内循环(IC)厌氧反应器在废水处理中的应用

介绍了内循环(IC)厌氧反应器的基本原理,分析了IC厌氧反应器的工艺特点,即IC厌氧反应器是新型高效厌氧生物反应器,扼述了IC厌氧反应器在废水处理中的应用进展及前景。     

厌氧反应器技术研究开发情况简介

本文分析了厌氧反应器技术的发展过程,着重介绍了几种新型第三代厌氧反应器技术的原理和应用现状,以及我国目前对这些技术的研究开展情况,其中:升流式厌氧污泥床过滤器(UBF)研究取得了一定的成功经验;垂直折流厌氧污泥床反应器(VBASBR)缺乏应用生产实例;厌氧折流反应器(ABR)已有成功经验;内循环反应器(IC)还只限于部分废水的处理;膨胀颗粒污泥床反应器(ECSB)尚未有规模的生产投入使用。     

强制性内循环快速启动IC厌氧反应器过程的研究

如何在短时间内快速启动厌氧反应器是厌氧处理工程中的关键。本文对IC厌氧反应器分别进行强制性内循环启动和常规启动实验。结果表明 ,强制性内循环启动的反应器充分利用了内循环缓冲 pH和抗冲击负荷的能力 ,创造良好的微生物生长环境 ,最终只用了 5 4天就完成整个启动 ,比常规方式启动缩短近一个月 ,是一种值得借鉴的启动方式     

硫酸盐有机废水厌氧生物处理工艺研究进展

单相厌氧工艺具有工艺流程简单、操作和管理方便等优点,一直是国内外处理硫酸盐有机废水的重要工艺.随着硫酸盐有机废水成分的多样化,国内外开发出了两相生物厌氧工艺.重点介绍了单相厌氧工艺中的升流式厌氧污泥床、折流挡板反应器、厌氧序批式反应器、厌氧膨胀颗粒床反应器,以及两相厌氧工艺中的两相UASB工艺、软性纤维填料反应器+UASB工艺、厌氧滤池(AF)+UASB工艺、硫酸盐还原+生物脱除硫化物+甲烷化工艺和两个新型两相厌氧工艺等,简述了每种工艺的要点和研究成果.     

新型厌氧处理反应器的发展及应用

厌氧反应器是应用于污水处理的一种生物处理系统。因其运行费用低，能耗少且可产生有用副产物等优点在世界范围内得到了广泛的研究与应用。本文对厌氧反应器的由来，发展与应用进行了较系统的论述，重点介绍了新型厌氧反应器的研究与应用前景；认为目前应用的是以高速厌氧反应器为代表的工艺，但必须提高系统的稳定性，缩短系统的启动周期；同时应完善适宜于处理需高温厌氧处理的废水，低浓度有机废水以及高浓度有毒物质废水的反应器。新方法或新材料如膜技术的应用以及分级“多相”厌氧反应器可能在将来的废水处理中发挥作用。此外厌氧反应器与其他废水处理系统组成的厌氧－好氧系统，厌氧－湿地系统等综合处理系统更拓展了其应用范围。在我国这样能源短缺，资金不足的发展中, 有效又价廉的厌氧处理反应器特别适合我国国情。     

荷兰废水厌氧处理技术与科研进展考察

本文在简要地报道了赴西欧荷兰考察废水厌氧处理技术和科研进展概况后,重点介绍高效厌氧工艺UASB(上流式厌氧污泥床)的设计特点、研究进展和在(?)水厌氧处理中生产规模虚用情况与UASB反应器相匹配的关键生物枝术—高活性厌氧污泥颗粒化研究应用进展,有关颗粒污泥形状、类型、微生物组成、形成机理及厌氧活性污泥颗粒化的主要影响因素等,希望能借鉴国外先进厌氧工艺UASB及其厌氧颗粒化污泥培养技术应用于我国废水厌氧处理中,为提高我国废水厌氧消化技术水平提供参考。     

升流式厌氧污泥床反应器处理工艺研究

对厌氧反应器在生物处理废水中的应用进行了探讨,着重论述了升流式厌氧污泥反应床的整体结构、反应机理、工艺特点以及其成功操作的影响因素。     

碱度对UASB处理淀粉废水影响的研究

通过UASB中试装置对淀粉废水处理工艺中不同碱度对UASB反应器中的碱度和酸化的影响的研究,论述了减少碱度投加的途径和酸化的预防与系统恢复.补充碱度可以防止酸化,使反应器处于良好运行状况.通过控制运行条件可以有效降低厌氧处理中碱度需求,在最大程度上降低厌氧处理运行费用.阐述了日常监测的方法,以及预防酸化的产生的途径.     

