可视化技术及其在环境科学中的应用

可视化是近年新发展起来的一个研究和开发十分活跃的技术领域，它是把计算机图形学、图像处理和计算机视觉等技术应用于计算科学。目前已在各个学科中得到广泛的应用，主要介绍了可视化技术的概念、发展概况、实现过程以及可视化技术在环境科学中的应用和前景。     

现代分子生物学技术在活性污泥微生物菌群多样性研究中的应用

以活性污泥技术为主体的好氧工艺是污水生物处理技术方面应用较为广泛的方法。随着现代分子生物学技术的不断发展,人们对活性污泥中微生物菌群多样性的认识逐渐深化,大量用传统方法未检测到,但在活性污泥中发挥关键作用的微生物逐渐引起研究学者的重视。现代分子生物学技术以FISH技术、实时荧光定量PCR技术、DGGE／TGGE技术、16SrRNA序列比较、T—RFLP技术、AFLP技术等为代表已成为研究微生物微观形态及种群结构特征的主要手段。文章就这些技术在活性污泥微生物菌群多样性研究中的应用进行了总结,为进一步研究污水处理领域活性污泥的微生物菌群多样性提供了必要的依据。     

环境专家系统

专家系统是具有大量专门知识,并能应用这些知识解决特定领域中实际问题的计算机程序系统。专家系统技术在环境科学领域中的应用称为环境专家系统。     

微生物遗传学在环境工程中的应用及原理探讨

微生物遗传学应用到环境工程领域 ,给传统的水污染控制技术和环境监测方法注入了新的活力。本文着重探讨了水处理中污泥驯化的微生物遗传学原理 ,同时评述了微生物遗传学在环境工程中的应用现状 ,分析了其中存在的问题 ,并指出了今后进一步发展的方向。     

活性污泥中主要微生物菌群研究进展

活性污泥是污水处理厂曝气池内有机污染物转化的主体,其生物活性的高低从根本上决定了一个污水处理厂的污水处理能力,而活性污泥的生物活性又主要取决于其中的微生物菌群结构和功能。因此,活性污泥微生物菌群研究一直是环境科学、生态学和环境工程等领域的研究重点。人类对活性污泥微生物菌群的认识也随着其研究方法的发展而逐步深入。本文对活性污泥中的主要微生物菌群极其特性做了描述,并简单介绍了菌群的几种研究方法,对研究趋势作了展望。     

塔什库尔干县土壤可培养细菌多样性及其胞外酶检测

对新疆塔什库尔干县土壤中可培养细菌多样性进行分析，以期初步阐明该地区土壤可培养细菌群落结构。采用5种琼脂培养基分离纯化可培养细菌，依据其16S rRNA基因序列进行系统发育分析，并运用平板法对纯化菌株的胞外酶产生情况进行检测。序列分析结果表明，33株细菌分别属于放线菌门（96.97%）和厚壁菌门（3.03%）等2个大的系统发育类群，5个属14个种。其中节杆菌属（48.48%）和假节杆菌属（24.24%）为优势菌属。培养基优势度指数结果显示，高氏1号培养基的优势度指数最高，菌株分离效果最好。分离菌株产胞外酶结果显示，33株细菌中含有至少1种胞外酶活性的菌株共19株（57.58%）。总体上，塔什库尔干县土壤中可培养细菌多样性较单一，细菌产单一种类胞外酶活性比例较高，分离菌株可为塔什库尔干县微生物资源的开发和利用提供前期基础。     

蛋白质组学及其在环境科学中的应用

在后基因组时代，蛋白质组学是最新的生物体内蛋白质表达的分析工具，将对环境科学产生直接和间接的影响。蛋白质组学包括采用高分辨率2D技术的蛋白质提取、分离，结合高效率的蛋白质鉴定和生物信息学技术对蛋白质的分析与鉴定。简要介绍了蛋白质组学的内涵、研究方法、国内外研究进展以及在环境科学中的应用与展望。     

有害废弃物的生物处理

<正> 微生物处理在有害废物处理领域中有着广阔的应用前景,它提供了一个廉价、有效的清除方法,对污染物所进行的是最终的清除。从微生物学原理出发,已经有很多混合培养系统和一系列新的培养法适用于处理有害物。多数情况下,生物处理最有利于与其它技术结合使用,如热力学去除或物理、化学预处理。许多已被封存的有害废物可用微生物来处理。微生物处理是多方面的,处理系统所用的微生物可回收利用。污染物去除的结果已表明,用可靠的工程原理是适宜的,各种生物处理方法所获得的经验越来     

