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1.
Evaluation model for developing,implementing, and assessing conservation education programs: Examples from Belize and Costa Rica 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Susan K. Jacobson 《Environmental management》1991,15(2):143-150
Evaluation of conservation education programs can: (1) provide accountability in demonstrating a program's worth, (2) offer
an opportunity for receiving feedback and improving programs, (3) further our understanding of the process of program development,
and (4) promote conservation education by substantiating claims about its benefits. The Planning-Process-Product systems evaluation
model provides feedback needed for making decisions about the development, implementation, and outcome of a program. Planning
evaluation was useful in assessing the needs, goals, opportunities, and constraints of a number of programs in Costa Rica
and Belize, such as a forestry education project and a zoo outreach program. It provided a basis for making planning decisions
incorporating specific objectives, such as the reforestation of a region or a change in knowledge and attitudes in program
participants. Process evaluation provided a Costa Rican sustainable development program with feedback during its implementation
and enabled it to modify and improve its newsletter for local farmers and its ecology classes for school children. Product
evaluation assessed project accomplishments, such as the $700,000 raised by the Children's Rainforest group and the 20 miles
of riparian land under conservation management as part of the Belize Community Baboon Sanctuary project. Outcomes are compared
with the programs original monetary or land management objectives to determine the success of the programs and to provide
feedback for improvement. 相似文献
2.
Birdsey RA 《Journal of environmental quality》2006,35(4):1518-1524
The United States Climate Change Initiative includes improvements to the U.S. Department of Energy's Voluntary Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program. The program includes specific accounting rules and guidelines for reporting and registering forestry activities that reduce atmospheric CO2 by increasing carbon sequestration or reducing emissions. In the forestry sector, there is potential for the economic value of emissions credits to provide increased income for landowners, to support rural development, to facilitate the practice of sustainable forest management, and to support restoration of ecosystems. Forestry activities with potential for achieving substantial reductions include, but are not limited to: afforestation, mine land reclamation, forest restoration, agroforestry, forest management, short-rotation biomass energy plantations, forest protection, wood production, and urban forestry. To be eligible for registration, the reported reductions must use methods and meet standards contained in the guidelines. Forestry presents some unique challenges and opportunities because of the diversity of activities, the variety of practices that can affect greenhouse gases, year-to-year variability in emissions and sequestration, the effects of activities on different forest carbon pools, and accounting for the effects of natural disturbance. 相似文献
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4.
/ Implemented in the context of a long history ofintense public debate, forestry practices applied on private forest land areregulated in some form by 38 states. State regulatory activities can involvemany agencies implementing numerous regulatory laws, a single forestry agencyadministering a comprehensive regulatory program, or a combination of thetwo. Regulatory programs are designed to protect resources such as soils,water, wildlife, and scenic beauty. Program administration often involvesrule promulgation, harvest plan reviews, coordination of interagency reviews,and pre- and postharvest on-site inspections. Forest practice rules usuallyfocus on reforestation, forest roads, harvest procedures, and wildlifehabitat protection. Emerging regulatory trends include growth of multiagencyregulatory authority and associated jurisdictional conflicts, increasedtendencies to narrowly specify standards in statutes and rules, emergence ofcontingent regulations, growing sensitivity to processes enabling theadoption of new forest practice technologies and an ability to addresscumulative effects, interest in collaborative rule-making stemming fromheightened concern over legalization of administration processes, and growingconcern over the constitutional foundations for regulatory programs and thegovernment and private sector cost of implementing such programs.KEY WORDS: Ecosystem management; Forestry practices; Private landowners;Regulatory programs; State government 相似文献
5.
