防潮包装容器透湿度试验方法

本文对美国、日本等工业先进国家有关包装容器的透湿度试验方法,作了简要的介绍,可供有关人员对产品进行防潮包装设计、研究和制订标准时参考。     

浅谈减少物流对环境的负担

从环境保护的角度，对绿色采购，基于环保的生产物流，减少办公垃圾，包装材料和包装容器的循环使用，创建绿色运输体系及回收物流等进行了初步的探讨，并提出相应的措施，以减少物流对环境的负担。     

炭黑/聚苯乙烯复合材料在环境监测方面的应用

制备炭黑/聚苯乙烯(CB/PS)导电气敏复合材料。实验结果表明:复合材料在多种有毒有害有机蒸汽中都有很好的电阻气敏响应性。因此,炭黑/聚苯乙烯导电复合材料在用作气体传感器和电子鼻方面检测空气中的气体污染具有广阔的应用前景。     

碳纤维增强复合材料的环境适应性研究进展

概述了碳纤维增强基复合材料在环境适应性方面近十年的研究进展,从机理、最新研究进展两个方面着重阐述了湿热老化、高低温交替变化老化和紫外辐照老化,以及低能冲击损伤在环境因素作用下对碳纤维复合材料性能的影响,并简要地提出了碳纤维复合材料在环境适应性方面的发展方向。     

环境友好新型聚乳酸复合材料的研究及应用

聚乳酸(PLA)复合材料是一类重要的环境友好新型可降解材料。该材料通常是以PLA高分子为基体,以无机钙质成分(如羟基磷灰石、磷酸钙、珊瑚、珍珠层)、碳纤维、生物活性成分、有机物等为增强材料复合而成。概述了近年来国内外通过共聚、共混、复合等改性方法获得PLA复合材料的研究进展;论述了PLA复合材料的制备方法、生物相容性、力学性能、开发现状及应用等;指出使用新型的复合工艺、采用超细的无机粒子或纳米增强材料或加入特殊填料,同时开发新型增强物质是PLA复合材料的发展趋势;展望了PLA复合材料的应用前景。     

不同改性ACF负载TiO2复合材料去除甲苯性能研究

文章采用不同方法对活性炭纤维（ACF）进行改性,并将TiO2负载在改性ACF上制成复合材料,通过对比不同方法制备的改性复合材料对甲苯的降解性能,选出性能最佳的TiO2/Zn（NO3）2-ACF复合材料并进行表征。通过改变不同实验条件发现：在24 W紫外灯照射下,浸渍2次的TiO2/Zn（NO3）2-ACF复合材 料对1000 mg/m3的甲苯气体去除率达到65％;经过3次循环再生后,复合材料的降解性能无明显下降,说明TiO2/Zn（NO3）2-ACF复合材料具有良好的循环稳定性。     

碳纤维/环氧复合材料湿热环境疲劳剩余强度试验

为研究湿热环境对碳纤维/环氧复合材料单向带疲劳性能的影响,开展了碳纤维/环氧复合材料单向带含中心孔层压板疲劳试验和压缩剩余强度试验。分别在标准环境条件、湿热环境条件下对试件进行拉-压疲劳试验,最后进行压缩剩余强度试验,通过对试验结果的分析,研究碳纤维/环氧复合材料单向带在温度70±2℃、相对湿度(85±5)%RH的湿热环境影响下的疲劳性能。试验表明:湿热环境试件与标准环境试件相比,强度下降了2%,为复合材料方向舵的疲劳损伤容限试验提供了试验依据。     

钛合金螺栓连接复合材料海洋环境效应分析

为了研究钛合金螺接复合材料件的热带海洋环境腐蚀/老化效应,设计并制备钛合金螺栓连接复合材料模拟件,依托永兴岛大气试验站,开展钛合金螺栓连接复合材料模拟件海洋大气户外暴露试验,收集了2年的环境腐蚀/老化数据,主要包括宏微观形貌、成分变化及力学性能等。研究结果表明：①钛合金螺栓连接复合材料模拟件在户外暴露6个月后,螺栓和螺母表面涂层均发生明显腐蚀;暴露2年后,螺栓表面离子镀铝层脱落导致其严重变色,螺母表面MoS₂涂层发生明显腐蚀,复合材料层合板表面出现明显老化,局部出现纤维剥落;②在力学性能方面,经自然环境暴露2年后,连接件承载能力无明显变化,断裂方式均为螺栓钉头弯曲破坏,连接件韧性出现明显下降,断裂时最大位移较初始状态相比下降约16%。     

