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《四川环境》2017,(5)
大气消光系数可以表征污染程度的大小,其本身与相对湿度密切相关。对2013年6月~2014年5月的逐小时地面观测的大气消光系数、相对湿度和PM2.5质量浓度数据进行统计与相关分析,以了解成都市大气污染的时间分布特征以及相对湿度和PM2.5质量浓度对其影响,在此基础上分析细颗粒物的吸湿增长特性。结果表明:(1)成都市消光系数具有明显的季节特征,消光系数大小依次为冬季秋季夏季春季。消光系数日变化在不同季节表现出不同的变化趋势。(2)当相对湿度小于80%时,PM2.5浓度与消光系数显著正相关,可直接利用污染物浓度代表污染的严重程度。(3)平均单位质量消光系数随相对湿度的变化表现出随机性,但整体呈现正相关。就平均而言,相对湿度每增加一个单位,平均单位质量消光系数增加0.013%。(4)由于成都市相对湿度对消光系数影响较大,因此在评定污染程度时用空气质量指数进行评定比用能见度评定更具科学性。 相似文献
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土壤锑污染对桑树的影响初探 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
运用盆栽实验和实验分析方法,研究了土壤锑(Sb)污染对桑叶品质的影响,揭示了桑树对土壤锑的耐性机制。在土壤中分别添加三价锑15mg/kg、40mg/kg、80mg/kg、120mg/kg、160mg/kg和300mg/kg,以植物生长指标及生理指标为测试指标,实验周期60d。实验结果表明,低浓度Sb处理(<40mg/kg)对桑树生长有促进作用;随着土壤Sb浓度增高(40—300mg/kg),它对桑树产生抑制效应。但当土壤锑浓度不超过160mg/kg时,桑树对土壤锑污染有一定的耐性,其耐性指数>0.8。土壤锑污染对桑叶叶绿素含量、淀粉含量和可溶性糖含量影响不显著,桑叶中的锑含量随土壤锑含量的增加而增多。 相似文献
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本文以长势良好且树龄相同的木兰科植物白兰花(Michelia alba.DC)为实验材料,采用盆栽方式,用模拟酸雨的处理方法,研究了其在模拟酸雨胁迫下的抗氧化酶系统和丙二醛(MDA)的变化规律。结果表明,pH2.0酸雨比pH3.0和pH4.0对白兰花的影响更大,到第六次喷施酸雨时,SOD、POD、CAT酶活性均低于对照;各处理MDA含量在第六次处理时达到最高值,且均与对照呈显著性差异(P0.05)。说明酸雨胁迫对白兰花的影响较大,白兰花在酸雨胁迫下抗逆性和耐受性较弱,其结果为酸雨控制区选择城市绿化植物提供重要的现实意义。 相似文献
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为探究颗粒物对昆明城区环境空气质量的影响,基于2015~2020年颗粒物质量浓度数据,利用Spearman相关性分析、冗余分析方法对颗粒物质量浓度时空变化特征及其驱动因素进行深入研究。结果表明:2015~2020年期间,可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、细颗粒物(PM2.5)质量浓度均呈现显著下降的变化趋势,年内旱季整体高于雨季,日内呈“双峰双谷”波动变化趋势且夜间显著高于白天;颗粒物质量浓度的主要影响因素是风速,并与降水量、相对湿度、气温呈现显著负相关,但也受到区域传输、人类活动等多种因素影响。未来,应分区域、分时段(旱季和雨季、昼间和夜间)制定差异化的污染管控措施,重点控制PM10质量浓度并使PM2.5质量浓度持续下降,为持续提升昆明城区环境空气质量水平提供科学依据。 相似文献
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植物生长调节剂对格药柃硬枝扦插繁殖的影响 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
研究了NAA、IBA对格药柃硬枝扦插繁殖的影响.结果表明,选择适当浓度的外源植物生长调节物质可显著提高格药柃硬枝扦插繁殖效果.其中用1000mg/L质量浓度的吲哚丁酸溶液速浸5min插穗,其生根率可达76.67%. 相似文献
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Carl J. Sindermann 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1988,24(5):931-939
ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities. 相似文献
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Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences
in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental
classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic
regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages,
water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by
analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables
and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a
given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a
posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions.
