江西省肝癌与岩石类型

利用岩石类型资料１０９２个数据，肝癌死亡调查资料１５４４例，研究了肝癌死亡率与人群生存区的岩石类型（岩浆岩、变质岩、碳酸盐岩、碎屑岩、红色碎屑岩、第四系松散岩）的相关性。在此基础上，综合评价了与肝癌有相关性的岩石类型对肝癌的产生和发展的影响。     

Spawning periodicity and habitat of the palolo worm Eunice viridis (Polychaeta: Eunicidae) in the Samoan Islands

The relationship between the phase of the moon and the emergence of the epitokous segments of the palolo worm Eunice viridis Gray has been known to the natives of the Samoan Islands for centuries. They predict the date and time of day when the emergence occurs so that they can be ready to catch the worms. This phenomenon is one of the best known examples of lunar periodicity. It was first described scientifically at the end of the last century. My own investigations concern the occurrence of the worms in the reef, in which they gnaw long tunnels through the massive blocks of coral limestone at levels characterized by the occurrence of symbiotic algae. Apparently the algae are the main sources of nutrition for the worms. The casting off of the epitokous segments occurs at the third quarter of the moon in October or November. An analysis of known dates on which the swarms of worms have appeared permitted a precise method of prediction to be formulated. The causality of this periodicity is discussed.     

分子生物学方法在微生物多样性及微生物生态研究中的应用

首先介绍了分子生物学技术在微生物多样性及微生物生态研究中应用的理论基础，以及在此基础上引入的分子生物学技术如：PCR、DNA杂交技术在分子层面上来研究微生物遗传多样性，并结合已有工作积累展望了分子微生物生态研究的发展前景．图2参20     

The possible causes of diel vertical migrations of planktonic animals

Experimental measurements of the sinking velocity of anaesthetized planktonic animals carried out in the first half of this century prove that the downward migration of planktonic populations may be entirely attributed to passive sinking. This conclusion, along with data from voluminous literature devoted to circadian rhythms, supports the supposition that diel vertical migration is the result of an innate alternation of phases of high and low activity. During the phase of low locomotory activity, a passive sinking of an organism of negative buoyancy takes place; during the phase of high activity, the same organism actively climbs to the surface using the well-known mechanisms of space orientation. This hypothesis offers an explanation both of the usual course of diel migration and various deviations from this course, some of which are mentioned here. If the above considerations are correct, and if we admit that one of the trends of the evolution of pelagic organisms is directed towards the reduction of energy expenditure for the maintenance of the body in a suspended state, i.e. towards neutral buoyancy, the conclusion may be drawn that diel vertical migrations are not the result of adaptation to the planktonic mode of life.     

添加羟基磷灰石对土壤铅吸附与解吸特性的影响

采用羟基磷灰石对四种不同类型的土壤进行铅的吸附-解吸试验.结果表明:四种土壤对铅的吸附均可用Langmuir和Freundlich方程进行描述,土壤中加入羟基磷灰石明显增加了土壤对铅的吸附量和吸附亲和力,同时降低了土壤中铅的解吸百分数,在偏酸性的红壤上表现更为明显,其最大吸附量增加28%.羟基磷灰石对铅吸附的反应机理可能与磷灰石溶解后与铅形成磷酸盐沉淀及其对铅的表面吸附作用有关.土壤对铅的吸附量及吸附亲和力与土壤的有机质、阳离子交换量及粘粒含量有显著正相关,而与土壤砂粒的含量呈负相关.     

