突发事故下应急供水分析

水是维持人类生存的必需品，它没有可供选择的替代品。因此在突发事故下应急供水是非常重要的。通过对供水受突发事故的影响分析，从应急水源、供水企业应急技术储备、区域供水应急响应系统方面说明了突发事故下需要采取的供水技术措施，给出了水源、水质、水厂和管网方面供水应急预案示意图。最后指出，在日常供水管理中需要重视供水风险的理论研究和技术应用，以提升供水系统的抗灾能力，减少损失。     

我国城市供水发展特征分析

利用1993—2008年的统计数据,分析了我国城市供水的总体发展状况,并从水源、净水工艺、输配水管网、二次供水等方面考察了我国城市供水系统的特征,认为我国城市供水能力显著提高,供水和用水总量趋向稳定,人均综合用水量下降,城市生活用水成为城市供水的主要对象。但是城市依然面临着水资源短缺和水源污染的严峻形势,迫切需要在水源保护、净水工艺、管网改造、二次供水管理等方面有所作为,总结并提出我国城市供水系统进一步发展的政策建议。     

村镇供水管网优化设计探讨

如何合理确定村镇供水管网敷设方案，关系到整个供水系统的安全性和可靠性。通过生成树变化法，将环状管网转化成树状管网，确定供水管网中最短供水路线，再计算最短供水路线下的最低综合费用、供水系统的经济管径，以确定最优管道敷设方案。根据该方法对四川省某镇供水系统进行了设计。     

电器产品测试用供水系统的研制

本文介绍的是一种能为与水源连接的电器产品安全及性能测试提供高精度多参数供水系统的研制思路。本系统由PLC(可编程逻辑控制器)、模糊PID(管路及仪表布置图)调节仪、变频器、电动阀、计量泵等组成,实现了供水温度、压力、流量、电阻率、pH值、硬度等多参数的全自动控制。经实际测试,该供水系统各项参数均能达到标准规定的供水要求。     

地下水应急水源地建设工程设计实例

为降低单一水源城市面临水源地水质下降和突发污染等风险,诸多城市已开展应急供水水源的规划与建设。以南通市某区地下水应急水源地建设工程为例,介绍水源地建设规模和铁超标地下水水源的处理工艺及设计。经过运行实践证明,在工程设计时采取适当的工程措施,在运行管理中对深水井进行定期抽水及维护保养,对深井潜水泵进行保养,可以有效保证应急水源地处于常备用状态。所总结提炼的相关经验可供相似城市地下水应急水源地建设参考借鉴。     

坏消息

多数城市单水源供水致应对污染办法缺乏近日,《经济参考报》记者在多地采访时发现,当前我国绝大多数城市都是单一水源的供给形式,特别是以地表水源为主的南方地区,一旦发生水污染事件,当地尽管都会启动突发事件应急预案,但却普遍缺少规避风险的有效举措及应对     

饮用水净化与给水工程

城市供水自动化两级调度系统 1.成果简介 　　“城市供水自动化两级调度系统”现已在大同市自来水公司安装试运行。本系统由测量点和调度点通过无线 /有线通信方式,构成测控网络。测量点包括水源井、测压点、用户和加压站,加压站内又分为泵房加压泵和清水池两测量点,调度点包括公司与水厂,自来水公司为第一级调度,水厂为第二级调度。自来水公司可以调度水厂和所有测量点,水厂只调度其所辖的测量点。 　　自来水公司和水厂安装有微机有 /无线数传机设备及天线系统。微机设备包括前台微机和后台微机及打印机。数台机为针对供水系统点研…     

基于因子与聚类分析的公益林水源涵养效益研究

为了对我国公益林涵养水源的价值进行研究与管理,为森林生态补偿提供依据,运用成本替代法对各省市公益林水源涵养效益进行了核算,收集全国各省市的公益林面积、降雨量、蒸散量和地表径流量等数据,建立了各省市公益林水源涵养价值核算模型.结果表明,依据不同因子将各省市划分为4类,所建立的核算模型具有统计学和经济学意义.该研究为我国公益林生态效益补偿标准的制定提供了依据与借鉴.     

