长春市历史街区的保护与旅游开发

历史街区是城市历史文化的重要组成部分，承载了城市的历史文脉。随着文化素质的不断提高，人们越来越喜欢到古老的历史街区去体会其丰富的文化内涵，许多保护得较好的历史街区已成为著名的旅游景点。在总结和阐述历史街区内涵、历史街区与旅游关系的基础上，对长春市6大历史街区的保护和旅游开发现状进行分析，并针对实际存在的问题提出了历史街区保护与旅游开发建议。     

武汉市历史街区空间结构及游客空间感知研究

历史街区作为一个城市重要的文化空间,其旅游开发程度直接决定了城市旅游的发展水平,是研究城市旅游的重要内容。依托GIS空间技术分析法,从武汉市历史街区的空间分布特征、历史街区与市内其他旅游景点的空间关系、历史街区与市内交通网络的连接程度三个方面进行分析,再通过代表性历史街区来阐述其历史建筑的保存和利用现状。在此基础上,借助内容分析法,从网络游记中提取游客感知信息,分析游客对武汉市历史街区的形象和地点的空间感知情况。基于旅游供需匹配的视角对其保护和旅游开发提出参考性意见,促进武汉市城市旅游可持续发展。     

历史文化名城的旅游开发

历史文化名城的旅游规划具有重要的宏观指导意义,要围绕历史文化遗存进行旅游系统建设、利用历史街区、历史路段进行旅游线路设计。旅游管理应以保护为主,综合协调,利用旅游感知形象,重点突出、层次分明地进行旅游营销。     

国家历史文化名城旅游酒店空间格局演化及影响因素研究——以凤凰古城为例

利用演化经济地理思维构建旅游酒店空间演化的理论框架，综合运用空间分析方法研究2001—2019年凤凰古城旅游酒店空间演化的总体特征及影响因素，揭示国家历史文化名城旅游酒店空间格局演化规律。结果表明：(1)国家历史文化名城旅游酒店空间演化具有路径依赖特征，受历史、社会和经济变化“三轮驱动”，旅游酒店空间辐射作用由一级集聚中心向邻近次级集聚中心靠近，对城市边缘区的扩散力尚弱。(2)凤凰古城旅游酒店空间格局呈现显著集聚特征，热点区域所在街道单元为沱江沿岸的历史街区，呈现由沱江中游向上下游扩散的趋势，形成“首尾疏、中间密”的格局；旅游酒店空间演化过程经历了萌芽阶段（2001—2007年）、发展阶段（2008—2012年）以及涌现阶段（2013—2019年）。(3)在历史选择基础、城镇用地限制、经济发展以及城镇化建设等因素的共同约束下，将文化资源转化为文化资本，结合旧城改造与新城建设，实现生态空间景观化、生活空间商用化和生产空间旅游化，改变旅游酒店空间格局。     

生态旅游及其可持续发展战略研究之二--生态旅游的可持续发展模式探讨

为衡平旅游开发过程中的经济与环保利益，作为一种全新旅游理念与旅游发展形式的“生态旅游”应运而生，也对传统旅游结构的演变提出挑战，本文通过对“生态旅游”的可持续发展的目标、原则及模式的选择等问题解析，以求能为结合“经济效益”、“生态支柱”、“文化内涵”的新型旅游发展模式提出思考。     

国家级名镇(村)的旅游价值与开发模式探析

阐述了历史文化名镇（村）的概念和意义，并对80个国家级名镇（村）进行了划分，在此基础上分析了历史文化名镇（村）的开发现状与存在的问题。指出在80个历史文化名镇（村）中，有的已经创建了等级旅游区点，或被评为优秀旅游城市等，已将资源优势转化为产品优势；有的目前则少有开发成效。基于区域经济学的增长极、点轴、网络开发理论和可持续发展理念，提出了历史文化名镇（村）可持续开发的模式与建议。     

徐州市历史文化资源的开发与利用

徐州市具有特色鲜明的历史文化资源和极其优越的开发条件。作者根据旅游资源可持续发展的相关原则，分析了徐州市在历史文化资源开发中存在的问题，提出了充分，合理开发利用当地历史文化资源的主要对策。     

