电捕集法消除空气中的氚

本文研究了一种净化空气中氚的新方法，我们用四水合磷酸轴酰氢（Hup)作消氚剂，在外加直流电场的作用下，直接消除潮湿空气中的氚，用不同面积的消氚圆片，在静态，常温，常压下，外加4－7伏直流电场，50小时左右，可使2．2升含氚空气中氚的净化率超过90％，空气中氚含量为0．2－10ppm，含水量为3000－12000ppm，我们用液闪测量了消氚后圆片中氚的含量，其结果与用电离室所测的结果一致。     

尿中氚水和总氚的对比分析测定研究

用蒸馏液闪法测量尿中氚水浓度 ,用氧化蒸馏液闪法测量尿中总氚 (氚水和有机氚 )浓度。同时测量了 1999年核设施退役时接触氚人员的高于本底水平的尿中氚水和总氚浓度 72个样品。比较氚水和有机氚浓度 ,得到有机氚浓度占氚水浓度的平均值为 (5 4± 3 7) % ,其值与理论值和动物实验值基本相符     

纳米Ag-TiO2/SiO2薄膜催化剂的制备及其性能研究

以硅胶为载体，采用溶胶凝胶—光还原法制备了掺杂Ag的TiO2薄膜催化剂（Ag-TiO2/SiO2）；以甲基橙为目标降解物，对其光催化活性进行了考察。实验结果表明，Ag改性的TiO2／SiO2薄膜光催化性能是未改性催化剂性能的2．06倍。以XRD、SEM、BET等手段进行表征，结果表明Ag的掺杂会促进薄膜催化剂中的Ti02由锐钛型向金红石型转变，同时Ag对电子的捕获使电子一空穴对有效分离，导致了其催化活性的提高。     

磺化石油焦酸催化剂的制备

以石油焦为原料、浓硫酸为磺化剂，通过磺化反应制得磺化石油焦酸催化剂。分析了制备条件的影响，获得了制备磺化石油焦的优化条件：反应温度120℃、反应时间30h、酸（摩尔）焦（g）比0．8mol／g。在优化条件下，磺化石油焦的交换容量可达2．6mmol／g。与强酸性阳离子交换树脂K2641相比，在相同的反应条件下，磺化石油焦作为酸催化剂催化合成乙酸乙酯表现出较高的催化活性，且重复使用5次后催化剂活性基本保持不变。     

尿中氚水和总氚的分析测定

用蒸馏-液闪法和氧化蒸馏-液闪法分别测量了氚污染人员尿中的氚水浓度和总氚(氚水和有机氚)浓度。根据72个高于本底水平的尿中氚水和总氚浓度分析比较，认为在氚内污染工作人员的尿中，有机氚与氚水的浓度比值为(5.4 3.7)％。     

载铜活性炭催化氧化干法腈纶废水的研究

通过浸渍法制备了载铜活性炭(Cu/AC)催化剂,用于催化过氧化物氧化干法腈纶废水,结果表明:Cu/AC催化活性高于均相催化剂Cu(NO3)2,Cu溶出量则小于均相催化剂.非均相催化氧化对干法腈纶废水有很好的处理效果.催化剂的活性和稳定性与制备条件关系很大,通过单因子影响实验,确定催化剂的最佳制备条件为焙烧温度700℃,焙烧时间4小时,浸渍溶液初始浓度10.6gCu/L,浸渍时间20小时.     

环境中的氚及其监测

本文概述氚的性质、来源及其对环境的污染和危害。介绍了水的电解浓缩—液体闪烁计数法探测水中氚的实验程序。     

氚靶制备现场氚的辐射防护

氚靶制备过程中氚的辐射防护是整项工作能否顺利完成的关键之一，本文以一次氚靶制备为例，报道了氚靶制备现场氚的辐射防护。结果表明：在氚靶制备过程中，充氚手套箱、操作间和排放烟囱内的氚浓度均未达到操作现场设定的氚的管理值，本次制靶过程中外排氚量为6．78×10^9Bq；制靶期间操作间地面和工作台、仪表上氚表面污染最大值分别为23．20Bq／cm^2、1．85Bq／cm^2、11．53Bq／cm^2，均远低于GB18871—2002中规定的控制区表面放射性物质污染控制水平值；剂量监测间地面氚表面污染最大值为8．92Bq／cm^2，低于国家标准中对监督区表面氚污染的控制限值；操作人员休息间、剂量监测控制间和走廊地面氚表面污染最大值分别为15．28Bq／cm^2、3．35Bq／cm^2、14．05Bq／cm^2，低于国标中对非限制区表面氚污染的控制水平；本次充氚活动中现场工作人员所受的剂量在国家标准值以下，对公众造成的附加剂量远低于GB18871—2002中规定的限值。     