Management of forests, rangelands, and wetlands on public lands, including the restoration of degraded lands, has the potential
to increase carbon sequestration or reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions beyond what is occurring today. In this paper we
discuss several policy options for increasing GHG mitigation on public lands. These range from an extension of current policy
by generating supplemental mitigation on public lands in an effort to meet national emissions reduction goals, to full participation
in an offsets market by allowing GHG mitigation on public lands to be sold as offsets either by the overseeing agency or by
private contractors. To help place these policy options in context, we briefly review the literature on GHG mitigation and
public lands to examine the potential for enhanced mitigation on federal and state public lands in the United States. This
potential will be tempered by consideration of the tradeoffs with other uses of public lands, the needs for climate change
adaptation, and the effects on other ecosystem services. 相似文献
6.
One of the dual objectives of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol is to assist host countries in achieving sustainable development. With various CDM indicators for 58 CDM host countries over the period 2005‐2010, this paper empirically assesses whether CDM project development fulfils its sustainable development objective. Using a unique dynamic panel data method based on the long‐differenced model, this research provides convincing evidence that CDM projects contribute to sustainable development in host countries. It sheds light on the role of the CDM in the process of global sustainability with clear policy implications for developing countries and those embracing market instruments. 相似文献
7.
Noel J. Cutright 《Environmental management》1996,20(6):913-918
One of the most pressing environmental issues today is the possibility that projected increases in global emissions of greenhouse gases from increased deforestation, development, and fossil-fuel combustion could significantly alter global climate patterns. Under the terms of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, signed in Rio de Janeiro during the June 1992 Earth Summit, the United States and other industrialized countries committed to balancing greenhouse gas emissions at 1990 levels in the year 2000. Included in the treaty is a provision titled Joint Implementation, whereby industrialized countries assist developing countries in jointly modifying long-term emission trends, either through emission reductions or by protecting and enhancing greenhouse gas sinks (carbon sequestration). The US Climate Action Plan, signed by President Clinton in 1993, calls for voluntary climate change mitigation measures by various sectors, and the action plan included a new program, the US Initiative on Joint Implementation. Wisconsin Electric decided to invest in a Jl project because its concept encourages creative, cost-effective solutions to environmental problems through partnering, international cooperation, and innovation. The project chosen, a forest preservation and management effort in Belize, will sequester more than five million tons of carbon dioxide over a 40-year period, will become economically selfsustaining after ten years, and will have substantial biodiversity benefits. 相似文献
8.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) emerged under the Kyoto Protocol to facilitate collaboration between developed and developing countries in order to mitigate greenhouse gases. The CDM allows developed countries to receive credits towards meeting their obligatory targets by investing in emission reduction projects in developing countries. The countries are required to set up a Designated National Authority (DNA) to approve the CDM projects. This paper examines the role of the DNA in ensuring sustainable development, using the empirical case of China and India. Three aspects of the DNA's role are examined: the institutional structure, the policy context and the CDM project market. All three aspects highlight the important role of the DNA in meeting the countries' sustainable development priorities. 相似文献
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10.
Community Capacity for Implementing Clean Development Mechanism Projects Within Community Forests in Cameroon 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
There is a growing assumption that payments for environmental services including carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emission
reduction provide an opportunity for poverty reduction and the enhancement of sustainable development within integrated natural
resource management approaches. Yet in experiential terms, community-based natural resource management implementation falls
short of expectations in many cases. In this paper, we investigate the asymmetry between community capacity and the Land Use
Land Use Change Forestry (LULUCF) provisions of the Clean Development Mechanism within community forests in Cameroon. We use
relevant aspects of the Clean Development Mechanism criteria and notions of “community capacity” to elucidate determinants
of community capacity needed for CDM implementation within community forests. The main requirements are for community capacity
to handle issues of additionality, acceptability, externalities, certification, and community organisation. These community
capacity requirements are further used to interpret empirically derived insights on two community forestry cases in Cameroon.
While local variations were observed for capacity requirements in each case, community capacity was generally found to be
insufficient for meaningful uptake and implementation of Clean Development Mechanism projects. Implications for understanding
factors that could inhibit or enhance community capacity for project development are discussed. We also include recommendations
for the wider Clean Development Mechanism/Kyoto capacity building framework. 相似文献
11.
