好氧颗粒污泥中胞外聚合物的提取、组成及空间分布研究进展

好氧颗粒污泥具有比传统活性污泥更加优越的性能，然而好氧颗粒污泥的稳定性限制了该技术的工业应用和推广。积累在颗粒表面的胞外聚合物（EPS）和好氧颗粒污泥系统长期运行的稳定性能有关。本文回顾了好氧颗粒污泥中EPS的成分、提取方法、在颗粒中的空间分布及EPS在颗粒化进程和稳定状态的作用，探讨了好氧颗粒污泥中EPS研究现状和不足，对亟待研究的内容提出了建议，以便为国内好氧颗粒污泥深入研究和工业应用提供参考。     

UASB工艺啤酒废水处理中颗粒污泥的培养

本文阐述了啤酒废水处理工艺的重点在于厌氧中颗粒污泥的培养，并从UASB设计、接种污泥、进出水指标控制等方面，就如何培养UASB反应器颗粒污泥进行了讨论。     

水力条件对CANON工艺颗粒污泥特性的影响研究

为实现自养生物脱氮，采用膨胀颗粒污泥床小试反应器(R1～R3)培养全程自养脱氮工艺(Completely Autotrophic Nitrogen Removal Over Nitrite, CANON)颗粒污泥，考察了不同上升流速、水力剪切力和溶解氧浓度下CANON颗粒污泥浓度和粒径的变化规律。结果表明：系统稳定后，污泥浓度呈现出R2>R1>R3,R1、R2成功实现CANON颗粒污泥启动，并且实现了颗粒化，而R3中较高的上升流速、水力剪切力导致系统内污泥易碎裂从而洗出系统，导致R3未能启动成功。     

污泥接种量对好氧污泥颗粒化的影响研究

考察了污泥接种体积分别为25％、50％和75％的反应器有效容积情况下的污泥颗粒化特征。结果发现，25％体积的污泥接种量利于颗粒污泥的形成和成长，其颗粒化程度高、平均粒径大且粒径分布范围广，而50％和75％体积的污泥接种量只能形成少量细小的颗粒污泥。分析认为，悬浮分散污泥是颗粒化的一个较大障碍，较少的接种量能够提供较大的自由沉淀空间，使污泥能够实现重力分层，进而排除与颗粒污泥竞争底物的悬浮不沉降污泥，从而利于颗粒化。污泥颗粒化的直接影响因素不是沉淀时间而是自由沉淀空间。沉淀时间的缩短使自由沉淀空间增加，从而影响了污泥颗粒化进程。     

连续流好氧颗粒污泥流化床启动与颗粒污泥形成特征研究

对连续流好氧颗粒污泥流化床的中颗粒污泥的形成过程、颗粒污泥性质进行了研究,并对该反应器中颗粒污泥形成机制进行了分析。     

SBR中好氧颗粒污泥的培养

采用竖式SBR作为反应器，利用城市污水处理厂剩余污泥作为接种污泥，通过不间断运行培养出好氧颗粒污泥。实验结果表明，采用非限量曝气模式好氧颗粒污泥降解模拟污水的效果较好，其COD去除率可达98％以上。曝气量对好氧颗粒污泥的形成和稳定具有重要影响，当气速为26．5m／h时，好氧颗粒污泥的性状和处理有机废水效果最佳。同时好氧颗粒污泥对pH值的变化不明显，当pH为5—8范围内，其COD去除率都可达到85％以上。但是未经驯化的好氧颗粒污泥对对硝基苯酚和对氯苯酚两种芳香类有机物较敏感，而对硝基苯酚对其毒性更大。当对硝基苯酚和。对氯苯酚浓度为10mg／L时，其COD去除率仅为42．5％和52％。     

UASB反应器系统中颗粒污泥的研究进展

本文综述了上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器系统中颗粒污泥的形态特征;化学组成;微生物学组成以及颗粒结构;颗粒污泥的形成机理;颗粒污泥的培养条件以及污泥颗粒化的影响因素等方面的最新研究进展。     