可见光响应Ag@AgCl/BN复合光催化剂的制备与活性研究

采用油水自组装法在多孔氮化硼(BN)表面负载具有等离子效应的Ag@AgCl纳米颗粒,制备了具有可见光响应的Ag@AgCl/BN复合光催化剂。利用XRD、SEM、UV-Vis等对其晶型结构、表面形貌以及光学性能进行表征。在模拟可见光照射下,通过降解亚甲基蓝研究了复合催化剂的催化活性。结果表明,Ag@AgCl/BN表现出良好的吸附活性和可见光催化活性,吸附平衡后经80min模拟可见光照射,对亚甲基蓝的降解率达93%,高活性归因于吸附-光催化的协同作用。同时利用淬灭实验探讨了增强光催化活性的机制。     

氨气改性活性炭催化臭氧化降解垃圾渗滤液中提取的富里酸

富里酸(FA,fulvic acids)是反渗透浓液中的主要污染物,而催化臭氧化是一种有效的处理方法。采用不同温度下氨气改性后的AC作为催化剂,对提取的FA进行臭氧化降解,氨气改性提高了AC催化活性,且ACN650催化活性最高,与未改性的ACA相比,FA的去除率提高了4%,TOC去除率从4.4%提高到了20.1%。此外,采用改性后的ACN650作为载体制备的Ce/ACN650催化剂时,FA溶液的TOC去除率达到了45.2%。     

Effects of alkali promoters on the textural and catalytic properties of mesoporous Fe–Al–Cu catalysts for water gas shift reaction

Mesoporous Fe₂O₃–Al₂O₃–CuO catalysts promoted with alkali oxides were synthesized and used in water gas shift reaction (WGSR) at high temperatures for hydrogen purification. These chromium-free catalysts were characterized using nitrogen adsorption/desorption, hydrogen temperature programmed reduction, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The synthesized catalysts with narrow single-modal pore size distribution in mesopore region possessed high specific surface area. The catalytic results revealed that except Cs, the addition of other alkali promoters declined the catalytic activity. However, all catalysts showed higher catalytic performance than the conventional commercial catalyst. The results showed an optimum content of Cs promoter (3 wt.%) for the promoted Fe–Al–Cu catalyst (3 wt.% Cs-FAC), which exhibited the highest activity in WGSR at high temperature.     

Effect of calcination temperature on the application of sodium zirconate solid base catalyst for biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil

Influence of catalyst calcination temperature on the catalyst characteristics and catalytic transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil for biodiesel production was studied by using sodium zirconate (Na₂ZrO₃) solid base catalyst. Na₂ZrO₃ catalysts were prepared by impregnation method followed by calcination at temperatures of 700, 800, and 900°C. The prepared catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Important parameters influencing the catalytic activity and fatty acid methyl ester yield were investigated. It was found that the increase in calcination temperature showed marked increase in activity due to the increased porosity and presence of tetragonal zirconia. Investigation of the reusability of the catalysts showed that the catalytic activity was retained even after five cycles of reaction.     

低温烟气脱氮活性炭基催化剂

活性炭基催化剂是低温烟气脱氮的优良催化剂。本文探讨了活性炭基催化荆的低温脱氮机理，分析了催化荆性能的影响因素，比较了各种催化荆的脱氮机理和性能，在此基础上指出了今后的研究方向。     

炭基催化剂用于处理H2S的研究进展＊

介绍了国内外在常温下处理硫化氢等恶臭气体的炭基催化剂的研究进展情况,分析了炭基催化剂中活性炭、活性炭纤维、超级活性炭的特性及国内外应用现状,从工艺技术、成本、环保等几方面总结了此类常温脱硫催化剂的应用情况和优缺点,并对炭基脱硫催化剂未来的应用空间和发展方向进行了展望。     

Evaporative Cooling of Water in a Small Vessel Under Varying Ambient Humidity

Evaporative cooling of water in a small porous clay vessel was studied under controlled humidity conditions. In steady-state experiments performed at an ambient temperature of 23 °C, the cooling effect increased from 4.7 to 8.3 °C as the ambient relative humidity decreased from 60 to 15%. External heat and mass transfer coefficients, estimated from the steady-state measurements, were used in mathematical models to predict the experimentally observed transient temperature variation of the water under ramp changes of the ambient relative humidity. With a prototypical cool chamber containing water tested in Kolkata, India under an ambient temperature of 34.5–35 °C, the cooling effect reached a maximum of 7 °C between 3 and 3:30 PM and then declined to 4.5 °C around 6 PM.     