麝香酮和镉单一与复合污染对金鱼藻的生态毒理效应研究

为从生物化学角度探讨一种新型污染物———麝香酮与镉(Cd)单一和复合污染的生态毒理效应,以金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum L.)为研究对象,分析了不同浓度麝香酮和Cd在水中单一与复合污染对金鱼藻叶片中抗氧化系统酶,包括超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT),脂质过氧化最终产物丙二醛(MDA),可溶性蛋白(SP)和叶绿素含量的影响.结果表明:在单一麝香酮和Cd暴露下,SOD活性第1天均显著降低,而第7天在低浓度污染物的胁迫下呈升高趋势;金鱼藻受麝香酮和Cd胁迫的第1天,POD酶活性分别呈升高和降低趋势;麝香酮浓度为0.05mg·L-1或Cd浓度为0.01mg·L-1时,金鱼藻叶片中的CAT活性变化表现为显著的毒物兴奋作用;用两种污染物单一或复合处理第7天,金鱼藻叶片中的MDA和叶绿素含量可以作为评价麝香酮或/和Cd污染水体环境的敏感指标;SP在这两种污染物胁迫下处于能量及脂蛋白的补偿和应激蛋白的合成两方面的得失平衡过程中,故其含量与处理浓度之间无显著相关关系;复合污染中低浓度的麝香酮和Cd复合对金鱼藻表现为拮抗作用,高浓度的复合表现为相加或协同作用.     

Numerical modeling of aquaculture dissolved waste transport in a coastal embayment

Marine aquaculture is expanding rapidly without reliable quantification of effluents. The present study focuses on understanding the transport of dissolved wastes from aquaculture pens in near-coastal environments using the hydrodynamics code SUNTANS (Stanford Unstructured Nonhydrostatic Terrain-following Adaptive Navier–Stokes Simulator), which employs unstructured grids to compute flows in the coastal ocean at very high resolution. Simulations of a pollutant concentration field (in time and space) as a function of the local environment (bathymetry), flow conditions (tides and wind-induced currents), and the location of the pens were performed to study their effects on the evolution of the waste plume. The presence of the fish farm pens cause partial blockage of the flow, leading to the deceleration of the approaching flow and formation of downstream wakes. Results of both the near-field area (area within 10 to 20 pen diameters of the fish-pen site) as well as far-field behavior of the pollutant field are presented. These detailed results highlight for the first time the importance of the wake vortex dynamics on the evolution of the near-field plume as well as the rotation of the earth on the far-field plume. The results provide an understanding of the impact of aquaculture fish-pens on coastal water quality.     

Influence of iron,nickel and cobalt on biogas production during the anaerobic fermentation of fresh residual biomass

We have investigated the dependence of the rate of the production of biogas upon the concentration of nickel, cobalt and iron at sub-toxic concentration and monitored its composition as amount of hydrogen, methane and carbon dioxide. The distribution of the added metals between the liquid and solid phase has also been monitored.

The results of our investigations show that the addition of any of the listed metals to the sludge may cause the production of a higher amount of biogas and influence the methane or carbon dioxide percentage. Conversely, the effect on the hydrogen production depends upon the metal added, the age of the active sludge used, and its adaptation to the susbtrate. As a general feature, during the acidogenesis phase, nickel reduces, while iron increases, the percentage of dihydrogen in the biogas, while cobalt has no influence.     

Processus advectifs et répartition du zooplancton dans un fjord

In order to study the influence of advective processes on the zooplankton distribution in a shallow sill-fjord, we examined the temporal variations (tidal and seasonal) of currents, density, abundance and composition of zooplankton in the Saguenay fjord, Québec, Canada, in August 1978 and October 1979. Our results demonstrate the existence of a regular exchange of water (every tidal cycle) between the St. Lawrence estuary and the two outer basins of the Saguenay fjord which is characterized by an important transport of mesoplankton from the estuary into the deep waters of the Saguenay during the rising tide and from the surface waters of the Saguenay to those of the estuary during falling tide. Variations of abundance and composition of zooplankton in the outer basin are therefore mainly controlled by advective processes. The plankton community of the downstream region of the fjord is strongly influenced by variations of abundance and composition taking place in the estuary, and the establishment and development of local populations of zooplankton are made difficult. In the upstream region of the fjord, the advective processes are less intense and endogeneous mesoplankton populations thrive under local temperature conditions.     

初春苦草腐解过程中营养盐释放过程及规律

采用室内模拟方法研究初春温度条件下苦草在腐解过程中碳、氮和磷的释放过程,研究沉水植物衰亡过程中营养盐的释放规律.结果表明,在初春温度条件下,苦草迅速腐解,向水体释放大量碳、氮和磷.随着时间的推移,苦草向水体释放的磷大部分沉积进入底泥,而氮则是部分沉积进入底泥,部分以气体形式移出水体.苦草腐烂分解产生的厌氧条件和大量有机碳的供给促进了水体反硝化作用并加快氮素移出水体.较大的生物残留量会引起水体缺氧,同时产生大量营养盐,导致水质严重恶化,因此需要适时收割水生植物来控制水体残留生物量.     

