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1.
Toxicity of the nerve agent tabun to Daphnia magna,a new experimental species in military toxicology
Daphnia magna, a freshwater microcrustacean, is currently tested as an alternative experimental species in research dealing with nerve agents poisonings treatment. Because of this, the toxicity of the nerve agent tabun (a cyanide-group containing organophosphate) to Daphnia had to be examined by estimating the EC50 values. The immobilization of daphnids was chosen as the end-point. It was found that D. magna is sensitive to small amounts of tabun, even after 15 min exposure, and tabun toxicity increases with time. The estimated EC50 values for 15, 30, 45, and 60 min exposure were as follows: 67.39, 38.10, 26.95, and 21.9 μg l?1. In addition, the toxicity of media to which tabun was added 24 h before the start of experiments was examined. The results obtained indicate that daphnids can be used in experiments with nerve-agent intoxication treatment. 相似文献
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十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)对土壤跳虫的急、慢性毒性效应 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为揭示溴代阻燃剂对土壤生态系统的潜在危害,采用回避实验和繁殖实验评价了十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)对2种土壤跳虫Folsomia candida和Folsomia fimetaria的急/慢性毒性。48h的急性回避实验中,BDE-209对F.candida和F.fimetaria产生毒性效应的EC_(50)值分别为1.27和0.79mg·kg~(-1),LOEC值均小于0.5mg·kg~(-1)。慢性繁殖实验中,BDE-209对F.candida和F.fimetaria繁殖毒性的EC_(50)值分别为0.81和0.56mg·kg~(-1),LOEC值分别为<0.25和<0.5mg·kg~(-1)。研究表明,土壤BDE-209污染对跳虫的繁殖和环境行为有显著影响,且在较低暴露浓度下(0.25mg·kg~(-1))即对跳虫繁殖产生抑制效应;有性生殖的F.fimetaria比孤雌生殖的F.candida对BDE-209污染的毒性响应更为敏感。 相似文献
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Ana PICADO Susana M. PAIXÃ O Liliana MOITA Luis SILVA Má rio S. DINIZ Joana LOURENÇ O Isabel PERES Luisa CASTRO José Brito CORREIA Joana PEREIRA Isabel FERREIRA Antó nio Pedro Alves MATOS Pedro BARQUINHA Elsa MENDONCA 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2015,9(5):793
The new properties of engineered nanoparticles drive the need for new knowledge on the safety, fate, behavior and biologic effects of these particles on organisms and ecosystems. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles have been used extensively for a wide range of applications, e.g, self-cleaning surface coatings, solar cells, water treatment agents, topical sunscreens. Within this scenario increased environmental exposure can be expected but data on the ecotoxicological evaluation of nanoparticles are still scarce. The main purpose of this work was the evaluation of effects of TiO2 nanoparticles in several organisms, covering different trophic levels, using a battery of aquatic assays. Using fish as a vertebrate model organism tissue histological and ultrastructural observations and the stress enzyme activity were also studied. TiO2 nanoparticles (Aeroxide® P25), two phase composition of anatase (65%) and rutile (35%) with an average particle size value of 27.6±11 nm were used. Results on the EC50 for the tested aquatic organisms showed toxicity for the bacteria, the algae and the crustacean, being the algae the most sensitive tested organism. The aquatic plant Lemna minor showed no effect on growth. The fish Carassius auratus showed no effect on a 21 day survival test, though at a biochemical level the cytosolic Glutathione-S-Transferase total activity, in intestines, showed a general significant decrease (p<0.05) after 14 days of exposure for all tested concentrations. The presence of TiO2 nanoparticles aggregates were observed in the intestine lumen but their internalization by intestine cells could not be confirmed. 相似文献
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Zhizhuo Liu Zhemin Shen Shouyan Xiang Yang sun Jiahua Cui Jinping Jia 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2023,17(3):31
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The chromium(VI) biosorption onto guava seeds, as an alternative method for Cr6+ removal from aqueous solutions, was investigated. The parameters affecting kinetics and equilibrium of Cr6+ adsorption onto guava seeds were studied. An external mass-transfer diffusion coefficient k and intra-particle diffusion coefficient ki were determined to measure the rate-limiting step of adsorption. A single external mass-transfer diffusion model and intra-particle diffusion models were used. The effects of initial pH, sorbent mass, and initial Cr6+ concentrations on mass-transfer coefficients were investigated. The external mass-transfer coefficient has an average value of 7.2×10-3 cm s-1, while the intra-particle mass-transfer diffusion coefficient was 0.34 mg g-1 min-0.5. This indicates that external diffusion to the guava seeds surface and intra-particle diffusion are both involved in the sorption process. The isotherm equilibrium data were well fitted by the Langmuir and Freundlich models with an average correlation coefficient R2=0.98. The maximum removal of Cr6+ was obtained at pH 1 (about 100% for adsorbent dose of 15 g l-1 and 25 mg l-1 initial concentration of Cr6+). The results indicated that the guava seeds exhibit acceptable sorption capacity. 相似文献
