氢氧化镁共沉淀—导数示波极谱法测定水中微量铅镉

水样中加入氯化镁 ,调节溶液的pH =10 ,使水样中的微量元素铅和镉与氢氧化镁形成共沉淀而富集。沉淀经酸溶后 ,在盐酸—碘化钾—抗坏血酸—磷酸—酒石酸底液中 ,用示波极谱法连续测定铅和镉。方法的最低检出浓度铅为 0 .0 0 2mg L,镉为 0 .0 0 1mg L,11次测定的相对标准偏差 3 .1%～ 4.2 % ,标准回收率 96 .0 %～ 10 4 .0 %。     

钴-TAN-非离子型表面活性剂体系的分光光度研究及其应用

钴的分光光度测定常用的显色试剂有亚硝基红盐[1]、亚硝基甲苯酚[1]、PAR、[2]、5 cl PADAB、[3]、DPPI、[4]、亦有采用多元络合物的[5]。中川元吉等研究了1-(2 噻唑偶氮)2-萘酚(简称TAN)与一些金属离子的反应,[6]提出在PH 4～10,TAN与Co~(2+)生成组成2∶1的红色络合物,Σ580nm=3.8×10~4,但未见用于具体样品分析,且需用氯仿萃     

超高效液相色谱法同时测定桦褐孔菌中三种主要化合物的含量

建立超高效液相色谱法(UPLC),测定桦褐孔菌中三种主要化合物原儿茶醛、丁香酸和(E)-4-(3,4-二羟基苯基)丁-3-烯-2-酮含量。采用UPLC法,色谱柱为CORTECS UPLC T3(2. 1mm×100mm,1. 6μm),流动相为乙腈—水(含0. 1%甲酸),柱温为40℃,流速为0. 4mL/min,进样量为1μL,检测波长为280nm。结果表明:原儿茶醛、丁香酸和(E)-4-(3,4-二羟基苯基)丁-3-烯-2-酮分别在0. 1953125—6. 25μg/m L(R2=1. 0000)、0. 1953125—6. 25μg/m L (R2=0.9998)、0. 1953125—6. 25μg/m L(R2=1. 0000)范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率(n=9)分别为98. 150%(RSD=1. 924%)、95. 787%(RSD=2. 487%)、100. 324%(RSD=1. 541%)。不同产地间的桦褐孔菌含量测定结果表明,三种化合物含量的差异较大,吉林长白山最高,俄罗斯西伯利亚次之,黑龙江大兴安岭最低。该方法操作简便、结果准确可靠、重现性好,可为桦褐孔菌的定量分析和质量评价提供科学的依据。     

一维银配位聚合物光催化降解亚甲基蓝

在搅拌回流条件下,合成了配位聚合物[Ag_4(L)_2(1,4-ndc)_2]_n(L=1,3-双(苯并咪唑-1-亚甲基)苯,1,4-H_2ndc=1,4-萘二羧酸)。对其进行X-射线单晶衍射分析、元素分析和红外光谱分析,配合物具有一维管状链结构。对合成的配合物进行降解亚甲基蓝实验,结果表明该配合物对10 mg/L亚甲基蓝溶液的光催化降解效率高达85.7%。     

钴-TAN-非离子型表面活性剂体系的分光光度研究及其应用

钴的分光光度测定常用的显色试剂有亚硝基红盐、亚硝基甲苯酚、PAR、[2]、5 cl PADAB、[3]、DPPI、[4]、亦有采用多元络合物的[5]。中川元吉等研究了1(2噻唑偶氮)2萘酚(简称 TAN)与一些金属离子的反应,[6]提出在 PH 4～10,TAN 与 Co~(2+)生成组成     

冷轧废乳化液混凝破乳试验研究

试验针对某冷轧带钢公司的废乳化液,研究了聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、聚合氯化铝(PAC)、硫酸铁[Fe_2(SO_4)_3·7H_2O]、硫酸亚铁(FeSO_4·7H_2O)对废乳化液的混凝-上浮影响。实验结果表明,4种混凝剂对破乳效果均较好,综合考虑絮体状态、处理效果及成本,确定硫酸亚铁为本试验的最佳药剂。试验温度为实验季节水温,温度为20℃左右。最佳试验条件为:硫酸亚铁投加量为4 g/L,PAM投加量为0.04 g/L,pH=8,此时COD去除率为95.2%,油去除率为96.7%。     

微波消解-原子荧光光谱法同时测定土壤中痕量砷和汞

建立了微波消解—原子荧光光谱法同时测定土壤中痕量砷和汞的方法。通过对消解体系以及灯电流、载气流量、屏蔽气流量等仪器参数进行优化,确定了最佳实验条件。在优化的实验条件下,采用原子荧光光谱法同时测定砷和汞的检出限分别为0.02μg/L和0.01μg/L,线性范围分别为0～40μg/L和0～4μg/L,两元素的加标回收率在92%～102%之间,相对标准偏差砷为0.9%～3.1%,汞为1.5%～3.4%,完全适用于土壤环境样品的检测。     