Baseline assessment for environmental services payments from satellite imagery: a case study from Costa Rica and Mexico 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kalacska M Sanchez-Azofeifa GA Rivard B Calvo-Alvarado JC Quesada M 《Journal of environmental management》2008,88(2):348-359
In this study we evaluate the accuracy of four global and regional forest cover assessments (MODIS, IGBP, GLC2000, PROARCA) as tools for baseline estimation. We conduct this research at the national scale for Costa Rica and for two tropical dry forest study sites in Costa Rica (Santa Rosa) and Mexico (Chamela-Cuixmala). We found that at the national level, the total forest cover accuracy of the four land cover maps was inflated due to an overestimation of forest in areas with an evergreen canopy. However, the four maps greatly underestimated the extent of the deciduous forest (dry forest); an ecosystem that faces high deforestation pressure and poses complications to the mapping of its extent from remotely sensed data. For the tropical dry forest sites, all maps have low forest cover accuracies (mean for Santa Rosa: 27%; mean for Chamela-Cuixmala: 56%). This has implications for policy implementation. 相似文献
12.
The Kyoto Protocol provides for the involvement of developing countries in an atmospheric greenhouse gas reduction regime under its Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Carbon credits are gained from reforestation and afforestation activities in developing countries. Bangladesh, a densely populated tropical country in South Asia, has a huge degraded forestland which can be reforested by CDM projects. To realize the potential of the forestry sector in developing countries for full-scale emission mitigation, the carbon sequestration potential of different species in different types of plantations should be integrated with the carbon trading system under the CDM of the Kyoto Protocol. This paper discusses the prospects and problems of carbon trading in Bangladesh, in relation to the CDM, in the context of global warming and the potential associated consequences. The paper analyzes the effects of reforestation projects on carbon sequestration in Bangladesh, in general, and in the hilly Chittagong region, in particular, and concludes by demonstrating the carbon trading opportunities. Results showed that tree tissue in the forests of Bangladesh stored 92tons of carbon per hectare (tC/ha), on average. The results also revealed a gross stock of 190tC/ha in the plantations of 13 tree species, ranging in age from 6 to 23 years. The paper confirms the huge atmospheric CO(2) offset by the forests if the degraded forestlands are reforested by CDM projects, indicating the potential of Bangladesh to participate in carbon trading for both its economic and environmental benefit. Within the forestry sector itself, some constraints are identified; nevertheless, the results of the study can expedite policy decisions regarding Bangladesh's participation in carbon trading through the CDM. 相似文献
13.
Assessing and managing the sociocultural impacts of ecotourism: revisiting the Santa Elena rainforest project 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary This paper outlines the second phase of an ecotourism project undertaken in the Santa Elena community, in the Monteverde region of Costa Rica. The community originally established a rainforest reserve with the help of Youth Challenge International in an attempt to provide a wider economic base and employment for the area. The project has been successful in the first phase in that it is now drawing an annual income of US$40 000 and it employs guides and management from the local community. In terms of the underlying principles usually aligned with ecotourism it has been successful but it is now necessary to evaluate the impacts this project is having on the community. The second phase of the project was to assess the sociocultural impacts of ecotourism on that community and the paper outlines this phase.Stephen Wearing is a lecturer in the School of Leisure and Tourism Studies at the University of Technology, Sydney. He lectures and consults in the area of tourism and environmental planning, and parks and protected area management. His particular interest is in ecotourism projects with local communities and he has spent much of the last 4 years working on the Santa Elena Project. He is linked with Youth Challenge International and people interested in becoming involved or looking for assistance with community projects of this nature can contact him at the above address. Libby Larson recently graduated with a BA in Leisure Studies at the University of Technology, Sydney, focusing on social sciences in natural resource management. She has also worked in Costa Rica with Youth Challenge International and is particularly interested in ecotourism. 相似文献
14.