国内外游客对历史街区本真性体验差异分析——以北京市为例

北京市入境游客自2011年出现下滑态势以来,旅游开发与品质提升成为发展北京旅游服务贸易竞争力的重要途径之一。随着游客对体验需求的提升,急切需要关注历史街区本真性研究。基于本真性视角,以东城区为例,通过问卷调查与深度访谈对游客所体验的历史街区核心景点事物进行了描述性统计和网络评价分析,比较了中外游客对历史街区本真性体验的差异。研究发现:(1)国内游客注重观赏和审美性质的体验,国外游客注重学习和历史性质的体验;(2)国外游客强调原件的本真性和客观历史事实,国内游客强调在原件的基础上进行美的修饰。研究结果不仅可为游客本真性体验增加对比实证案例,还可为北京市旅游发展提供决策参考。     

生态旅游及其可持续发展战略研究之一--生态旅游的基本理论问题探讨

为平衡旅游开发过程中的经济与环保利益，作为一种全新旅游理念与旅游发展形式的“生态旅游”应运而生，也对传统旅游结构的演变提出挑战，西方通过对“生态旅游”的概念、特性、构成要素、核心内涵、历史使命的解析，以求能为“生态旅游”发展的可持续性，从而为结合“经济效益”、“生态支柱”、“文化内涵”的新型旅游发展模式提出思考。     

古城墙旅游资源的开发对策与建议--以浙江临海古城墙为例

城墙是城市的重要标志和象征，是一种极具历史文化艺术价值的重要旅游资源，然而古城墙的旅游开发目前还普遍停留在“门票经济”阶段。如何充分认识古城墙的价值，并根据当前旅游市场的需求特征进行深度开发、科学开发和有文化内涵的开发，以临海古城墙为例对上述问题进行了探讨。     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Provincial development plans in Zimbabwe: an analysis of their content,structure and methodology

Zimbabwean provincial plans were instituted to help in the achievement of the national goal of the creation of an egalitarian, socialist and integrated society. The national goal itself was adopted as an antithesis to the dualist society characterised by spatial, economic, social, politican and technological inequalities that Zimbabwe inherited from colonialism. This meant that provincial plans had to play both a functional (or growth allocating/distribution) and a territorial (or redistribution) role.

This paper reviews their role in achieving the national goal by examining their functions, content, structure and methodology. The paper concludes that because of their nature, provincial plans are not suitable tools for the achievement of the national goal.     

Effect of Light on Biodegradation of Estrone, 17β‐Estradiol,and 17α‐Ethinylestradiol in Stream Sediment

Biodegradation of [A‐ring ¹⁴C] Estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) to ¹⁴CO₂ was investigated under light and dark conditions in microcosms containing epilithon or sediment collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. Mineralization of the estrogen A‐ring was observed in all sediment treatments, but not epilithon treatments. No difference in net mineralization between light and dark treatments was observed for ¹⁴C‐E2. Net mineralization of ¹⁴C‐E1 and ¹⁴C‐EE2 was enhanced in light treatments. Extents of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were significantly greater for E2 than E1 under dark conditions, but were comparable under light conditions. These results indicate substantial differences in the uptake and metabolism of E1 and E2 in the environment and suggest biorecalcitrance of E1 relative to E2 in light‐limited environments. The extent of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rate of mineralization for EE2 in dark treatments were less than half of that observed for E2 and generally lower than for E1, consistent with previous reports of EE2 biorecalcitrance. However, ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were comparable for EE2, E2, and E1 under light conditions. These results indicate photoactivation and/or phototransformation/photodegradation processes can substantially enhance heterotrophic biodegradation of estrogens in sunlit environments and may play an important role in estrogen transport and attenuation.     

Bioremediation of Soils by Plant–Microbe Systems

Abstract

Sustainable ecosystems can be designed to eliminate environmental toxins and reduce pathogen loads through the direct and indirect consequences of plant and microbial activities. We present an approach to the bioremediation of disturbed environments, focusing on petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contaminants. Treatment consists of incorporating a plant-based amendment to enhance ecosystem productivity and physiochemical degradation followed by the establishment of plants to serve as oxidizers and foundations for microbial communities. Promising amendments for widespread use are entire plants of the water fern Azolla and seed meal of Brassica napus (rapeseed). An inexpensive byproduct from the manufacture of biodiesel and lubricants, rapeseed meal is high in nitrogen (6% wt/wt), stimulates >100-fold increases in populations of resident Streptomyces species, and suppresses fungal infection of roots subsequently cultivated in the amended soil. Synergistic enzymatic and chemical activities of plant and microbial metabolism in root zones transform and degrade soil contaminants. Emphasis is given to mechanisms that enable PHC functionalization via reactive molecular species.     