冷原子吸收法测定水样中的痕量汞

地下水、地面水中的汞含量甚微,从近几年来用冷原子吸收法对我市三条河流和三库一湖及部分井水、泉水的定点监测结果看,含量一般在零点零几到零点几ppb之间,就是污水也大都在零点几ppb至几ppb内。过去使用双硫腙—四氯化碳比色法很难满足如此痕迹量汞的分析测定。八二年五月我们参考文献[1]、[2]测汞装置的原理,制出了自己的测汞装置,又在文献[1]、[6]的启发下,通过试验,确定了本文的分析方法。运用本文所述的分析方法可从50ml试样中检出0.03μg/l的汞,可得心应手地对付各种环境水样中汞的分析,方法的精密度和准确度都满足要求。     

BHTTT试剂的合成与高灵敏,选择性的光度法测定痕量钴

应用乙二胺代替丙胺,巧妙地合成了 BHTTT 试剂,产率由48％提高到65％,截至目前为止,尚未见报道。研究了 Co(Ⅱ)-BHTTT—吐温-80显色配位体系的特性。在 pH5.0～9.5范围内,显色体系光谱吸收峰(λmax)为385nm,试剂空白λmax 为225nm,对比度(Δλ)较高,Δλ=160nm。摩尔吸光系数ε_(385)=2.35×10~5L.ml~(-1).cm~(-1).在低浓度吐温80和 DL-半胱胺酸盐酸盐存在下(具有相当高的选择性),Co(Ⅱ)与BHTTT 组成比为1∶2.在0.5～10ug/50ml 范围内,服从比尔定律.检出最低浓度0.005mg/L,测定上限为0.5mgCo/L.此方法已成功地应用到测定玫瑰花、当归根、人发、环境水样和钢铁中痕量钴.     

液相络合吸收脱除燃煤烟气中NO的研究

本实验利用乙二胺合钴([Co(en)3]2+)能络合吸收一氧化氮气体(NO)和活化氧分子的特性,进而将烟气中难溶于水的NO气体进行络合吸收,从而达到烟气脱硝的目的。通过对[Co(en)3]2+脱除NO的反应条件、机理等方面进行初步探索,进而研究了pH值、反应温度和不同脱硫剂等条件对NO脱除效果的影响。研究结果表明:有氧条件下,[Co(en)3]2+络合吸收液对NO的脱除效率较高。当氧含量为5%,反应温度为50℃和溶液pH=13.0时,以0.025mol/L[Co(en)3]2+作为吸收液通过鼓泡反应装置对NO进行催化络合,脱硝率可达到99%以上,并可长时间维持对NO的络合吸收作用。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

Effect of Light on Biodegradation of Estrone, 17β‐Estradiol,and 17α‐Ethinylestradiol in Stream Sediment

Biodegradation of [A‐ring ¹⁴C] Estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) to ¹⁴CO₂ was investigated under light and dark conditions in microcosms containing epilithon or sediment collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. Mineralization of the estrogen A‐ring was observed in all sediment treatments, but not epilithon treatments. No difference in net mineralization between light and dark treatments was observed for ¹⁴C‐E2. Net mineralization of ¹⁴C‐E1 and ¹⁴C‐EE2 was enhanced in light treatments. Extents of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were significantly greater for E2 than E1 under dark conditions, but were comparable under light conditions. These results indicate substantial differences in the uptake and metabolism of E1 and E2 in the environment and suggest biorecalcitrance of E1 relative to E2 in light‐limited environments. The extent of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rate of mineralization for EE2 in dark treatments were less than half of that observed for E2 and generally lower than for E1, consistent with previous reports of EE2 biorecalcitrance. However, ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were comparable for EE2, E2, and E1 under light conditions. These results indicate photoactivation and/or phototransformation/photodegradation processes can substantially enhance heterotrophic biodegradation of estrogens in sunlit environments and may play an important role in estrogen transport and attenuation.     

Bioremediation of Soils by Plant–Microbe Systems

Abstract

Sustainable ecosystems can be designed to eliminate environmental toxins and reduce pathogen loads through the direct and indirect consequences of plant and microbial activities. We present an approach to the bioremediation of disturbed environments, focusing on petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contaminants. Treatment consists of incorporating a plant-based amendment to enhance ecosystem productivity and physiochemical degradation followed by the establishment of plants to serve as oxidizers and foundations for microbial communities. Promising amendments for widespread use are entire plants of the water fern Azolla and seed meal of Brassica napus (rapeseed). An inexpensive byproduct from the manufacture of biodiesel and lubricants, rapeseed meal is high in nitrogen (6% wt/wt), stimulates >100-fold increases in populations of resident Streptomyces species, and suppresses fungal infection of roots subsequently cultivated in the amended soil. Synergistic enzymatic and chemical activities of plant and microbial metabolism in root zones transform and degrade soil contaminants. Emphasis is given to mechanisms that enable PHC functionalization via reactive molecular species.     

Provincial development plans in Zimbabwe: an analysis of their content,structure and methodology

Zimbabwean provincial plans were instituted to help in the achievement of the national goal of the creation of an egalitarian, socialist and integrated society. The national goal itself was adopted as an antithesis to the dualist society characterised by spatial, economic, social, politican and technological inequalities that Zimbabwe inherited from colonialism. This meant that provincial plans had to play both a functional (or growth allocating/distribution) and a territorial (or redistribution) role.

This paper reviews their role in achieving the national goal by examining their functions, content, structure and methodology. The paper concludes that because of their nature, provincial plans are not suitable tools for the achievement of the national goal.