Poverty, hunger and demand for agricultural land have driven local communities to overexploit forest resources throughout
Ethiopia. Forests surrounding the township of Humbo were largely destroyed by the late 1960s. In 2004, World Vision Australia
and World Vision Ethiopia identified forestry-based carbon sequestration as a potential means to stimulate community development
while engaging in environmental restoration. After two years of consultation, planning and negotiations, the Humbo Community-based
Natural Regeneration Project began implementation—the Ethiopian organization’s first carbon sequestration initiative. The
Humbo Project assists communities affected by environmental degradation including loss of biodiversity, soil erosion and flooding
with an opportunity to benefit from carbon markets while reducing poverty and restoring the local agroecosystem. Involving
the regeneration of 2,728 ha of degraded native forests, it brings social, economic and ecological benefits—facilitating adaptation
to a changing climate and generating temporary certified emissions reductions (tCERs) under the Clean Development Mechanism.
A key feature of the project has been facilitating communities to embrace new techniques and take responsibility for large-scale
environmental change, most importantly involving Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR). This technique is low-cost, replicable,
and provides direct benefits within a short time. Communities were able to harvest fodder and firewood within a year of project
initiation and wild fruits and other non-timber forest products within three years. Farmers are using agroforestry for both
environmental restoration and income generation. Establishment of user rights and local cooperatives has generated community
ownership and enthusiasm for this project—empowering the community to more sustainably manage their communal lands. 相似文献
15.
Ecotourism: The Santa Elena rainforest project 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Stephen Wearing 《The Environmentalist》1993,13(2):125-135
Summary This paper outlines an ecotourism project undertaken in the Santa Elena community in the Monteverde region of Costa Rica. The community is seeking to establish a rainforest reserve on a parcel of land that has been permanently leased to their high school by the Costa Rican Government. The Community and Youth Challenge International are developing an ecotourism project that will provide a wider economic basis for the area and employment for students graduating from the high school. This project seeks to achieve sustainable development and fulfil the development requirements of the population surrounding the project. This is in the belief that it is only when conservation projects benefit local communities, and are set up with an infrastructure that vests control within local communities, that genuine ecotourism is achieved.Stephen Wearing is a lecturer in the School of Leisure and Tourism Studies at the University of Technology, Sydney, Australia, and he lectures and consults in the area of Tourism and Environmental Planning, and Parks Protected Area Management. His particular interest is in ecotourism projects with local communities. He is linked with Youth Challenge International and people interested in becoming involved or looking for assistance in projects can contact him at the above address. 相似文献
16.
China’s new Classification-Based Forest Management (CFM) is a two-class system, including Commodity Forest (CoF) and Ecological
Welfare Forest (EWF) lands, so named according to differences in their distinct functions and services. The purposes of CFM
are to improve forestry economic systems, strengthen resource management in a market economy, ease the conflicts between wood
demands and public welfare, and meet the diversified needs for forest services in China. The formative process of China’s
CFM has involved a series of trials and revisions. China’s central government accelerated the reform of CFM in the year 2000
and completed the final version in 2003. CFM was implemented at the provincial level with the aid of subsidies from the central
government. About a quarter of the forestland in China was approved as National EWF lands by the State Forestry Administration
in 2006 and 2007. Logging is prohibited on National EWF lands, and their landowners or managers receive subsidies of about
70 RMB (US$10) per hectare from the central government. CFM represents a new forestry strategy in China and its implementation
inevitably faces challenges in promoting the understanding of forest ecological services, generalizing nationwide criteria
for identifying EWF and CoF lands, setting up forest-specific compensation mechanisms for ecological benefits, enhancing the
knowledge of administrators and the general public about CFM, and sustaining EWF lands under China’s current forestland tenure
system. CFM does, however, offer a viable pathway toward sustainable forest management in China. 相似文献
17.
