by the deep scour hole. The bed morphology can also affect the distortion direction of the mixing layer. Both a large discharge ratio and the bed morphology could lead to an increase in mixing intensity.     

Enhancing transverse mixing in streams with submerged vanes

In order to maintain the water quality of moving streams, it is essential to know the process of pollutant mixing. The transverse mixing is very important which is needed to be modeled to understand mixing phenomenon. It was observed that transverse mixing is a strong function of secondary currents, thus, submerged vanes, which are aerofoil skewed at angle of 10°–40° with respect to flow, generate transverse circulations that can be utilized to induce secondary currents in the flow to enhance transverse mixing. Present study is an attempt to utilize submerged vanes as an instrument to enhance the transverse mixing by incorporating various vane configurations. In order to study the effect of vane generated circulations on transverse mixing, experimentations were conducted on three vane sizes and for various row arrangements of vanes attached to bed. An attempt is made to investigate the effect of submerged vane size and rows on transverse velocity, concentration profile and transverse mixing coefficient. It was observed by measurement of concentration profile that transverse mixing was more enhanced for submerged vanes of higher height. It was also observed that as the number of rows is proportional to the transverse mixing. By measuring the transverse velocity profile, it was observed that more and more fluid was advected in transverse direction for higher rows of vanes. By utilizing the observed transverse mixing coefficients, number of vane rows and relative height of vane, a predictor was derived to predict transverse mixing coefficient in the presence of submerged vane rows. It was observed that the derived predictor shows a fair amount of agreement in the result predicted.     

高浓度絮状颗粒污泥生物处理技术及其传质模型

从宏观角度提出了高浓度絮状颗粒污泥的传质物理模型,该模型指出：利用高分子有机药剂使形成的絮状颗粒污泥,在适当剪切条件下始终雏持”包裹-破裂-再包裹”不断循环的过程,絮状颗粒污泥内部微生物与氧气、有机物等物质的接触、吸附和捕获的几率大大提高,既增加了絮体的比表面积,又提高了其微生物的活性．从而解决了高浓度生物处理技术传质效率低的问题,并通过实验验证了该模型．图5,参16．     

Microorganisms for remediation of cadmium-contaminated soils

An alternative to the cleaning-up of agricultural soil contaminated by heavy metals is to avoid their transfer from soil to plant by inoculating soil with selected microorganisms able to biosorb heavy metals. Here, four bacteria species and a fungus isolated from contaminated soils revealed their ability to grow in the presence of high cadmium level. We tested their growth capacity related to pH and Cd concentration on synthetic and soil extract media. The comparison of their growth rate, the biosorbed cadmium rate and the specific biosorption allowed to select the most efficient microorganism to be used in bioremediation.     

垃圾填埋场空气微生物污染及评价

用撞击法采集某垃圾填埋场不同区域空气微生物样品,通过微生物浓度评价不同区域污染状况,并对优势菌落PCR产物经同源性比对分析了空气微生物的优势菌群。结果表明,填埋场的主要污染区域为裸露的填埋区和垃圾运输路段,达到轻微污染程度,其它区域均达到较清洁以上程度。风沙、扬尘大的春季微生物总浓度明显高于夏季。填埋场的空气微生物污染主要为细菌的超标,污染区域空气中的细菌总量比清洁区高13.5倍,空气微生物总浓度相差10.7倍,而霉菌的数量变化相对较小。垃圾填埋场空气中优势细菌以芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、节杆菌属（Arthrobacter）和微球菌属（Micrococcus）为主,其中以枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）,短小芽孢杆菌（Bacillus pumilus）和黄金节杆菌（Arthrobacter aurescens）出现的频率较高;优势真菌菌群为青霉属（Penicillium）、曲霉属（Aspergillus）、链格孢属（Alternaria）等。     

Environmental Impact of Undular Tidal Bores in Tropical Rivers

A tidal bore impacts significantly on the estuarine ecosystem, although little is known on the flow field, mixing and sediment motion beneath tidal bores. In the absence of detailed systematic field measurements, a quasi-steady flow analogy was applied to investigate undular tidal bores with inflow Froude numbers between 1.25 and 1.6. Experimental results indicated that rapid flow redistributions occur beneath the free-surface undulations, with significant variations in bed shear stress between wave crests and troughs. Dynamic similarity was used to predict detailed flow characteristics of undular tidal bores. The effects of periodic loading on river sediments, scour of river bed and flow mixing behind the bore are discussed. A better understanding of these processes will contribute to better management practices in tidal bore affected rivers, including the Styx and Daly rivers in tropical Australia.     