一种厌氧颗粒污泥的微生物与化学组成研究初探

本文研究UASB反应器处理石灰法制浆的草浆蒸煮黑液,在较短时间内培养出首育良好沉淀性能和较高活性的厌氧颗粒污泥。并对其形态、结构和化学组份及不同生理类群的厌氧微生物特性等进行了观察和测试,结果表明厌氧颗粒污泥高活性的原因。为进一步探索厌氧颗粒污泥的形成机理提供了依据。     

柠檬酸废水处理改造工程实例

采用多级内循环厌氧反应器MIC/上升式厌氧反应器UASB串联工艺处理柠檬酸生产排放的高浓度有机废水,其中厌氧处理段的COD去除率＞94％,整体COD去除率可达98.3％左右.最终排放口出水COD平均值为190 mg/L,pH值为6～9,达到柠檬酸行业废水排放标准.     

厌氧生化塔处理TNT-RDX混合废水

TNT和RDX废水都是毒性有机物，对人体和动植物均有严重危害。本文通过工程实例介绍了厌氧生化法处理耵盯和RDX混合废水的降解机理、工艺流程、厌氧生化塔的结构、工作过程和工艺特点。     

污泥高固体厌氧消化研究进展

厌氧消化是实现污泥的减量化、稳定化和资源化的重要手段,相对于传统的低浓度污泥厌氧消化工艺高固体污泥厌氧消化可以直接利用污水处理厂排放的脱水污泥,具有设施体积小、单位容积产气率较高和水耗及能耗较低等优势。本文综述了近年来污泥高固体消化的研究进展,从污泥高固体厌氧消化的基本特征出发,总结了污泥高固体厌氧消化的影响因素和对反应器的要求;同时对污泥高固体消化存在的搅拌不匀、传质传热困难、有机质降解率偏低、搅拌系统不成熟等问题作了简要分析,这些问题都还有待于深入研究解决。     

Decolorization of triphenylmethane dye-bath effluent in an integrated two-stage anaerobic reactor

In the present study, decolorization of a simulated dye waste containing three different triphenylmethane (TPM) dyes--Magenta, Malachite Green and Crystal Violet, was investigated in a laboratory scale, two-stage anaerobic high-rate reactor. The effect of various parameters (influent dye concentration, hydraulic and co-substrate loading rates) on color and COD removal efficiency of the reactor has been studied. It has been shown that the influent dye concentration had little effect on overall COD and color removal efficiency. More than 99% color removal and 96% COD removal efficiency were maintained even at a dye concentration of 500 mg/l and a dye loading rate of 1000 mg/l day. However, a minimum level of glucose as supplementary carbon source is required to maintain the maximum color removal efficiency and it drops appreciably when no glucose is added to the influent. The study also showed that the acidogenic phase of the reaction plays an important role in decolorization of the TPM dyes. In addition, the two-stage anaerobic reactor was observed to have distinct advantages over the single-stage system, as the drop in color and COD removal efficiency of stage 1 are adequately compensated by stage 2 of the reactor especially under high dye loading rates accompanied by low co-substrate loading and under reduced HRTs.     

Relationships between anaerobic consortia and removal efficiencies in an UASB reactor degrading 2,4 dichlorophenol (DCP)