贵州省水土流失中土壤侵蚀经济损失估值

利用环境经济学的基本原理和方法 ,针对贵州省土壤侵蚀严重的现状 ,选择了土壤侵蚀造成的N、P、K及泥沙滞留、淤积 5种实物型损失作为衡量土壤侵蚀经济损失的指标 ,从场内损失与场外损失 2个方面估算出贵州省土壤侵蚀经济损失的货币化结果 ,并把土壤侵蚀经济损失的货币化值与经济建设的主要指标进行对比 ,以反映贵州省土壤侵蚀经济损失的程度 ,并阐明了一些过去尚未弄清的有关土壤侵蚀经济损失方面的概念。     

柠檬酸促进土壤镉解吸的机理研究

以人工致污的广东红壤为材料,采用平衡批处理法研究了不同浓度及不同pH值的柠檬酸溶液对土壤中重金属镉解吸产生的影响,并对处理前后的土样进行了镉的形态分析。研究结果表明:柠檬酸可以促进土壤镉的解吸且促进作用随着柠檬酸浓度的增加而增加;随着溶液pH的变化,溶液中柠檬酸的形态发生变化,导致其络合土壤镉的能力发生变化;与原土相比,经过柠檬酸处理后土样中的酸可提取态镉所占比例下降,说明柠檬酸对土壤镉解吸的部分主要来自酸可提取态。     

Effects of simulated deposition of dredged material on structure of nematode assemblages – the role of contamination

 Certain criteria must be satisfied before a licence for the deposition of dredged material at sea in UK waters is issued. These relate to the chemical quality of the material, the quantity to be disposed of, its nature and origin, and its predicted impacts at the disposal site. Although chemical analyses of dredgings provide an indication of the relative degrees of contamination, they do not provide a measure of any resultant biological effects. A laboratory experiment was therefore designed to investigate the effects of the degree of contamination and the role of burial associated with the deposition of dredged material on the meiofauna. Estuarine nematode assemblages were exposed to the simulated deposition of uncontaminated, oxic intertidal mud and anoxic sediments from the Mersey and the Tees estuaries, both of which were contaminated with heavy metals. The sediments, which differed little in terms of grain size, were deposited in two different frequencies. Nematodes showed a clear species-specific response to the experimental treatments, depending on the frequency of deposition and the chemical quality of the deposited material (e.g. metal and oxygen concentrations). The response of nematode assemblages was mainly determined by the deposition frequency rather than the type of sediment or the degree of contamination. The deposition of sediment in one large dose at the beginning of the experiment caused more severe changes in assemblage structure than the same quantity deposited in several smaller doses. Although lower than in uncontaminated mud, relatively high migration and survival rates in the contaminated high-frequency treatments were observed. This may have been due to reduced bioavailability of metals and the tolerance of estuarine nematodes to both metal contamination and the deposition of small sediment volumes at regular intervals. The observed trends demonstrate the potential of small-scale laboratory experiments for testing the quality of contaminated dredged material at the licensing stage, i.e. prior to the issue of a disposal licence. Received: 11 February 2000 / Accepted: 26 June 2000     

德国高等职业教育的特点

基于了解德国“双元制”职业教育基础上，介绍了德国职业教育体系，研究了高等职业教育模式、入学条件、培养目标、培养模式、学制、文凭以及人才培养途径，分析了高等职业教育的师资培养措施与过程、经费保障以及法律保障，阐述了高等职业教育改革的基本目标、基本原则、改革重点、发展趋势以及基本理念．     

南通市城镇化过程中水环境调控研究

城镇化是涉及诸多影响因素的复杂动态过程,而水环境又是城镇化进程中最为显著的问题.文章首先介绍了南通市城镇化的发展历程,通过分析城镇化进程中水环境问题,提出了强化水资源保障能力、增强水环境承载能力,提高水灾害防御能力,提升水经济调控能力等有效措施和对策.参13.     