溶解氧对好氧颗粒污泥影响的研究进展

好氧颗粒污泥技术是一种新颖废水处理技术。溶解氧(DO)是好氧颗粒污泥形成和稳定运行的一个重要参数。好氧颗粒污泥需要的曝气量大,能耗高。高曝气量带来的高DO浓度不利于氨氮通过SND去除。当DO扩散在颗粒内部受到限制时,颗粒中心形成的厌氧层不利于颗粒污泥的长期稳定运行。本文系统分析了DO浓度对好氧颗粒污泥影响的国内外研究现状,对好氧颗粒污泥中DO浓度这一重要参数的研究进行了总结。研究在低DO浓度下保持好氧颗粒污泥的稳定性有利于降低运行成本,采取合适的方法降低颗粒内部的扩散限制有利于增强颗粒的稳定性能。     

传统活性污泥法与膜生物反应器污泥沉降性能的比较

针对污泥沉降性能，在运行条件相同的情况下对膜生物反应器(MBR)与传统活性污泥法(CAS)进行比较。结果表明：CAS工艺污泥沉降性能优于MBR工艺；CAS工艺出水水质受污泥沉降性能影响大；MBR工艺污泥沉降性能主要由反应器中累积的高浓度胞外聚合物(EPS)含量所影响，当EPS浓度大于100mg／g时，污泥沉降性能开始恶化；CAS工艺曝气池中EPS浓度没有累积；MBR工艺污泥颗粒平均粒径小于CAS工艺中污泥颗粒。     

好氧颗粒污泥技术

好氧颗粒污泥技术是近几年来发展起来的废水处理技术，它能有效地去除废水中的有机物、COD、氨氮、难降解的有毒有机物、硫磷、重金属离子等。本文根据国内外对其的最新研究成果对好氧颗粒污泥的特性、形成的主要影响因素以及除污功能进行了阐述。     

一种厌氧颗粒污泥的微生物与化学组成研究初探

本文研究UASB反应器处理石灰法制浆的草浆蒸煮黑液,在较短时间内培养出首育良好沉淀性能和较高活性的厌氧颗粒污泥。并对其形态、结构和化学组份及不同生理类群的厌氧微生物特性等进行了观察和测试,结果表明厌氧颗粒污泥高活性的原因。为进一步探索厌氧颗粒污泥的形成机理提供了依据。     

Studies on the toxic effects of pentachlorophenol on the biological activity of anaerobic granular sludge

In order to explore the pathway of the anaerobic biotreatment of the wastewater containing pentachlorophenol (PCP) and ensure the normal operation of Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor, the anaerobic sludge under different acclimation conditions were selected to seed and start up UASB reactors. Anaerobic toxicity assays were employed to study the biological activity, the tolerance and the capacity to degrade PCP of different anaerobic granular sludge from UASB reactors. Results showed that the anaerobic granular sludge acclimated to chlorophenols (CPs) could degrade PCP more quickly (up to 9.50mg-PCPg(-1)TVSd(-1)). And the anaerobic granular sludge without acclimation to CPs had only a little activity of degrading PCP (less than 0.07mg-PCPg(-1)TVSd(-1)). Different PCP concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8mgL(-1)) had different inhibition effects on glucose utilization, volatile fatted acidity (VFA)-degrading and methanogens activity of PCP degradation anaerobic granular sludge, and the biological activity declined with the increase in PCP concentration. The methanogens activity suffered inhibition from PCP more easily. The different acclimation patterns of seeded sludge had distinctly different effects on biological activity of the degradation of PCP of anaerobic granular sludge from UASB reactors. The biological activity of the anaerobic granular sludge acclimated to PCP only was also inhibited. This inhibition was weak compared to that of anaerobic granular sludge acclimated to CPs, further, the activity could recover more quickly in this case. In the same reactor, the anaerobic granular sludge from the mid and base layers showed higher tolerance to PCP than that from super layer or if the sludge is unacclimated to CPs, and the corresponding recovery time of the biological activity in the mid and base layers were short. Acetate-utilizing methanogens and syntrophic propinate degraders were sensitive to PCP, compared to syntrophic butyrate degraders.     