现代微生物遗传学技术在环境保护领域中的应用

微生物遗传学是近几十年快速发展起来的区别于经典遗传学的一个分支学科,近年来,它在基因水平上发展起来的相关技术已在环境保护领域得到了较为广泛的应用,主要包括：筛选构建转化降解微生物、改进工程菌的遗传稳定性、提供更为科学快捷准确多样的环境监测和环境评价技术手段,以及帮助合成生物可降解新型材料等几个方面。     

重金属复合污染对土壤微生物的影响机制

目前对复合污染的研究是环境科学发展的重要方向之一。在综述重金属复合污染效应研究现状基础上,对重金属复合污染的机理以及重金属对土壤微生物活性、酶活性和土壤微生物群落的影响进行了探讨,并指出了在研究中存在的问题和发展方向。     

Effect of alum treatment on the concentration of total and ureolytic microorganisms in poultry litter

Microbial mineralization of urea and uric acid in poultry litter results in the production of ammonia, which can lead to decreased poultry performance, malodorous emissions, and loss of poultry litter value as a fertilizer. Despite the fact that this is a microbial process, little is known about how the microbial populations, especially ammonia-producing (ureolytic) organisms in poultry litter, respond to litter amendments such as aluminum sulfate (Al(2)(SO(4))(3).14H(2)O; alum). The goal of this study was to measure the temporal changes in total bacterial and fungal populations and urease-producing microorganisms in nontreated litter or litter treated with 10% alum. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to target the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, the fungal 18S rRNA gene, or the urease gene of bacterial and fungal ammonia producers in a poultry litter incubation study. Nontreated poultry litter had relatively high total (2.8 +/- 0.8 x 10(10) cells g(-1) litter) and ureolytic (2.8 +/- 1.3 x 10(8) cells g(-1) litter) bacterial populations. Alum treatment reduced the total bacterial population by 50% and bacterial urease producers by 90% within 4 wk. In contrast, at 16 wk after alum treatment, the fungal population was three orders of magnitude higher in alum-treated litter than in nontreated litter (3.5 +/- 0.8 x 10(7) cells g(-1) litter and 5.5 +/- 2.5 x 10(4) cells g(-1) litter, respectively). The decrease in pH produced by alum treatment is believed to inhibit bacterial populations and favor growth of fungi that may be responsible for the mineralization of organic nitrogen in alum-treated litters.     

Use of Physical Sciences in Support of Environmental Management

Offshore drilling for oil and gas has been conducted since the early 1900s. Oil and gas under the seabed continue to be an important part of the energy resources of the United States. The need to balance the value of these resources against the potential for environmental damage is an important concern. This article explains why and how the Minerals Management Service (MMS) of the US Department of the Interior uses research in physical sciences to help fulfill its environmental goals, and it provides background information on the role of physical sciences in decision-making for Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) oil, gas, and other minerals development. Established in the 1970s, the MMS Environmental Studies Program is a highly focused marine research program designed to provide the environmental information necessary for OCS energy and nonenergy minerals planning and development activities. The physical sciences research supported by MMS includes physical oceanography, oil-spill risk analyses, atmospheric sciences, and sand and gravel studies. Instead of giving a comprehensive review on physical sciences research in MMS, this article presents sample MMS studies and illustrates how these studies are utilized to support decision-making in environmental management.Published online Note: This version was published online in June 2005 with the cover date of August 2004.     

Socio-Ecological Impact and Risk Assessments in the Urban Environment: A Multidisciplinary Concept from Hong Kong

This paper discusses the increasing importance of the environment to social scientists. A multidisciplinary approach is highlighted and it is argued that the social sciences have a more significant role to play in understanding and responding to environmental deterioration than has hitherto been the case. The need for harmonizing multidisciplinarity in appreciating impact assessments is emphasized. A framework for analyzing and containing environmental impacts in Hong Kong is also proposed.     