To gain more insight into the interactions between anaerobic bacteria and reactor performances (chemical oxygen demand-COD, 2,4 dichlorophenol-2,4 DCP removals, volatile fatty acid-VFA, and methane gas productions) and how they depended on operational conditions the microbial variations in the anaerobic granular sludge from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating 2,4 DCP was studied. The study was composed of two parts. In the first part, the numbers of methanogens and acedogens in the anaerobic granular sludge were counted at different COD removal efficiencies. The relationships between the numbers of methanogens, the methane gas production and VFA production were investigated. The COD removal efficiencies increased to 74% from 30% while the number of total acedogens decreased to 10 from 30 cfu ml(-1). The number of total methanogens and acedogens varied between 11 x 10(3) and 10 x 10(9)MPN g(-1) and 10 and 30 cfu ml(-1) as the 2,4 DCP removal efficiencies were obtained between 60% and 99%, respectively. It was seen that, as the number of total acedogens decreased, the COD removal efficiencies increased. However, the number of total methanogens increased as the COD removal efficiencies increased. Correlations between the bacterial number and with the removal efficiencies obtained in different operational conditions were investigated. From the results presented in this paper a high correlation between the number of bacteria, COD removals, methane gas percentage, 2,4 DCP removals and VFA was observed. In the second part, methanogen bacteria in the anaerobic granular sludge were identified. Microbial observations and biochemical tests were applied to identify the anaerobic microorganisms from the anaerobic granular sludge. In the reactor treating 2,4 DCP, Methanobacterium bryantii, Methanobacterium formicicum, Methanobrevibacter smithii, Methanococcus voltae, Methanosarcina mazei, Methanosarcina acetivorans, Methanogenium bourgense and Methanospirillum hungatei were identified.     

Modeling of the denitrification/anaerobic digestion process of salmon fishery wastewater in a biofilm tubular reactor

The literature has paid scarce attention to the modeling of the denitrification-anaerobic digestion process in packed bed biofilm tubular reactors used to treat wastewater. The present study obtained a steady-state model for industrial salmon fishery wastewater treatment in a biofilm tubular reactor, including pH as a variable and the effect of biomass on hydrolysis. The axial profile of the reactor components and process efficiency were predicted with deviations below 6%. The optimal operating zone for the process was found at hydraulic retention time (HRT)>1.5d and inlet protein concentration (S(prot,0))<3000 mgTOCL(-1). Based on our results, we concluded that the removal of organic matter and nitrogen compounds depended mainly on HRT. The effluent pH was mainly affected by the C/N ratio, where a decrease increases pH. Organic matter removal was related with the anaerobic digestion process, while denitrification influenced mostly nitrate and nitrite removal.     

Modelling anaerobic biofilm reactors--a review

Anaerobic treatment has become a technically as well as economically feasible option for treatment of liquid effluents after the development of reactors such as the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor, anaerobic biofilter and anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR). Considerable effort has gone into developing mathematical models for these reactors in order to optimize their design, design the process control systems used in their operation and enhance their operational efficiency. This article presents a critical review of the different mathematical models available for these reactors. The unified anaerobic digestion model (ADM1) and its application to anaerobic biofilm reactors are also outlined.     

Performance of a combined anaerobic reactor for municipal wastewater treatment at ambient temperature

A bench-scale experimental study was carried out to investigate the overall performance of a combined anaerobic reactor for treating pre-settled municipal wastewater at ambient temperature (18–28°C) in terms of substrate removal efficiencies, biogas, methane production, volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles and effluent suspended solids (SS) concentration, etc. The tested reactor was a modified anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). The second and third compartments were partly packed with supporting media. The experimental results were similar to, or compared favourably with, other anaerobic reactor systems for municipal wastewater treatment at ambient temperature and proved the technical feasibility of this compartmentalised reactor. Considering its simple structure and operation, it could be considered a potential reactor system for treating municipal and domestic wastewaters in tropical and sub-tropical areas of developing countries.     

中外沼气发展史略

产甲烷菌是一种古细菌(Archebacteria),有机物在厌氧条件下的产甲烷现象早在远古便有。而有文字记载的人类发现、认识以及研究开发并利用厌氧消化产生沼气的历史还是近两千年内的事情。本文通过大量史料、史实,从化学、生物、地质和比较历史学的角度,论证了西汉四川“火井”浅层生物生成气与沼气在形成机理上的相同性,从而提出了中国是世事上最早发现并利用沼气的国家(年代可追朔到公元前一世纪)的新观点,这一研究结果比以往中国沼气史的计算方法提早了约2000年。本文还用详尽的文字论述了中外沼气的发现、沼气实验,厌氧消化工艺研究及人工制取沼气技术的发展史。