National minerals policies and stakeholder participation for broad-based development in the southern African development community (SADC)

This paper explains how the well-accepted concept of improved stakeholder participation during mineral policy development leads to a national mineral policy that accommodates the diverging views and interests that allows wide acceptance of decisions, enhancing the success of implementation and, ultimately, national benefits. This process is based on lessons learnt during the South African experience and has been successfully applied in the development of the Namibian and Malawian national minerals policies. An effective policy in the SADC will engineer the delicate balance between poverty reduction and an internationally competitive minerals sector. This balance enhances the possibility of long-term economic growth and development in the SADC region. The overriding advantage of this strategy is that it generates ‘home-grown’ policy instruments and implementation of mineral law with which stakeholders can identify. This process presents a new challenge to traditional policy formulation strategies in emerging economies and the bottom-up approach, linked to wide political support, allows the potential realisation of national objectives.     

Energetics and environmental costs of agriculture in a dry tropical region of India

The present article, based on a study of five village ecosystems, assesses the energy efficiency of rain-fed agriculture in a dry tropical environment and the impact of agricultural activity on the surrounding natural ecosystems. Agronomic yield is insufficient to meet the food requirement of the human population, hence 11.5%–49.7% of the required amount of food grains are imported from the market. Energy requirements of five studied agroecosystems are subsidized considerably by the surrounding forest in the form of fodder and firewood. Natural ecosystems supply about 80%–95% of fodder needs and 81%–100% of fuelwood needs. The output-input ratio of agriculture indicated that, on average, 4.1 units of energy are expended to obtain one unit of agronomic energy. Of this, 3.9 units are supplied by the natural ecosystem. In addition, 38% of the extracted firewood is marketed. The illegal felling and lopping of trees result in ever-increasing concentric circles of forest destruction around the villages and together with excessive grazing results in savannization. The forests can be conserved by encouraging fuelwood plantations (0.7 ha/ha cultivated land) and developing village pastures (1.6 ha/ha cultivated land) and reducing the livestock numbers. Agricultural production in the region can be stabilized by introducing improved dry farming techniques such as intercropping, planned rainwater management, and adequate use of fertilizers.     

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY “METROPOLITAN WATER MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS?”1

ABSTRACT The term “institution” and several variants are used frequently in the literature on metropolitan water management. The state-of-the art investigation on which this paper is based revealed that 1) many uses of the term do not include careful definitions; 2) many users of the term seemed unaware of the general, theoretical literature on the subject of institutions; 3) there was little consistency among uses, either in the practical literature dealing with water or in the conceptual literature dealing with theories of institutions or institutionalization; 4) some usages were without significant meaning; 5) in many cases the term was used as a kind of “black box” to account for behavioral, societal, or managerial factors; 6) the term was often used as a synonym for “organization”. This latter use is frequently found in federal reports, including National Water Commission studies, and is most unfortunate because it tends to slight significant social-psychological factors. A suggested definition is: “An institution is the structured result or outcome of a process by which values are articulated, arranged, and communicated, having continuity over time, and influencing behavior of persons who did not necessarily participate in formulating those values (norms).”     

Waste minimisation in practice

One of the major hindrances to waste minimisation on a construction site is the difficulty in establishing a methodology and using this methodology to benchmark future construction projects. This paper introduces SMARTWaste, a software tool that has been used to audit, reduce and target waste arisings on a construction site. This tool tries to link the construction process and the waste hierarchy. That is reducing waste on a construction site rather than landfilling it. Three applications of the SMARTWaste software will be discussed using case studies from three different types of construction. An evaluation of these case studies shows that, by implementing a waste minimisation scheme on-site, you can improve material recovery for reuse. Also, by using the waste arisings as a benchmark you can reduce your waste arisings on future sites. Application of SMARTWaste or a similar waste minimisation tool on a wider basis could reduce waste arisings and could result in a built environment that consumed less natural resources and energy, and also produced less pollution and waste. Such a built environment would be environmentally and socially more responsive and responsible.