活性炭负载纳米零价铁去除水中高氯酸盐研究

如何有效去除水中高氯酸盐,解决普通零价铁去除效果不佳和易被氧化等缺点是本研究的主要出发点。采用浸润法制备活性炭负载纳米零价铁复合材料,运用扫描电镜对复合材料进行表征,考察了不同条件下复合材料对高氯酸盐的去除效果,并分析了去除机理。研究结果表明:高氯酸盐去除效果在一定范围内随着材料含铁量的增加而升高;高氯酸盐去除效果与其初始浓度呈负相关;pH=5时,去除效果最好;共存阴离子对去除效果具有一定抑制作用;溶液中高氯酸根最终被复合材料(nZVI-GAC)还原成无毒Cl-。     

碳纤维复合材料在军用电子设备中的应用

为应对军用电子设备,特别是机载设备、手持式便携设备日益严苛的轻量化要求,结合当前军用电子设备领域内碳纤维复合材料应用整体占比不高、设计成熟度有待提升的实际困境。本文以某加固智能终端为研究对象,阐述其选用碳纤维复合材料作为主体材料的设计思路及结构方案,并通过理论计算、设计分析、试验摸底等手段,对其环境适应性和可靠性进行校核分析。最后通过整理归纳,提出碳纤维复合材料结构设计要点,对后续相似设计具有一定指导意义。     

Refillable versus non-refillable containers: the impact of regulatory measures on packaging mix and quality choices

With the continually declining percentage of soft drink sales in refillable bottles in favour of cans and PET bottles, despite a growing soft drink market, governments have become increasingly concerned with the alleged more environmentally harmful impacts of throw-away convenience packaging and tried to enact policies to induce consumers to switch to refillable glass bottles. In many cases, fully or partially refundable deposits have been opted for to provide consumers with the incentive to properly dispose of packaging, but not to switch between different container types, and thus, they may not constitute the most desirable solution. The effects of various regulatory measures on producers’ choices of packaging quality and mix in the presence of consumers with differing demand intensities are analyzed to discern the least distortionary alternative.     

痕量分析中容器的选择与洗涤

在痕量分析中,为获得准确的分析结果,容量材质以及洗涤方法的选择至关重要。试验分析表明:聚乙烯是较好的容器材料,它玷污最小、易洗涤、价廉、容器清洗。经实验证明:蒸汽法效果好,但需要相应装置;浸泡法简单易行,但消耗较大。其他方法则各有利弊,因此可根据不同的分析元素及特征,选择合适的洗涤方法。     

Twenty years of PET bottle to bottle recycling—An overview

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has become the most favourable packaging material world-wide for beverages. The reason for this development is the excellent material properties of the PET material, especially its unbreakability and the very low weight of the bottles compared to glass bottles of the same filling volume. Nowadays, PET bottles are used for softdrinks, mineral water, energy drinks, ice teas as well as for more sensitive beverages like beer, wine and juices. For a long time, however, a bottle-to-bottle recycling of post-consumer PET packaging materials was not possible, because of the lack of knowledge about contamination of packaging polymers during first use or recollection. In addition, the decontamination efficiencies of recycling processes were in most cases unknown. During the last 20 years, PET recollection as well as recycling processes made a huge progress. Today, sophisticated decontamination processes, so-called super-clean recycling processes, are available for PET, which are able to decontaminate post-consumer contaminants to concentration levels of virgin PET materials. In the 1991, the first food contact approval of post-consumer PET in direct food contact applications has been given for post-consumer recycled PET in the USA. Now, 20 years after the first food approval of a PET super-clean recycling process, this article gives an overview over the world-wide progress of the bottle-to-bottle recycling of PET beverage bottles, e.g. the recollection amount of post-consumer PET bottles and the super-clean recycling technologies.     

Environmental assessment of packaging: The consumer point of view

When marketing environmentally responsible packaged products, the producer is confronted with consumer beliefs concerning the environmental friendliness of packaging materials. When making environmentally conscious packaging decisions, these consumer beliefs should be taken into account alongside the technical guidelines. Dutch consumer perceptions of the environmental friendliness of packaged products are reported and compared with the results of a life-cycle analysis assessment. It is shown that consumers judge environmental friendliness mainly from material and returnability. Furthermore, the consumer perception of the environmental friendliness of packaging material is based on the postconsumption waste, whereas the environmental effects of production are ignored. From the consumer beliefs concerning environmental friendliness implications are deduced for packaging policy and for environmental policy.     

