包气带中污染物的天然降解作用

通过包气带造纸污水中的降解试验,分析了污染物在包气带内经吸附、过滤、离子交换以及生物化学作用等净化机制,指出生物氧化作用和生物还原作用是包气带中两种主要的生物化学作用.污染物在包气带中迁移时,会在表层形成生物氧化带,在下部形成生物还原带.只有当生物还原带形成后,生化层才发育成熟,包气带对有机物能进行有效地降解和清除,具有良好的天然降解功能.并指出包气带的岩性、结构和包气带的厚度是影响包气带的降解能力重要因素.     

污染物在包气带中迁移的HYDRUS-1D预测模型——以某焦化项目为例

以某地区焦化项目为研究对象,根据工程分析结果,利用HYDRUS-1D软件构建该项目酚氰废水处理站调节池渗漏液中典型的污染物挥发酚在包气带中的运移模型,预测挥发酚在包气带中的垂直迁移,计算出挥发酚通过包气带到达地下水面的时间和浓度值,为项目的地下水溶质运移的数值模拟预测提供起始时间和初始浓度值,同时为建设项目地下水污染源强和污染场地修复治理等环境保护工程提供有力的帮助。     

城市化对水源系统的影响--以南京市为例

随着城市化进程的推进,人类对自然的干扰日益加剧,城市水源系统也因此受到影响,带来了诸如地表水质恶化、地面蒸散发减少、径流系数增大、地下水质变差和地面沉降等一系列问题.城市化发展通过影响水量平衡中的一个或多个因子,进而影响到整个水源系统.通过对南京市域多年水质、降水量等数据的分析可见,南京自城市化发展以来,地表水质下降明显、降水量和暴雨频率有增大的趋势、地下水也受到较大程度污染.为尽可能减轻城市化带来的负面影响,保护、恢复和重建城市水源系统是南京城市可持续发展的一个重要课题,应建立健全城市湿地有效保护机制,建立市区雨污分流和有效的雨水收集机制,尽可能地实现中水回用.在秦淮河的治理中,应在减少源头污染的同时,利用水体的自然净化能力,生态治污.     

塔里木河下游霍拉山地区地下水水质分析

为掌握近几年塔里木河下游地下水环境质量变化情况,运用单因子评价法和改进内梅罗指数法对塔里木河下游霍拉山地区2013～2019年地下水监测数据进行综合评价.分析结果表明:霍拉山地区地下水主要影响指标为硫酸盐、氯化物、溶解性总固体、总硬度等,水质状况稳定,无明显变化.地下水持续消耗导致包气带增厚,进一步增大含水层与地下水源...     

沙漠地带获得农业用水的一种方法——“卡丁”

前言在干旱地区,雨水稀少而且变化无常,任何地表水源,水量再小也是宝贵的。许多干旱环境中,地下水太深或含盐量很高,也不能利用。在印度的干旱地带—特别是在拉贾斯坦的加索麦地区(包括塔尔沙漠的一部分)—靠所谓“雨季”的雨水,不能满足大部分庄稼的需要。因雨季的雨水很不稳定,而且主要土壤多半是砂丘、薄砂砾层或岩石。因此,大规模     

氨氮在准噶尔生态环境观测研究站典型包气带介质上的吸附性能研究

包气带是地下水的天然屏障,也是氮素污染地下水的主要通道。以准噶尔生态环境观测研究站包气带3种典型土壤,即粉质砂土、砂质粘土、粉质粘土为研究对象,通过静态吸附实验查明了3种不同质地土壤对氨氮的吸附性能。结果表明,3种土壤对氨氮的吸附主要发生在0~2 h,其吸附过程均符合准二级动力学方程;其等温曲线均符合Freundlich模式,其中,粉质粘土的吸附常数KF=20.8 018,砂质粘土的吸附常数KF=12.5 516,粉质砂土的吸附常数KF=15.1 845。不同土壤对氨氮的吸附能力随着粒径的不同差异较大,表现为:粉质粘土砂质粘土粉质砂土。说明粉质粘土防污能力最强,砂质粘土次之,粉质砂土最弱。结果为确定包气带介质的环境容量、防污特性的评价及地下水污染机制的深入研究提供科学支撑。     

隧道建设对地下水环境影响及对策措施

隧道建设相当于在地下增加一条新的地下水排泄通道。隧道排放的施工涌水如果不加控制,将会造成区域地下水水位下降,使得影响半径范围内地下水露头减少,井泉、溪流水量等不同程度的减小或消失,从而影响当地居民的生活和生产用水。文章以五陂石隧道为例,根据隧址区地质构造、地层岩性及其水文地质条件,通过对隧址区涌水量计算,定量分析隧道建设对地下水环境的影响。分析得出,隧道建设在一定程度上改变隧址区原有的地下水径流及排泄条件,涌出的地下水以地表径流形式流失和浪费,使地下水系统失去平衡。最后,提出保护地下水环境的对策和措施。     

某化工污染场地土壤与地下水污染特征分析

以我国南方某典型化工污染场地为研究对象,通过场地调查确定了研究区的主要污染物为六六六、苯、氯苯和二氯丙烷,并进一步分析了污染物在土壤和地下水中的分布特征。污染物在土壤中浓度主要以生产车间为中心向四周逐渐减小,浓度梯度较大;在垂向上已穿透潜水层,浓度峰值出现在潜水层的中下部。污染物在潜水层中的分布呈现出和土壤中相似的特征,并表现出向南迁移的趋势。污染物在承压水层中的浓度峰值点与土壤和潜水重合,受区域地下水流向的控制,呈现明显向北迁移的趋势。由于地表较厚亚黏土的存在,增强了承压水的防污性能,污染物主要被截留于亚黏土中。     

格尔木地区水资源开发与保护对策研究

格尔木是我省未来几十年中工业发展的重点城市。如何保护水资源,合理开发利用水资源以及保护和开发察尔汗盐湖资源是格尔木地区经济与社会发展所面临的严峻课题。一、水资源分布特征格尔木地区地表水系均为内流河,大致可分为两类,一类是由降水和地下水补给的发源于山区的河流;另一类是地下水排泄由泉水汇集的泉集河流。格尔木河是区内最大的河流,源于昆仑山北坡,自南向北经格尔木市注入达布逊湖,流域面积15477平方公里,总长度243公里,多年平均流量26.2米~3/秒。该河入盆地后,在山前地带大量渗漏,流量急剧减小。泉集河分布在市区北部的细土平原,地     

加强天水市地下水环境保护

地下水对天水经济社会发展有着十分重要的作用，但由于自然和人为因素影响，流域内水环境日益恶化，严重制约着经济社会的全面发展。本文在分析天水市地下水资源的主要特点及地下水环境状况的基础上，对地下水资源的开发利用现状进行了评价，提出了地下水开发利用与保护的具体措施。     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

A Social Contract for Biotechnology: Shared Visions for Risky Technologies?

Future technological developmentsconcerning food, agriculture, and theenvironment face a gulf of social legitimationfrom a skeptical public and media, in the wakeof the crises of BSE, GM food, and foot andmouth disease in the UK (House of Lords, 2000). Keyethical issues were ignored by the bioindustry,regulators, and the Government, leaving alegacy of distrust. The paper examinesagricultural biotechnology in terms of a socialcontract, whose conditions would have to be fulfilled togain acceptance of novel applications. Variouscurrent and future GM applications areevaluated against these conditions. Successwould depend critically on how far a sharedvision can be found with the public. Tore-establish trust, significant changes areidentified in the planning and pursuit ofbiotechnology.