Mixing and boundary interactions of 30° and 45° inclined dense jets

60° inclined dense jets had been recommended for brine discharges from desalination plants to achieve a maximum mixing efficiency. However, the terminal rise associated with 60° is relatively high and thus the angle may be too large for disposal in shallow coastal wasters. In this study, we investigate the mixing behavior of dense jets discharging at smaller angles of 30° and 45° in a stationary ambient. Combined Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) were used as the measurement approaches that captured the velocity and concentration fields, respectively. Based on the experimental results, the characteristic geometrical features of the inclined dense jets, including the location of the centerline peak and the return point where the dense jet returns to the source level, etc., are quantified. The mixing and diluting behaviors are also revealed through the analysis of the axial and cross-sectional velocity and concentration profiles. In addition to the free inclined discharges, the present study also examines the effect of the proximity to the bed. Through the comparison of the results between two experimental series with distinct z ₀/D but overlapping z ₀/L _M , the latter is identified as the deciding factor for the boundary influence.     

Fourier analysis of the roll-up and merging of coherent structures in shallow mixing layers

The current study investigates the role of nonlinearity in the development of two-dimensional coherent structures (2DCS) in shallow mixing layers. A nonlinear numerical model based on the depth-averaged shallow water equations is used to investigate temporal shallow mixing layers, where the mapping from temporal to spatial results is made using the velocity at the center of the mixing layer. The flow is periodic in the stream-wise direction and the transmissive boundary conditions are used in the cross-stream boundaries to prevent reflections. The numerical results are examined with the aid of Fourier decomposition. Results show that the previous success in applying local linear theory to shallow mixing layers does not imply that the flow is truly linear. Linear stability theory is confirmed to be only valid within a short distance from the inflow boundary. Downstream of this linear region, nonlinearity becomes important for the roll-up and merging of 2DCS. While the energy required for the merging of 2DCS is still largely provided by the velocity shear, the merging mechanism is one where nonlinear mode interaction changes the velocity field of the subharmonic mode and the gradient of the along-stream velocity profile which, in turn, changes the magnitude of the energy production of the subharmonic mode by the velocity shear implicitly. The nonlinear mode interaction is associated with energy up-scaling and is consistent with the inverse energy cascade which is expected to occur in shallow shear flows. Current results also show that such implicit nonlinear interaction is sensitive to the phase angle difference between the most unstable mode and its subharmonic. The bed friction effect on the 2DCS is relatively small initially and grows in tandem with the size of the 2DCS. The bed friction also causes a decrease in the velocity gradient as the flow develops downstream. The transition from unstable to stable flow occurs when the bed friction balances the energy production. Beyond this point, the bed friction is more dominant and the 2DCS are progressively damped and eventually get annihilated. The energy production by the velocity shear plays an important role from the upstream end all the way to the point of transition to stable flow. The fact that linear stability theory is valid only for a short distance from the inflow boundary suggests that some elements of nonlinearity is incorporated in the mean velocity profile in experiments by the averaging process. The implicit nature of nonlinear interaction in shallow mixing layers and the sensitivity of the nonlinear interaction to phase angle difference between the most unstable mode and its subharmonic allows local linear theory to be successful in reproducing features of the instability such as the dominant mode of the 2DCS and its amplitude.     

原油污染土壤的生物法修复效果研究

对原油污染土壤进行生物法修复试验,结果表明,当土壤中含油量分别为5%,10%,20%和45%时,生物降解20d后石油去除率分别达到44.8%,49.9%,47.2%和49.6%;55d后去除率分别达到80.9%,83.6%,87.8%和87.1%;150d后,石油去除率分别达到91.7%,92.6%,91.3%和90.6%.从GC和GC-MS分析结果看,土壤经修复处理后,各种油成分都出现了明显的降解,其中C28以上的分子链基本消失;从脱氢酶分析结果看,微生物活性起初有所上升,后来随着含油量的降低而下降.     

改性天然沸石的除氟性能研究

高效除氟材料的应用能降低饮用水中的氟质量浓度.采用静态吸附实验,比较了天然沸石和实验室制得的氢氧化铝、硫酸铝、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)改性天然沸石的除氟性能.结果表明,PFS改性的天然沸石具有良好的除氟效果,静态除氟容量可达25 mg·g~(-1).通过动态吸附试验,进一步探讨了饮用水的氟质量浓度、流速、停留时间、床层高度等因素对PFS改性天然沸石除氟性能的影响.研究发现,原水氟质量浓度越低,最佳除氟停留时间越短,PFS改性天然沸石滤柱床层高度越小.当停留时间为68 s,滤柱床层高度为47 mm时,含氟为5.8 mg·L~(-1)的模拟水样经吸附滤柱后,其氟质量浓度降到0.95 mg·L~(-1),低于国家生活饮用水标准的上限值1 mg·L~(-1).当含氟为4.14 mg·L~(-1)时,停留时间缩短为58 s,最小床层高度为40 mm;含氟为2.5 mg·L~(-1)时.停留时间为47 s,最小床层高度为32 mm,出水即可符合国家生活饮用水标准.因此,可根据不同高氟水地区的氟质量浓度来确定停留时间和床层高度,从而确定材料的适宜用量和流量.