The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly
better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using
different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and
that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained
variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental
classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations. 相似文献
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All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by
outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various
media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few
studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural
journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover
agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial
copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being
in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy.
Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work,
and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who
cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel
study. 相似文献
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Paul M. Bradley Jeffrey H. Writer 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2014,50(2):334-342
Biodegradation of [A‐ring 14C] Estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) to 14CO2 was investigated under light and dark conditions in microcosms containing epilithon or sediment collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. Mineralization of the estrogen A‐ring was observed in all sediment treatments, but not epilithon treatments. No difference in net mineralization between light and dark treatments was observed for 14C‐E2. Net mineralization of 14C‐E1 and 14C‐EE2 was enhanced in light treatments. Extents of 14CO2 accumulation and rates of mineralization were significantly greater for E2 than E1 under dark conditions, but were comparable under light conditions. These results indicate substantial differences in the uptake and metabolism of E1 and E2 in the environment and suggest biorecalcitrance of E1 relative to E2 in light‐limited environments. The extent of 14CO2 accumulation and rate of mineralization for EE2 in dark treatments were less than half of that observed for E2 and generally lower than for E1, consistent with previous reports of EE2 biorecalcitrance. However, 14CO2 accumulation and rates of mineralization were comparable for EE2, E2, and E1 under light conditions. These results indicate photoactivation and/or phototransformation/photodegradation processes can substantially enhance heterotrophic biodegradation of estrogens in sunlit environments and may play an important role in estrogen transport and attenuation. 相似文献
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《International Journal of Green Energy》2013,10(3):301-312
Abstract Sustainable ecosystems can be designed to eliminate environmental toxins and reduce pathogen loads through the direct and indirect consequences of plant and microbial activities. We present an approach to the bioremediation of disturbed environments, focusing on petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contaminants. Treatment consists of incorporating a plant-based amendment to enhance ecosystem productivity and physiochemical degradation followed by the establishment of plants to serve as oxidizers and foundations for microbial communities. Promising amendments for widespread use are entire plants of the water fern Azolla and seed meal of Brassica napus (rapeseed). An inexpensive byproduct from the manufacture of biodiesel and lubricants, rapeseed meal is high in nitrogen (6% wt/wt), stimulates >100-fold increases in populations of resident Streptomyces species, and suppresses fungal infection of roots subsequently cultivated in the amended soil. Synergistic enzymatic and chemical activities of plant and microbial metabolism in root zones transform and degrade soil contaminants. Emphasis is given to mechanisms that enable PHC functionalization via reactive molecular species. 相似文献
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The present article, based on a study of five village ecosystems, assesses the energy efficiency of rain-fed agriculture in
a dry tropical environment and the impact of agricultural activity on the surrounding natural ecosystems. Agronomic yield
is insufficient to meet the food requirement of the human population, hence 11.5%–49.7% of the required amount of food grains
are imported from the market. Energy requirements of five studied agroecosystems are subsidized considerably by the surrounding
forest in the form of fodder and firewood. Natural ecosystems supply about 80%–95% of fodder needs and 81%–100% of fuelwood
needs. The output-input ratio of agriculture indicated that, on average, 4.1 units of energy are expended to obtain one unit
of agronomic energy. Of this, 3.9 units are supplied by the natural ecosystem. In addition, 38% of the extracted firewood
is marketed. The illegal felling and lopping of trees result in ever-increasing concentric circles of forest destruction around
the villages and together with excessive grazing results in savannization. The forests can be conserved by encouraging fuelwood
plantations (0.7 ha/ha cultivated land) and developing village pastures (1.6 ha/ha cultivated land) and reducing the livestock
numbers. Agricultural production in the region can be stabilized by introducing improved dry farming techniques such as intercropping,
planned rainwater management, and adequate use of fertilizers. 相似文献