Relationships between anaerobic consortia and removal efficiencies in an UASB reactor degrading 2,4 dichlorophenol (DCP)

To gain more insight into the interactions between anaerobic bacteria and reactor performances (chemical oxygen demand-COD, 2,4 dichlorophenol-2,4 DCP removals, volatile fatty acid-VFA, and methane gas productions) and how they depended on operational conditions the microbial variations in the anaerobic granular sludge from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating 2,4 DCP was studied. The study was composed of two parts. In the first part, the numbers of methanogens and acedogens in the anaerobic granular sludge were counted at different COD removal efficiencies. The relationships between the numbers of methanogens, the methane gas production and VFA production were investigated. The COD removal efficiencies increased to 74% from 30% while the number of total acedogens decreased to 10 from 30 cfu ml(-1). The number of total methanogens and acedogens varied between 11 x 10(3) and 10 x 10(9)MPN g(-1) and 10 and 30 cfu ml(-1) as the 2,4 DCP removal efficiencies were obtained between 60% and 99%, respectively. It was seen that, as the number of total acedogens decreased, the COD removal efficiencies increased. However, the number of total methanogens increased as the COD removal efficiencies increased. Correlations between the bacterial number and with the removal efficiencies obtained in different operational conditions were investigated. From the results presented in this paper a high correlation between the number of bacteria, COD removals, methane gas percentage, 2,4 DCP removals and VFA was observed. In the second part, methanogen bacteria in the anaerobic granular sludge were identified. Microbial observations and biochemical tests were applied to identify the anaerobic microorganisms from the anaerobic granular sludge. In the reactor treating 2,4 DCP, Methanobacterium bryantii, Methanobacterium formicicum, Methanobrevibacter smithii, Methanococcus voltae, Methanosarcina mazei, Methanosarcina acetivorans, Methanogenium bourgense and Methanospirillum hungatei were identified.     

酸性条件下厌氧颗粒污泥活性抑制与恢复试验研究

取食品生产废水处理中试工程运行中现有的厌氧颗粒污泥进行活性抑制与恢复试验。通过慢性致毒与急性致毒作用的对比,分析酸性条件对颗粒污泥的抑制作用,研究颗粒污泥的耐酸性,并考察污泥活性恢复方法。结果表明:当进水pH=6.5,颗粒污泥活性受到轻微抑制,不影响系统的稳定运行;当pH值下降至4.5时,COD去除率和产甲烷量均趋于零。同时使用调节进水pH值、降低进水有机负荷、提高进水碱度以及调整水力停留时间等4种方法能有效恢复污泥活性,活性达到抑制前的80%左右。     

Modelling anaerobic biofilm reactors--a review

Anaerobic treatment has become a technically as well as economically feasible option for treatment of liquid effluents after the development of reactors such as the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor, anaerobic biofilter and anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR). Considerable effort has gone into developing mathematical models for these reactors in order to optimize their design, design the process control systems used in their operation and enhance their operational efficiency. This article presents a critical review of the different mathematical models available for these reactors. The unified anaerobic digestion model (ADM1) and its application to anaerobic biofilm reactors are also outlined.     

Bioconversion of selenate in methanogenic anaerobic granular sludge

The capacity of anaerobic granular sludge to remove selenate from contaminated wastewater was investigated. The potential of different types of granular sludge to remove selenate from the liquid phase was compared to that of suspended sludge and contaminated soil and sediment samples. The selenate removal rates ranged from 400 to 1500 microg g VSS(-1) h(-1), depending on the source of biomass, electron donor, and the initial selenate concentration. The granular structure protects the microorganisms when exposed to high selenate concentrations (0.1 to 1 mM). Anaerobic granular sludge "Eerbeek," originating from a UASB reactor treating paper mill wastewater, removed about 90, 50, and 36% of 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mM of Se, respectively, from the liquid phase when incubated with 20 mM lactate at 30 degrees C and pH 7.5. Selenite, elemental Se (Se(o)), and metal selenide precipitates were the conversion products. Enrichments from the anaerobic granular sludge "Eerbeek" were able to convert 90% of the 10-mM selenate to Se(o) at a rate of 1505 microg Se(VI) g cells(-1) h(-1), a specific growth rate of 0.0125 g cells h(-1), and a yield of 0.083 g cells mg Se(-1). Both microbial metabolic processes (e.g dissimilatory reduction) as well as microbially mediated physicochemical mechanisms (adsorption and precipitation) contribute to the removal of selenate from the Se-containing medium.     