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Crude-oil-inundated soils were collected from the Agbada oil field in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria 2 months after the recorded incidence of oil spillage. The soils were taken on the second day of reconnaissance from three replicate quadrats, at surface (0-15 cm) and subsurface (15-30 cm) depths, using the grid sampling technique. The total extractable hydrocarbon content (THC) of the polluted soils ranged from 1.24 × 102 to 3.86 × 104 mg/kg at surface and subsurface depths (no overlap in standard errors at a 95% confidence level). Greenhouse trials for possible reclamation were later carried out using 10-100 g of (NH4)2SO4, KH2PO4 and KCl (NPK) fertilizer as nutrient supplements. Nitrogen as NO3-N and potassium were optimally enhanced at 2% (w/w) and 3% (w/w) of the NPK supplementation, respectively. Phosphorus, which was inherently more enhanced in the soils than the other nutrients, maintained the same level of impact after treatment with 20 g of NPK fertilizer. Total organic carbon (%TOC), total organic matter (%TOM), pH, and percentage moisture content all provided evidence of enhanced mineralization in the fertilizer-treated soils. If reclamation of the crude-oil-inundated soils is construed as the return to normal levels of metabolic activities of the soils, then the application of the inorganic fertilizers at such prescribed levels would duly accelerate the remediation process. However, this would be limited to levels of pollution empirically defined by such THC values obtained in this study. 相似文献
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Biosorption of colours is an important technology for treatment of different types of industrial wastewaters containing dyes. The objective of this study was to convert green alga Ulva lactuca to dye adsorbents for wastewater treatment. The importance of commonly available green alga Ulva lactuca was investigated as viable biomaterials for the biological treatment of synthetic basic blue 9 (5-ch1oro-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-5λ4-phenothiazine-3,7-diamine) effluents. The results obtained from the batch experiments revealed the ability of the green algae to remove the basic blue 9, and this was dependent on the dye concentration, pH, and algal biomass. We investigated the equilibrium and kinetics of adsorption, and the Langmuir and Freundlich equations were used to fit the equilibrium isotherm. The adsorption isotherm of basic blue 9 followed both the Langmuir and Freundlich models with a correlation coefficient of ∼0.96-0.99, and the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model (R2=1.0). The maximum adsorption capacity was about 40.2 mg of dye per gram of dry green algae at pH 10, 25 g l-1 dye and 2.5 g l-1 alga concentrations. This study demonstrated that the green algae could be used as an effective biosorbent for the treatment of dye-containing wastewater streams. 相似文献
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Toxicity of cassava effluent in water on aquatic lives was examined via acute and chronic bioassay experiments on Clarias gariepinus (I) and Oreochromis niloticus (II) under laboratory conditions, using standard procedures. The effluent cyanide concentration exceeded the WHO limit for wastewater. Fish body weights and haematological parameters (HMP) significantly decreased with increasing effluent concentration at p≤0.05. Toxicity on HMP for the respective (I) and (II) varied from 5.4 to 52.8; 4.8 to 51.9% for packed cell volume, 4.1 to 43.9; 5.3 to 64.0% for red blood count, 0.0 to 15.7; 0.0 to 61.4% for white blood count, 3.6 to 45.9; 5.2 to 49.5% for haemoglobin, 11.6 to 71.9; 28.4 to 63.8% for total protein, 11.5 to 75.5; 15.0 to 58.2% for albumin and 11.8 to 75.0; 46 to 83.9% for globulin. Acute exposure yielded 96-h LC50 values of 0.45% for (I) and 0.25% for (II) and chronic exposure caused reduced growth and poor blood quality. 相似文献
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S. S. Baral S. N. Das P. Rath G. Roy Chaudhury Y. V. Swamy 《Chemistry and Ecology》2007,23(2):105-117
Biosorption studies of Cr(VI) were carried out using waste weed, Salvinia cucullata. Various adsorption parameters were studied, such as agitation speed, contact time, pH, particle size, and concentrations of adsorbent and adsorbate. The equilibrium was achieved in 12 h. A lower pH favoured adsorption of Cr(VI). The kinetics followed pseudo-second-order rate equations. The adsorption isotherm obeyed both the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The calculated activation energy (1.1 kJ mol-1) suggested that the adsorption followed a diffusion-controlled mechanism. Various thermodynamic parameters such as Δ G°, Δ H°, and Δ S° were also calculated. The positive values of enthalpy indicated the endothermic nature of the reaction, and Δ S° showed the increasing randomness at the solid liquid interface of Cr(VI) on the adsorbent, which revealed the ease of adsorption reaction. These thermo-dynamic parameters showed the spontaneity of the reaction. The maximum adsorption of uptake (232 mg g-1) compared well with reported values of similar adsorbents. The rate-determining step was observed to follow an intra-particle diffusion model. 相似文献
