云南楚雄市水环境对策研究

河流水污染和水资源短缺是楚雄市面临的两大水环境问题。本文将楚雄市社会经济发展、水污染控制和水资源开发利用纳入一个系统,在掌握水环境问题现状和变化趋势及其成因的基础上,探讨河流水质目标和排污控制目标,从宏观协调对策和水污染控制措施两个层次上进行水环境对策的设计和多目标优选,并得到最佳水污染控制实施计划。     

ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION CONTROL1

ABSTRACT. The limited success of command-and-control policies for reducing nonpoint source (NPS) water pollution mandated under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA) has prompted increased interest in economic incentive policies as an alternative control mechanism. A variety of measures have been proposed ranging from fairly minor modifications of existing policies to substantial revisions including watershed-wide polices that rely on economic incentives. While greater use of economic incentive policies, such as environmental bonds and point/nonpoint source trading is being advocated in the reauthorization of the CWA, the expected effects of individual proposals will be modest. The characteristics of NPS pollution, namely uncertainty and asymmetrical information, underscores that there is no single, ideal policy instrument for controlling the many types of agricultural NPS water pollution. Some of the usual incentive-based policies, such as effluent taxes, are not well suited to the task. Individual incentive policies proposed for the reauthorized CWA, such as pollution trading or deposit/refund systems, are not broadly applicable for heterogeneous pollution situations. Economic incentive policies may be appropriate in some cases, and command-and-control policies will be preferable in others and may in fact complement incentive policies.     

The application of charging schemes for the management of water pollution

This paper examines lessons from the experience in the use of charges for water resource management, considers how charges have been used in Europe, and how a new charging system could be developed. It focuses particularly on the case for pollution charges, or charges for using a river for the disposal of waste. The paper falls into four sections. The first reviews briefly the case for pollution charges, both theoretical and practical, and shows how they can complement regulatory systems. The experience of pollution charging schemes in the Netherlands, Germany and France, where charges have been used as a major mechanism for environmental and water resource management for upwards of 10 years are examined. The basis for charge schemes, their effectiveness as policy instruments and the institutional framework within which they operate are discussed. The paper addresses some questions which are central to the definition and development of charge schemes- the objectives, the problems and constraints. A case study is used to establish the feasibility of introducing emission charges for water resource management. How the charge could be designed and administered and how the charge level could be set is also described. Finally, some broad recommendations on the effectiveness and issues associated with charge schemes are presented.     

乌鲁木齐市水环境质量评价

对乌鲁木齐市的水环境进行分析研究,并用改进的灰色关联模型对1991～2000年的饮用水环境、地表水环境和地下水进行评价,评价结果为分析水质变化趋势,采取科学合理的治理措施提供了有益的参考。     

Water quality perception,a dynamic evaluation

Seventy-six users of a camp grounds along the River Loing (France) took part in semi-directive interviews concerning their perceptions of water pollution levels of the river. The results of the interviews were analysed in conjunction with objective water pollution data supplied by the water quality monitoring authority. While there is some relationship between subjective estimates and objective quality classifications many people appear to be tolerant of water pollution. Quality estimates do not seem to be affected by the specific water-related activities of the respondents. A number of criteria are used by respondents in achieving their overall assessment of water quality (colour, presence/absence of water plants and algae, presence/absence of floating debris, odour, movement and clarity). These criteria appear to be used hierarchically and in a multi-stage judgmental process.     

重庆三峡库区饮用水安全存在的问题与对策研究

饮用水源的污染以及常规的水处理工艺去除污染的局限性等原因，使库区人民健康正面临日益严重的威胁。结合三峡库区特殊的自然条件和社会经济发展水平，本文分析了库区饮用水安全存在的问题，并提出供水水质安全保障对策，即加强水污染控制，保护水源安全；采用先进、适用的净水技术；控制生活饮用水的二次污染，为库区构建新型的安全饮用水保障体系。     

太湖水土资源保护和经济发展研究

本文对江苏省太湖地区水土资源利用现状及其与经济发展之间的协调性进行了系统分析，提出了该区今后在保护水土资源的同时促进社会经济发展的对策．     

氨氮污染对宁夏水环境质量的影响及对策

近年来氨氮污染对宁夏水环境质量的影响日趋严重,本文通过大量的监测数据,分析了水环境中氨氮污染现状及其变化趋势,研究了氨氮污染物的来源和分布,并在此基础上提出了控制氨氮污染的对策。     

中国的污水处理与水环境管理政策

中国已建有420座污水处理厂,城市污水处理率达30％以上。但污水处理任务仍很艰巨,必须采取加强工业污染防治,建设大批新的污水处理厂和控制面源污染等对策。     

京津冀协同发展的生态环境保护战略研究

随着中共中央在2014年将京津冀协同发展上升为国家战略,京津冀区域再次成为我国北方重要的经济增长极。然而,京津冀地区当前环境形势仍十分严峻,是全国水资源最短缺,大气污染、水污染最严重的区域,生态环境是京津冀协同发展需要尽快补齐的突出短板。本文深刻分析了京津冀区域当前大气、水、生态三个领域存在的突出问题以及内在的体制机制不协调。在此基础上,明确了解决京津冀生态环保总体思路,并分别从环境功能区划、生态保护红线、大气联防联控、跨界水环境治理、环境监管联动以及体制政策创新等方面提出针对性解决措施,为国家开展京津冀生态环境协同治理提供参考借鉴。     