Kuvan Y 《Journal of environmental management》2005,75(3):263-274
The main aim of this article is to examine and review the usage of forests for the purpose of tourism in Turkey with the case study of Antalya-Belek. The use and conversion of forest lands is central to tourism development. Land use change is responsible for the majority of the negative environmental impacts of tourism on natural resources. Worldwide, forests and coastal zones are converted for the construction of tourist facilities. The rapid emergence of mass tourism development in Turkey, encouraged without considering protection and sustainable use of natural and cultural resources, has resulted in serious problems in forest areas. This paper is particularly concerned with land use change in forests (or deforestation) created by the allocation of forest lands to build tourist facilities. In Belek, a tourism center located in Antalya province's coastal areas and the fastest growing destination of the country, all tourist facilities have been established in forest lands under the status of conservation forest. Today, the Belek Conservation Forest is under severe pressure from tourism. 相似文献
18.
The integration of socio-economic and environmental objectives is a major challenge in developing strategies for sustainable landscapes. We investigated associations between socio-economic variables, landscape metrics and measures of forest condition in the context of Portugal. The main goals of the study were to 1) investigate relationships between forest conditions and measures of socio-economic development at national and regional scales, 2) test the hypothesis that a systematic variation in forest landscape metrics occurs according to the stage of socio-economic development and, 3) assess the extent to which landscape metrics can inform strategies to enhance forest sustainability. A ranking approach and statistical techniques such as Principal Component Analysis were used to achieve these objectives. Relationships between socio-economic characteristics, landscape metrics and measures of forest condition were only significant in the regional analysis of municipalities in Northern Portugal. Landscape metrics for different tree species displayed significant variations across socio-economic groups of municipalities and these differences were consistent with changes in characteristics suggested by the forest transition model. The use of metrics also helped inform place-specific strategies to improve forest management, though it was also apparent that further work was required to better incorporate differences in forest functions into sustainability planning. 相似文献
19.
Douglas H. Boucher Jeannette Aviles Rafael Chepote Oscar E. Domínguez Gil Braulio Vilchez 《Environmental management》1991,15(2):257-262
Practically no information exists on the impact of human trampling on tropical rain forest vegetation. We studied three trails
with varying periods of use and recovery in a tropical rain forest in Costa Rica. Human impact on trailside plants was curvilinearly
related to use, as found by other workers in temperate zone vegetation. Recovery in a period of two years and eight months
had been rapid, and herbs and seedlings were more abundant along the recovering trail than in undisturbed forest. The results
imply that a shifting mosaic of trails, analogous to the mosaic created by light gaps, may be the best management technique
to minimize the impact of human visitors in tropical rain forests. 相似文献
20.
Sperow M 《Journal of environmental quality》2006,35(4):1428-1438
Terrestrial systems represent a significant potential carbon (C) sink to help mitigate or offset greenhouse gas emissions. Nearly 3.2 Mha are permitted for mining activities in the United States, which are required to be reclaimed with vegetative cover. While site-specific studies have assessed C accumulation on reclaimed mine sites, regional analyses to estimate potential C increases have not been conducted. For this analysis, potential C sequestration is analyzed on 567,000 ha of mine land in a seven-state region reclaimed to cropland, pasture, or forest. Carbon accumulation is estimated for cropland, pasture, and forest soils, forest litter layer, and aboveground biomass by estimating average annual rates of C accumulation from site-specific and general C sequestration studies. The average annual rate of C storage is highest when mine land is reclaimed to forest, where the potential sequestration is 0.7 to 2.2 Tg yr(-1). The C from soils, litter layer, and biomass from mine lands reclaimed to forest represents 0.3 to 1.0% of the 1990 CO2 emissions from the study region (919 Tg CO2). To achieve the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction goal of 7% below the 1990 level as proposed by the Kyoto Treaty requires CO2 emissions in the study area to be reduced by just over 64 Tg CO2. The potential carbon storage in mine sites reclaimed to forest could account for 4 to 12.5% of these required reductions. 相似文献