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Xuesong Liu Jianmin Wang Yue-Wern Huang 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2022,16(5):59
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Barsha Roy Khushboo Kadam Suresh Palamadai Krishnan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Amitava Mukherjee 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2021,15(1):6
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Chen Zhou Ermias Gebrekrstos Tesfamariam Youneng Tang Ang Li 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2023,17(9):107
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This paper deals with the water chemistry and dissolved nutrient flux of two small mountainous and heavily dammed rivers—Periyar and Chalakudy—of Kerala on the south-west coast of India. The lower reaches of these rivers are affected by sea-water ingression from the Arabian Sea during the non-monsoon season. Human interference through agriculture, urbanization, and industrialization in the lower and middle stretches of the river basins induces marked concentration variations in the hydro-chemical parameters. Except for N & P, all other chemical constituents exhibit high values during the non-monsoon season. Industrial contaminants in specific locations of the Periyar river reduce the pH to lower levels. Nutrients in the two rivers reveal marked seasonal and regional concentration variations. During the monsoon season, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) predominates over dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), but the reverse trend is observed during the non-monsoon season. The Periyar river shows higher average concentrations of DIN (monsoon 801 μg l-1 and non-monsoon 292 μg l-1) than Chalakudy river (monsoon 478 μg l-1 and non-monsoon 130 μg l-1). Dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) has lower average values in the monsoon season (Periyar river, 38 μg l-1; Chalakudy river, 42 μg l-1) than dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) values (Periyar river, 107 μg l-1; Chalakudy, 62 μg l-1). The rivers show a marked difference in nutrient flux due to its difference in water discharge/basin characteristics and point/non-point sources of contaminants. The flux rates of DIN, DIP, and DOP during the monsoon are higher than during the non-monsoon season, while those of dissolved silicon (DSi), dissolved Fe (DFe), and DON are lower. On average, the Periyar river discharges 4953 t y-1 of DIN and 1626 t y-1 of DON to the coastal waters, and the corres-ponding values of the Chalakudy river are 772 t y-1 and 596 t y-1. The Periyar and Chalakudy rivers discharge 245 t y-1 and 70.8 t y-1 of DIP, respectively. The total flux of DOP is considerably higher (Periyar river 703 t y-1 and Chalakudy river 101 t y-1). The discharge of DSi into the Periyar river (40 193 t y-1) is nearly five times higher than that in the Chalakudy river (8275 t y-1). The discharges of DFe through the Periyar and Chalakudy rivers are 257 t y-1 and 36.7 t y-1, respectively. To sum up, this study addresses the water quality and nutrient flux of two tropical rivers and discusses the impact of urbanization and industrialization on river-water quality. 相似文献
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The adsorption of some heavy metals onto the walls of harvested, washed, and dried non-living biomass cells of different Pseudomonas strains was studied at optimum experimental conditions using a simplified single component system. The Langmuir adsorption model was found to be a suitable approach to describe the system via multi-step processes. Isotherms measured at 30.0°C and pH 5.5 with [M]total = 10-100 mM for tight, reversible Cr6+(aq), Ni2+(aq), Cu2+(aq) and Cd2+(aq) binding by the cell walls of the investigated biomass fit the Langmuir model and give the pH-independent stoichiometric site capacities νi and equilibrium constants Ki for metal binding at specific biomass sites i = A, B, C, and D. Tight binding sites A, B, and D of the non-living biomass are occupied by CrVI, sites A and C by NiII, sites A and D by CdII, and only site B by CuII. It is concluded that νi is a stoichiometric parameter that is independent of the magnitude of Ki for binding site i and that the studied heavy metals selectively and tightly bind at different biomass sites. 相似文献