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Norman Wengert 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1973,9(3):512-521
ABSTRACT The term “institution” and several variants are used frequently in the literature on metropolitan water management. The state-of-the art investigation on which this paper is based revealed that 1) many uses of the term do not include careful definitions; 2) many users of the term seemed unaware of the general, theoretical literature on the subject of institutions; 3) there was little consistency among uses, either in the practical literature dealing with water or in the conceptual literature dealing with theories of institutions or institutionalization; 4) some usages were without significant meaning; 5) in many cases the term was used as a kind of “black box” to account for behavioral, societal, or managerial factors; 6) the term was often used as a synonym for “organization”. This latter use is frequently found in federal reports, including National Water Commission studies, and is most unfortunate because it tends to slight significant social-psychological factors. A suggested definition is: “An institution is the structured result or outcome of a process by which values are articulated, arranged, and communicated, having continuity over time, and influencing behavior of persons who did not necessarily participate in formulating those values (norms).” 相似文献
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One of the major hindrances to waste minimisation on a construction site is the difficulty in establishing a methodology and using this methodology to benchmark future construction projects. This paper introduces SMARTWaste, a software tool that has been used to audit, reduce and target waste arisings on a construction site. This tool tries to link the construction process and the waste hierarchy. That is reducing waste on a construction site rather than landfilling it. Three applications of the SMARTWaste software will be discussed using case studies from three different types of construction. An evaluation of these case studies shows that, by implementing a waste minimisation scheme on-site, you can improve material recovery for reuse. Also, by using the waste arisings as a benchmark you can reduce your waste arisings on future sites. Application of SMARTWaste or a similar waste minimisation tool on a wider basis could reduce waste arisings and could result in a built environment that consumed less natural resources and energy, and also produced less pollution and waste. Such a built environment would be environmentally and socially more responsive and responsible. 相似文献
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COMPARISON OF TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN TISSUE OF COMMON CARP AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MONITORING1
Robert M. Goldstein L. Rod DeWeese 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1999,35(5):1133-1140
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) collected from four sites in the Red River of the North in 1994 were analyzed for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), selenium (So), and zinc (Zn). Concentrations differed among liver, muscle, and whole body. Generally, trace element concentrations were the greatest in livers while concentrations in whole bodies were greater than those in muscle for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, and concentrations in muscle were similar to whole body for As and Se. Concentrations of Cr were lower in liver than either muscle or whole body. Correlations between liver and whole body concentrations were stronger than those between liver and muscle concentrations, but the strongest correlations were between muscle and whole body concentrations. Examination of tissue concentrations by collection sites suggested that, for a general survey, the whole body may be the most effective matrix to analyze. 相似文献
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Macroalgal invasions in coastal areas have been a growing concern during the past decade. The present study aimed to assess the role of hull fouling on recreational yachts as a vector for macroalgal introductions. Questionnaire and hull surveys were carried out in marinas in France and Spain. The questionnaires revealed that the majority of yacht owners are aware of seaweed introductions, usually undertake short range journeys, dry dock their boat at least once a year, and use antifouling paints. The hull survey showed that many in-service yachts were completely free of macroalgae. When present, fouling assemblages consisted mainly of one to two macroalgal species. The most commonly found species was the tolerant green seaweed Ulva flexuosa. Most of the other species found are also cosmopolitan and opportunistic. A few nonnative and potentially invasive Ceramiales (Rhodophyta) were found occasionally on in-service yachts. On the basis of the information gathered during interviews of yacht owners in the surveyed area, these occurrences are likely to be uncommon. However they can pose a significant risk of primary or secondary introductions of alien macroalgal species, especially in the light of the increase in yachting activities. With large numbers of recreational yachts and relatively rare occurrences of nonnative species on hulls, comprehensive screening programs do not seem justified or practical. The risks of transferring nonnative species may, however, be minimized by encouraging the behaviors that prevent fouling on hulls and by taking action against neglected boats before they can act as vectors. 相似文献