振动试验在包装测试中的应用

主要通过对产品包装和运输包装测试的介绍,引出振动试验在包装测试中的应用,并对其重要作用、试验方法和参数确定等相关问题进行了探讨。     

System dynamics model for analyzing effects of eco-design policy on packaging waste management system

EU's long-term objective is to become a recycling and resource effective society, where waste is utilized as a resource and waste generation is prevented. A system dynamics model was developed to analyze the policy mechanisms that promote packaging material efficiency in products through increased recycling rates. The model includes economic incentives such as packaging and landfill taxes combined with market mechanisms, behavioral aspects and ecological considerations in terms of material efficiency (the packaging material per product unit, recycled fraction in products). The paper presents the results of application of various policy instruments for increasing packaging material efficiency and recovery rate and reducing landfilled fraction. The results show that a packaging tax is an effective policy instrument for increasing the material efficiency. It ensures the decrease of the total consumption of materials and subsequent waste generation. The tax helps to counteract a rebound effect, which, as identified by the analysis, can be caused by reduced material costs due to eco-design. The model is applied to the case of Latvia. Yet, the elements and structure of the model developed are similar to waste management systems in many countries. By changing numeric values of certain parameters, the model can be applied to analyze policy mechanisms in other countries.     

Evaluating the impacts of packaging policy in The Netherlands

Packaging materials are one of the largest contributors to municipal solid waste production. This paper evaluates the material impacts packaging policy in The Netherlands in the period 1986-2007. Five different voluntary agreements were implemented over this period to reduce the environmental impact of packaging. The analysis shows that among the investigated indicators, population statistically is the most robust indicator to estimate the packaging demand. A baseline is developed on the basis of population growth in The Netherlands, and is used as reference to evaluate policy impacts. The policy periods are evaluated on the basis of overall effectiveness compared to the baseline and target achievement. Dutch packaging policies have been effective to reduce the total packaging volume until 1999. After 2000, packaging consumption increased more rapidly than the baseline, suggesting that policy measures have not been effective. The largest increase in packaging recycling rates was achieved during the first policy period. More clear and consistent packaging policy measures and targets could improve the effectiveness of policies.     

膦基聚羧酸与其他水处理剂的协同效应研究

利用水处理剂复配体系之间的协同效应,可以提高现有水处理剂的使用效率。对次膦酸基聚丙烯酸(PCA)分别与HEDP和PAA复配后的阻垢及缓蚀性能试验结果表明,将60％的PcA与40％的HEDP、以及将80％的PCA与20％的HEDP分别复配后,在阻碳酸钙与阻硫酸钙垢作用方面均具有协同效应,将PCA与PAA复配后,在阻碳酸钙与硫酸钙垢作用方面不存在协同效应。任意质量分数的PCA与HEDP复配后均具有缓蚀协同效应,PCA与PAA复配后不存在缓蚀协同效应。     

A comprehensive waste collection cost model applied to post-consumer plastic packaging waste

Post-consumer plastic packaging waste (PPW) can be collected for recycling via source separation or post-separation. In source separation, households separate plastics from other waste before collection, whereas in post-separation waste is separated at a treatment centre after collection. There are also two collection schemes, either curb side or via drop-off locations. These different schemes have impact on total costs of collection at the municipal level. It can also influence the facility choices and network design. Therefore, a method which can compare costs of various collection schemes is needed.A comprehensive cost model was developed to compare costs of municipal collection schemes of PPW. The ‘municipal waste collection cost model’ is based on variables including fixed and variable costs per vehicle, personnel cost, container or bag costs as well as on emission costs (using imaginary carbon taxes). The model can be used for decision support when strategic changes to the collection scheme of municipalities are considered. The model takes into account the characteristics of municipalities, including urbanization degree and taxation schemes for household waste management.The model was applied to the Dutch case of post-consumer plastic packaging waste. Results showed that that in general post-separation collection has the lowest costs and curb side collection in urban municipalities without residual waste collection taxing schemes the highest. These results were supported by the conducted sensitivity analysis, which showed that higher source separation responses are negatively related to curb side collection costs. Greenhouse gas emission costs are a significant part of the total costs when collecting post-consumer plastic packaging waste due to the low density to weight ratio of the materials collect. These costs can amount to 15% of the total collection costs.     

CSP器件的无损检测方法

CSP技术封装的产品封装密度高,性能好,体积小,重量轻,与表面安装技术兼容,被广泛应用于手机、笔记本、掌上电脑、数码相机等便携式移动电子设备。本文讨论了影响CSP封装可靠性的几个因素:封装基片、包封材料、焊点、下填料、PCB板。并介绍了检测CSP封装缺陷的高效率、高分辨率的无损检测方法:三维立体成像X射线显微技术和超声波扫描显微成像技术。