划定饮用水源泉保护区值得注意的问题

对划定饮用水源保护区的法律责任和执行标准的问题,各地区有着不同的做法。本文拟从环境保护法规要求的角度,谈一点看法。一、所有集中式供水单位都应当申请划定饮用水源保护区究竟哪一些供水单位可以申请划定饮用水源保护区?有人认为划定饮用水源保护区只适用于市政水厂;也有人认为,划定饮用水源保护区只适宜于某些大型水厂。     

关于水厂规划设计与节能问题的探讨

选择合理的供水系统对供水节能可产生十分重要的作用，而水厂规划设计生产中注意提高泵房的综合效率，减少水厂中的能量消耗，关注输水管路设计的技术经济比较问题是供水节能的关键所在。     

ECONOMIC DESIGN OF CENTRAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS FOR MEDIUM SIZED TOWNS1

ABSTRACT. Adequate and good-quality water supply for medium sized towns is costly when there are insufficient quantity and low quality of groundwater or surface water. In a central water supply system serving a number of towns, the economies of scale may permit a sufficient and good-quality supply at lesser rates. Such a system has the flexibility of supplying rural population through small service lines. The system may be an interbasin or intrabasin conveyance depending on the location of a suitable water source and the economics of the supply network. Seven cost elements are pertinent to the optimum or least-cost design of network consisting of pipelines and pumping stations. The relevant cost functions are based on the available data gathered from various sources. Water conveyance costs are calculated for various flow rates, pipeline diameters, flow variabilities, static heads, and interest rates, thus providing a measure of sensitivity of the conveyance cost to such variations. The economies of scale, the sensitivity of optimum unit conveyance costs, and variations in unit costs with change in cost functions are useful in making a feasibility study for a proposed conveyance system.     

USING CONTINGENT VALUATION AND BENEFIT TRANSFER TO EVALUATE WATER SUPPLY IMPROVEMENT BENEFITS1

ABSTRACT: Many water systems in small cities and rural areas throughout the United States are facing water quality and supply problems. These problems are typically not the result of an unexpected event, but are the result of growth trends or decreasing water quality experienced over several years. This analysis uses the contingent valuation and benefit transfer methods to evaluate the willingness to pay for a rural water system in northcentral Montana. Both of the procedures resulted in similar values, ranging from about $4.05 to $7.50 per household per month for urban residents and $5.40 to $11.50 per household per month for rural residents, which is equal to 11 percent to 23 percent of current average water costs. The willingness to pay estimates do not include non-household water users. This analysis shows that useful planning information can be obtained from relatively inexpensive contingent valuation mail survey data and the benefit transfer method as long as the limitations of the data are understood. The willingness to pay for ensuring good quality rural water supplies in the future is likely to be low compared to the costs of extensive diversion and treatment systems. Willingness to pay estimates provide decision makers with information that can be used to avoid building a large water supply system that water users do not want to connect to because of high costs.     

REASSEMBLING HETCH HETCHY: WATER SUPPLY WITHOUT O'SHAUGHNESSY DAM1

The Hetch Hetchy System provides San Francisco with most of its water supply. O'Shaughnessy Dam is one component of this system, providing approximately 25 percent of water storage for the Hetch Hetchy System and none of its conveyance. Removing O'Shaughnessy Dam has gained interest for restoring Hetch Hetchy Valley. The water supply feasibility of removing O'Shaughnessy Dam is analyzed by examining alternative water storage and delivery operations for San Francisco using an economic engineering optimization model. This model ignores institutional and political constraints and has perfect hydrologic foresight to explore water supply possibilities through reoperation of other existing reservoirs. The economic benefits of O'Shaughnessy Dam and its alternatives are measured in terms of the quantity of water supplied to San Francisco and agricultural water users, water treatment costs, and hydropower generation. Results suggest there could be little water scarcity if O'Shaughnessy Dam were to be removed, although removal would be costly due to additional water treatment costs and lost hydropower generation.     

CAPITAL COST OF RURAL WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: The cost of water service to rural residents is very high compared to urban areas. This is true even after subsidization by Farmers Home Administration (FmHA) loans and grants. Capital cost data on 44 projects financed by the Ohio office of the FmHA during the period August 1968 to January 1977 are used to derive cost equations for 26 components of rural water distribution systems. These components represent 92 percent of the capital cost of the pipeline distribution systems studied. The data can be used to economically design rural water supply systems from a capital cost viewpoint. More data are needed on operation and maintenance costs as well as central and cluster well costs before totally economic system designs can be undertaken.     