生态学及其相关学科SCI收录期刊介绍

将SCI收录的76种及中国进入科学引文索引和科学引文索引扩展版的生态学类日核心期刊进行了全面的揭示，包括英文刊名、汉译刊名、山版周期、原版刊号、最新影响因子、国际标准刊号、出版地、出版者、联系地址、最新期刊刚址，期刊描述等全方位的期刊信息。期刊描述内容包括：期刊的创刊年以及期刊的发展。期刊主要内容及使用的话言。网站可免费获取的该刊目次和文摘及全文信息等。     

Public expenditure and the environmental management of Brazilian municipalities: a panel data model

Environmental expenditure can be classified as an indicator to measure the efforts of public agents with the environment. Cities and countries seek to understand the determinants of environmental spending over time. This research aims to analyze the variables that influence the environmental spending of Brazilian municipalities between the years 2012 and 2016. Thus, this research helps fill the gap on lack of longitudinal research that involves local contexts in relation to public municipal expenditures on the environment. The research method consists of the panel data model. Data were collected on the environmental expenditures of the municipalities and other variables of 4269 Brazilian municipalities, the collection generated 21,329 observations. The results showed that the municipalities of the state of Amapá had better relative expenditure averages, it was also observed that the municipalities in the Northeast region show the worst results. The municipality of Itamaracá, located in the state of Pernambuco, presented the best percentage of the country, 9.47% of the environmental expenditure in relation to total expenditure. Regarding the results of panel data, the variables revenue, population, density, GDP, and HDI presented significance in all models; the models estimated by fixed effects ensure the consistency of the parameters.     

Topological structure and interaction strengths in model food webs

We report the results of carrying out a large number of simulations on a coevolutionary model of multispecies communities. A wide range of parameter values were investigated which allowed a rather complete picture of the change in behaviour of the model as these parameters were varied to be built up. Our main interest was in the nature of the community food webs constructed via the simulations. We identify the range of parameter values which give rise to realistic food webs and give arguments which allow some of the structure which is found to be understood in an intuitive way. Since the webs are evolved according to the rules of the model, the strengths of the predator–prey links are not determined a priori, and emerge from the process of constructing the web. We measure the distribution of these link strengths, and find that there are a large number of weak links, in agreement with recent suggestions. We also review some of the data on food webs available in the literature, and make some tentative comparisons with our results. The difficulties of making such comparisons and the possible future developments of the model are also briefly discussed.     

燃煤电厂排放细微灰粒中痕量元素的分布与富集规律

本文测定了武汉市青山热电厂５＾＃锅炉在两种不同燃烧工况条件下，除尘器入口烟道灰的四种不同粒径灰粒中的Ｃｕ，Ｃｏ，Ｎｉ，Ｐｂ，Ｃｄ，Ｃｒ和Ｂｅ等七种痕量元素的含量。发现大部分元素有在细微粒子中富集的倾向，富集程度与颗粒物粒径大小、元素性质、元素存在形态及燃烧工况条件有密切关系。这种富集倾向可用痕量元素在燃烧过程中的蒸发－凝集作用来解释。     

宁波市某人工泻湖浮游生物变化特征及影响因素分析

以宁波市北仑区梅山水道形成的人工泻湖为研究对象,在不同季节进行水质及浮游生物调查,分析其浮游生物时空分布特征与水质的关系。4个采样点共检出浮游植物66种,以硅藻为绝对优势种,检出浮游动物25种,主要为桡足类、少量轮虫及网纹虫;拦坝后水道内浮游生物密度有了数量级增长,各项生物评价指数降低,但各采样点仍处于中污染水平。监测理化参数表明,研究水域在拦坝后盐度下降、悬浮物浓度下降,氮磷含量无明显变化;水域大部分点位处于中度富营养化水平。结合浮游生物分布与理化参数进行分析,发现堤坝合龙后,水道内侧海水淡化、悬浮物含量下降,导致浮游生物密度上升、生物多样性下降、出现淡水优势种群;营养盐含量不是浮游生物生长的限制因子,对浮游生物分布无显著影响。