从生态学的角度分析温瑞塘河的文化积淀和水环境污染的治理

本文描述了温瑞塘河的文化和目前的面源污染情况，试图剖析唐宋时期的环境结构，并描述这些文化因子在温瑞塘河的形成和发展的过程中，如何嵌入当地的生态系统，推进整个系统的发展和自身的积累，以及温瑞塘河的污染现状。通过分析，提出了几点从生态学的角度，结合文化、经济来管理和治理温瑞塘河的有效措施。     

成都市景观水体污染防治问题探讨

随着城市建设的快速发展,越来越多的城市景观水体美化了城市,同时也改善了城市居民的居住环境,然而城市景观水体易受污染的问题也较为突出.在各种现有城市景观水体污染治理技术的基础上,提出了适宜成都市景观水体污染防治的几种策略.     

Rural industries and water pollution in China

Water pollution from small rural industries is a serious problem throughout China. Over half of all river sections monitored for water quality are rated as being unsafe for human contact, and this pollution is estimated to cost several per cent of GDP. While China has some of the toughest environmental protection laws in the world, the implementation of these laws in rural areas is not effective. This paper explains the reasons for this implementation gap. It argues that the factors that have underpinned the economic success of rural industry are precisely the same factors that cause water pollution from rural industry to remain such a serious problem in China. This means that the control of rural water pollution is not simply a technical problem of designing a more appropriate governance system, or finding better policy instruments or more funding. Instead, solutions lie in changes in the model that underpins rural development in China.     

运用生态经济系统思想，开展城市水环境污染的综合整治

本文运用生态经济系统思想有计划，有步骤地解决水环境问题，针对当前城市水质污染的状况和趋势，找出城市水污染的主要原因，并对城市水环境污染进行经济分析及采取的经济对策，根据城市污水总量污染趋势预测，提出了防治措施，同时，在解决水环境问题时，重视环境效益，经济效益和社会效益的统一。     

中美水质评价方法比较

国内外的研究都表明,从保护人类、野生动植物和自然生态环境健康角度出发,按照水体自然属性并结合人类对水体的使用和保护要求对水体进行功能划分,制定合理与水体使用功能相适应的水环境质量标准,并采取控制措施使水体水质达到该标准,是既合理、经济,又能有效保护水环境的方法.其关键是如何按照水质标准对水环境质量进行客观准确评价,这既是保护水环境的基础性工作,直接关系到水环境保护和排污控制措施的有效性,也是我国目前急需解决的重要课题.本文首先对美国水环境质量评价方法体系作了概要介绍,然后对我国水环境质量评价现状进行分析,通过对比美国和我国的水环境质量评价方法,对我国水环境质量评价提出了建议和研究方向.     

我国农业面源污染的控制与管理研究

主要通过我国污染源普查和2013年环境公报介绍了我国农业面源污染的现状,并从土壤侵蚀、农业化肥及农药、畜禽粪尿污染、农村生活污水和固体废弃物垃圾、大气干湿沉降、航运污染等方面介绍了我国污染源农业面源污染的成因,结合对土地利用方式、农业活动和田间管理、畜禽粪便及垃圾污染、社会经济因素等农业面源污染的影响因素的分析,分别从技术措施、法律措施和经济措施3方面入手提出了我国面源污染的控制和管理措施。     

CLEAN WATER ACT REAUTHORIZATION: HOW FAR HAVE WE COME?1

ABSTRACT: This paper first presents a brief review of an earlier effort to estimate the benefits associated with achieving the Clean Water Act objectives. It then discusses what would be involved in doing a retrospective benefit-cost analysis of the Clean Water Act and some information on changes in several measures of water quality over the past 20 years. The paper concludes with a summary of a recent effort to estimate the realized benefits associated with the Clean Water Act and some implications for policy. (KEY TERMS: benefits; benefit-cost analysis; costs; recreation; water pollution; water quality.)     

水污染治理效益分析

从水污染治理损益分析中应考虑的项目组成及可能采用的估算方法作一般性的讨论,分析水污染治理方案的可行性,为水污染进行治理的决策部门提供一定的参考依据。     

升钟水库生态环境保护与污染防治对策研究

本文主要研究升钟水库生态环境保护与污染防治对策问题。首先,通过资料收集和现场调研,评价升钟水库的环境质量现状;接着,对库区的污染负荷进行分析和预测,制定污染物消减计划;最后,提出相应的污染防治与生态环境保护措施。     

畜禽牧场污染及其对水环境质量的影响

评价了畜禽牧场污染及其对水环境质量的影响。为保证在进一步促进经济发展的同时,更有效地控制和减少畜禽牧场的污染,改善环境,保护好水环境资源,造福人类,提出了一些建议和措施。