Environmental technological education in a developing country—Libya

Summary The environmental education needs of a currently wealthy developing country, Libya, are outlined. Because of specific local requirements, the data presented clearly shows how such educational requirements differ in many respects from the various Western-style environmental sciences curricula. The aim is to produce graduates capable of comprehending environmental problems as they arise in the different regions of Libya. This involves not only dealing with the effects of new developments but also with peoples who must adapt to new life-styles.Since most of what has to be learned is communicated originally in English to Arabic-speaking students via lectures, visits and books, special emphasis is laid upon the added importance oflocally produced bilingual audio-visual teaching aids supported by spoken commentaries, printed texts and glossaries of technical terms used in both languages. A technique for producing such aids has been evolved at the Higher Institute of Technology, Brack, Libya.     

苯酚降解菌Y_1的分离与鉴定

旨在从微生物降解的角度出发,解决苯酚大量应用带来的含酚废水对环境污染问题.采用富集培养、驯化筛选和平板划线等方法,从某化工厂废水中分离得到4株苯酚降解菌.利用4-氨基吡啉分光光度法测定其苯酚降解能力,筛选出降解率较高的菌株Y_1.经形态学观察、生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA序列分析,将该菌初步鉴定为苏云金芽孢杆菌(Ba...     

Mesocosm-scale evaluation of faunal and microbial communities of aerated and unaerated leachfield soil

Aeration improves the capacity of leachfields to decontaminate and reduce the nutrient load of wastewater. To gain a better understanding of the effects of aeration, we examined the faunal and microbial communities of septic system leachfield soil (0-4 and 4-13 cm) using replicated (n = 3) mesocosms that were actively aerated (AIR) or unaerated (LEACH). Protozoa were 40 to 140 times more abundant in AIR than in LEACH soil. No nematodes were found in LEACH soil, whereas AIR soil contained 5 to 14 x 10(3) nematodes (all bacteriovores) kg(-1). Active microbial biomass was four to five times higher in AIR than LEACH soil. Proteobacteria and actinomycetes/sulfate-reducing bacteria constituted a higher proportion of the community in AIR soil, whereas anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria/firmicutes were more prominent in LEACH soil. Ratios of prokaryotic to eukaryotic phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) were higher in LEACH soil, as were membrane stress index values, whereas the starvation index was higher in AIR soil. Community-level physiological profiles showed that 29 and 30 different substrates were used for growth by LEACH and AIR soil microorganisms, respectively. The AIR soil had more microorganisms capable of growing on 10 substrates, whereas growth on two substrates was higher in LEACH soil. Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analysis of 16S rRNA gene fragments revealed greater diversity of dominant phylotypes in AIR than LEACH soil, with communities separated by treatment. Aerated leachfield soil had a larger and more diverse faunal and microbial community than unaerated soil, possibly due to differences in the type and availability of electron acceptors.     

非诉讼环境纠纷解决机制之重构

在环境纠纷的非诉讼解决方面,我国虽然已有运用各种非诉讼纠纷解决方式来处理环境纠纷的实践,但在立法方面以及运作方式上仍然不完善,通过对该机制的各种程序进行分析和阐述,提出我国在环境纠纷解决中运用非诉讼解决机制进行重构.     

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING1

Historically, the main objective of water resources development has been economic efficiency, and the technique for its evaluation has been benefit-cost analysis. Gradually other objectives have emerged, and these in order of their emergence are regional income redistribution, environmental quality and social well-being. These multi-objectives have given rise to multifarious problems, and have made the planning process much more complex than ever before. The different objectives are not mutually exclusive, and, hence, contributions to one can only be made at the expense of others. Trade-off studies between different objectives are difficult to make. It is suggested that one way to overcome this difficulty could be to design a system to perform optimally in terms of one objective, subject to a specified level of performance of the other, which in effect becomes a constraint. The paper also discusses the pros and cons of the desirability of public participation in our decision-making processes, and the necessity of developing social sciences models to aid water planning and management.     

制革工业废水处理技术之硫化物生物毒性研究及工程实践

制革废水中S^2-对生物的毒性较大,由此对处理系统产生不良影响,使制革废水处理达标成为难题。本文研究了硫化物生物毒性,得到了硫化物生物毒性相对临界浓度（200mg/l）,并在第一时间内运用于示范工程实践,取得了良好的效果,从而为制革工业废水处理技术的进一步发展打下了良好的基础。