Methanogenic toxicity and continuous anaerobic treatment of wood processing effluents

Wood processing effluents contain different types of phenolic compounds, from simple monomers to high molecular weight (MW) polyphenolic polymers, that can inhibit wastewater treatment. This work presents a comparative study of the methanogenic toxicity produced by three wood processing effluents (hardboard, fiberboard and BKME (kraft mill effluent)) using Pinus radiata, Eucalyptus and Tepa as feedstock (the last one being a native Chilean tree species). This study evaluates the influence of non-adapted granular and adapted flocculent sludge on forest industrial wastewater treatment as well as continuous anaerobic biodegradation of hardboard processing effluent using the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB). The adapted biomass (flocculent sludge) did not show any lag-phase signs. The 50% IC (the concentration causing 50% inhibition of methanogenic activity) was 4.3 g COD-effluent (chemical oxygen demand (COD)-of the effluent)/l and 2.8 g COD-effluent/l for the flocculent sludge and the granular sludge, respectively. The UASB system worked at low organic load rates (0.1-0.4 g COD/l d) with the COD removal ranging between 10 and 30%, and color removal did not occur under anaerobic conditions due to high MW. Indeed, the MW analysis indicates the presence of phenolic compounds over 25,000 Da in the anaerobic effluent.     

德国污水处理考虑减排的工程实例及思考

探讨污水处理系统脱氮和污泥消化中的减排潜力,即开发污泥碳源和能源。本文所列举的德国工程实例说明污泥裂解技术可以大幅改善污水处理系统的碳排放特性,并且通过污泥厌氧消化实现能源自给。     

Thermophilic adaptation of a mesophilic anaerobic sludge for food waste treatment

As opposed to mesophilic, thermophilic anaerobic digestion of food waste can increase the biogas output of reactors. To facilitate the transition of anaerobic digesters, this paper investigated the impact of adapting mesophilic sludge to thermophilic conditions. A 5L bench scale reactor was seeded with mesophilic granular sludge obtained from an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket digester. After 13 days of operation at 35 degrees C, the reactor temperature was instantaneously increased to 55 degrees C and operated at this temperature until day 21. The biomass was then fed food waste on days 21, 42 and 63, each time with an F/M (Food/Microorganism) ratio increasing from 0.12 to 4.43 gVS/gVSS. Sludge samples were collected on days 0, 21, 42 and 63 to conduct substrate activity tests, and reactor biogas production was monitored during the full experimental period. The sludge collected on day 21 demonstrated that the abrupt temperature change had no pasteurization effect, but rather lead to a biomass with a fermentative activity of 3.58 g Glucose/gVSS/d and a methanogenic activity of 0.47 and 0.26 g Substrate/gVSS/d, related respectively, to acetoclastic and hydrogenophilic microorganisms. At 55 degrees C, an ultimate gas production (Go) and a biodegradation potential (Bo) of 0.2-1.4 L(STP)/gVS(fed) and of 0.1-0.84 L(STP) CH(4)/gVS(fed) were obtained, respectively. For the treatment of food waste, a fully adapted inoculum was developed by eliminating the initial time-consuming acclimatization stage from mesophilic to thermophilic conditions. The feeding stage was initiated within 20 days, but to increase the population of thermophilic methanogenic microorganisms, a substrate supply program must be carefully observed.     

污水厂污泥与厨余垃圾厌氧/混合厌氧消化研究进展

本文主要对国内外城市污水厂污泥与厨余垃圾混合厌氧消化的研究进行了综述,介绍了厌氧消化技术在污水厂污泥和厨余垃圾处理处置中的应用,对两种废物单独厌氧消化和混合厌氧消化技术进行了比较,分析了城市污水厂污泥与厨余垃圾混合厌氧消化的可行性以及工艺参数对混合厌氧消化的影响,并对城市污水厂污泥与厨余垃圾的混合厌氧消化技术的研究和应用提出了展望。