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《Chemistry and Ecology》2007,23(5):409-425
The use of a new sorbent developed from the husk of pomegranate, a famous fruit in Egypt, for the removal of toxic chromium from aqueous solution has been investigated. The batch experiment was conducted to determine the adsorption capacity of the pomegranate husk. The effects of initial metal concentration (25 and 50 mg l-1), pH, contact time, and sorbent concentration (2-6 g l-1) have been studied at room temperature. A strong dependence of the adsorption capacity on pH was observed, the capacity increased as the pH decreased, and the optimum pH value was pH 1.0. Adsorption equilibrium and kinetics were studied with different sorbent and metal concentrations. The adsorption process was fast, and equilibrium was reached within 3 h. The maximum removal was 100% for 25 mg l-1 of Cr6+ concentration on 5 g l-1 pomegranate husk concentration, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 10.59 mg g-1. The kinetic data were analysed using various kinetic models—pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusion equations—and the equilibrium data were tested using several isotherm models, Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and Generalized isotherm equations. The Elovich and pseudo-second-order equations provided the greatest accuracy for the kinetic data, while Langmuir and Generalized isotherm models were the closest fit for the equilibrium data. The activation energy of sorption has also been evaluated as 0.236 and 0.707 kJ mol-1 for 25 and 50 mg l-1 chromium concentration, respectively. 相似文献
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多环麝香对蚯蚓的急性和亚急性毒性效应 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
为探讨多环麝香对土壤动物的毒性效应,以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)为供试生物,采用滤纸接触法与自然土壤法,考察了吐纳麝香(AHTN)和佳乐麝香(HHCB)对蚯蚓的急性和亚急性毒性效应。结果显示,滤纸法测得的AHTN和HHCB对蚯蚓的急性经皮毒性为中等毒性,对蚯蚓的48h-LC_(50)分别为20.76和11.87μg·cm~(-2),而自然土壤法测得的AHTN和HHCB对蚯蚓的14d-LC_(50)分别为436.3和392.4μg·g~(-1),2种多环麝香皆属低毒物质。HHCB对蚯蚓的急性毒性大于AHTN,但2种毒性测定方法中不同的染毒介质和毒性作用途径使AHTN和HHCB的急性毒性等级的界定有所差异。AHTN和HHCB对蚯蚓繁殖率的抑制作用较对生长速率更为明显,2种多环麝香对蚯蚓繁殖率的无可见效应浓度(NOEC)均为30μg·g~(-1),最低可见效应浓度(LOEC)均为50μg·g~(-1)。研究表明,蚯蚓繁殖率可作为一种潜在的生物标志物,用于监测或表征土壤中多环麝香的污染水平及其亚急性毒性效应。 相似文献
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Heavy-metal distribution and risk assessment of sediment and fish from El-Mex Bay, Alexandria, Egypt
Heavy metals are increasingly being released into natural waters from geological and anthropogenic sources. The distribution of several heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, and Hg) was investigated in muscle, gill, and liver in two different fish species seasonally collected in El-Mex Bay (autumn 2004-summer 2005). In order to evaluate the pollution status of the Bay, the concentrations of the selected metals in the labile and total fractions were analysed in sediment samples collected from eight sites in El-Mex Bay during autumn 2004. Also, the Index of Geoaccumulation (Igeo) for the sediment was estimated. The total and labile fractions of the selected metals in sediment samples were 15.2 and 62.8 μg g-1 dw for Cu, 1.8 and 5.0 μg g-1 dw for Cd, 79.1 and 130.3 μg g-1 dw for Zn, 0.2 and 1.2 μg g-1 dw for Hg, 35.8 and 93.0 μg g-1 dw for Pb, and 13.9 and 31.0 μg g-1 dw for Cr. The concentrations of all metals were lower in flesh than those recorded in liver and gill due to their physiological roles. The metal pollution index for fish was calculated. Health hazard calculations for the contaminated sediments and fish consumption were calculated to evaluate the effect of pollution on health. 相似文献
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Wenyue Li Min Chen Zhaoxiang Zhong Ming Zhou Weihong Xing 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2020,14(6):102
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Highly activated carbon from the seed husk of Casuarina Casuarinas equisetifolia, a worldwide famous plant, have been prepared and tested for the removal of toxic Cr(VI) from its aqueous solution. The adsorbent was investigated for influences of initial chromium concentration (75, 100, 125, and 150 mg l-1), pH, contact time, and quantity of carbon on removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution at room temperature (25±2 °C). The adsorption kinetic of Cr(VI) was studied, and the rates of sorption were found to conform to pseudo-second-order kinetics with a good correlation (R2≥0.99). The Langmuir and Freundlich models fit the isotherm data well. Furthermore, the Gibbs free energy was obtained for each system and was found to be-5.29 kJ mol-1 for removal of Cr(IV). The negative value of Δ G° indicates the feasibility and spontaneous nature of adsorption. The results indicate that acidic pH (1.05) supported the adsorption of Cr(IV) on activated carbon. The maximum adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) on activated carbon was about 172.4 mg g-1 at pH 1.05. 相似文献