Experimental evaluation of the catalytic efficiency of calcium based natural and modified catalyst for biodiesel synthesis

Transesterification of a mixture of vegetable oils with methanol using metal oxide catalysts derived from snail shell (SS) for biodiesel production was investigated. The metal oxides obtained from calcined snail shells in the temperature range of 650°–950 °C and modified by loading different potassium salts were used as a catalyst in the process. The catalysts were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM-EDS, XPS and TGA. Catalytic activities of developed catalysts were also tested by Hammet indicator method and ion exchange method. The best calcination conditions were observed at 850°C for 4 hours based on biodiesel yield. The KF loaded snail shell gave highest biodiesel yield of 98 ± 1% in a batch reactor with highest basicity (15.9 mmoles/g) and basic strength measured by Hammet method. The optimized reaction conditions were: reaction temperature 65°C, reaction time 3 hours, methanol to oil molar ratio 9:1 and catalyst concentration 3wt%. Leaching and reusability tests confirm the stability of the catalyst as it encounters only 3% of leaching and small changes in catalytic activity up to five runs in terms of biodiesel yield.     

Promotional effect of transition metal doping on the properties of KF/CaO catalyst for biodiesel synthesis

A series of heterogeneous KF/CaO catalysts modified with transition metals (lanthanum, cerium, and zirconium) were prepared via wet impregnation method and applied to the trsansesterification process of waste cooking oil (WCO) as feedstock with methanol to biodiesel production. The structure, performance of the solid catalysts was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed desorption of CO₂ (CO₂-TPD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The effect of methanol/oil molar ratio, ¹reaction time, reaction temperature, catalyst amount, and stability was investigated. The results showed that 10 wt% of lanthanum, cerium, and zirconium improved the catalytic activity of KF/CaO catalyst. The maximum catalytic activity using the lanthanum doping of 10wt% on KF/CaO catalyst was reached 98.7% under the optimal reaction condition of methanol/oil molar ratio of 12:1, reaction for 1 h at reaction temperature of 65°C, and 4% (wt/wt oil) catalyst amount. In addition, the FAME yield of KF/CaO/La catalyst remained higher than 95% after 10 cycles. The promotional effect of lanthanum doping could be attributed to the enhancement of the basicity strength of KF/CaO catalyst and block the leach of Ca²⁺ in the transesterification reaction.     

燃煤机组SCR脱硝催化剂的研究进展

选择性催化还原(SCR)是目前控制氮氧化物排放的主要技术。本文介绍了锅炉炉后脱硝系统的布置位置及工艺条件、已经工业化的氨选择性高温还原钒催化剂的特点,以及近年来低温脱硝催化剂的研究现状。指出我国脱硝催化剂应提高还原剂的选择性,开发新型低温催化剂应重点考察烟气中的水、二氧化硫及硫酸氢铵等对催化剂的影响。     

AIR-WATER TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP IN ILLINOIS RIVER1

Application of harmonic analysis to daily mean air, water temperature records for a location indicates that the first harmonic accounts for a major portion of the total variance in the records. Water temperature residuals are well correlated with air temperature residuals. Parametric values of the mathematical model for predicting water temperatures from air temperature records are stable from year to year. The air-water temperature relationship appears to be a stationary linear process. Consequently, it is possible to predict water temperatures at a location from the ambient temperature records provided both air and water temperature records are available for another similarly situated water body.     

Chemistry and long-term decomposition of roots of Douglas-fir grown under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and warming conditions

Elevated atmospheric CO(2) concentrations and warming may affect the quality of litters of forest plants and their subsequent decomposition in ecosystems, thereby potentially affecting the global carbon cycle. However, few data on root tissues are available to test this feedback to the atmosphere. In this study, we used fine (diameter < or = 2 mm) and small (2-10 mm) roots of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings that were grown for 4 yr in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment: ambient or elevated (+ 180 ppm) atmospheric CO(2) concentrations, and ambient or elevated (+3.8 degrees C) atmospheric temperature. Exposure to elevated CO(2) significantly increased water-soluble extractives concentration (%WSE), but had little effect on the concentration of N, cellulose, and lignin of roots. Elevated temperature had no effect on substrate quality except for increasing %WSE and decreasing the %lignin content of fine roots. No significant interaction was found between CO(2) and temperature treatments on substrate quality, except for %WSE of the fine roots. Short-term (< or = 9 mo) root decomposition in the field indicated that the roots from the ambient CO(2) and ambient temperature treatment had the slowest rate. However, over a longer period of incubation (9-36 mo) the influence of initial substrate quality on root decomposition diminished. Instead, the location of the field incubation sites exhibited significant control on decomposition. Roots at the warmer, low elevation site decomposed significantly faster than the ones at the cooler, high elevation site. This study indicates that short-term decomposition and long-term responses are not similar. It also suggests that increasing atmospheric CO(2) had little effect on the carbon storage of Douglas-fir old-growth forests of the Pacific Northwest.