IMPLEMENTATION OF AN OPTIMIZATION MODEL FOR OPERATION OF A METROPOLITAN RESERVOIR SYSTEM1

ABSTRACT: A deterministic dynamic programming optimization model with a refining sectioning search procedure is developed and implemented to find least cost withdrawal and release patterns for water supple from a multiple reservoir system serving a metropolitan area. Applications are made to teh four reservoir system operated by the city of Dallas, Texas. A realistic cost structure, including nonlinear power consumption, block rate unit power costs, and flow dependent power consumption for intracity water distribution, is utilized. Applications are made to find least cost operating patterns and, as well, by inclusion of a water loss penalty function, supply patterns which will reduce evaporation water losses for the Dallas system.     

ASSESSMENT ANALYSIS FOR WATER SUPPLY ALTERNATIVES1

ABSTRACT Providing adequate water supplies of good quality is becoming a serious problem in many areas of the United States. Some of the alternatives proposed for meeting the growing shortage of clean-water or cheap-water are reallocation, reuse, and importation. This paper outlines a methodology to assess all of these water supply alternatives by examining the amount and time-staging for development of water sources. In conceptualizing the problem, sources of supply are classified in three categories: primary or base supplies, secondary or effluent supplies, and supplementary or imported supplies. A model of the water system is formulated as a “transportation problem” in linear programming depicting the possible sources of supply which can be used to satisfy the requirements of various water users. The optimizing objective in the model is to minimize the cost of water under various assumptions for operating the system. A case study of the Salt Lake Qty, Utah, area is used to illustrate the application of the model in obtaining optimal water supply allocations for projected future demands. Assessment of alternatives in the study include redistribution of supplies, time-staging of supplies and related treatment facilities, and sensitivity of allocations to changes in costs.     

A LINEAR ANALYSIS OF AN URBAN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM1

The use of linear programming as a planning tool for determining the optimal long-range development of an urban water supply system was explored. A stochastic trace of water demand was synthesized and used as an input to the model. This permitted evaluating the feasibility of imposing demand restrictions as an effective cost reduction mechanism. The City of Lincoln, Nebraska, was used as the urban model. The fundamental problem was to allocate limited water supplies from several sources to an urban load center to minimize costs and comply with system constraints. The study period covered twenty years, and findings indicate the planning direction for stage development during this period. Sensitivity analyses were performed on cost coefficients and demands. Thirteen sources were included in the initial computations. Conclusions were that linear programming and generated demand traces are useful tools for both short- and long-term urban water supply planning. Lowering peak demands results in long-range development of fewer sources of supply and more economic and efficient use of the supplies developed.     

天然气供气业务风险分析与应急预案设计

天然气市场需求量的大幅度增加与国内天然气供给不足造成的供需不平衡,给天然气供气业务带来了极大的挑战。根据近两年来天然气供应面临的危机,分别对天然气供气产业链的上、中、下游的突发事件风险进行分析;并针对供气业务中断带来的风险,从突发事件分级、应急处置流程等两个关键要素着手对应急预案进行优化。该研究对完善天然气供气突发事件应急预案、有效快速应对突发事件提供了参考和指导。     

A SYSTEMS STUDY OF FUTURE GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT COSTS IN THE CHICAGO REGION1

The cost of developing groundwater resources in northeastern Illinois from 198cL2020 is estimated for the purpose of providing a basis for comparing alternative sources. Demands for each township in the study area are estimated at 10-year increments and are satisfied, where the supply is sufficient, in such a way as to minimize the cost subject to constraints on supply. Sources of water are two shallow aquifers with known potential yields and a series of deep aquifers treated as a single unit and modeled on a digital computer. For each township the costs of wells, pumps, power and rehabilitation is estimated for each aquifer on a per million gallons of water per day basis. In addition the cost of groundwater treatment necessary to raise the quality to that of treated Lake Michigan water is considered. Raw water costs are found to vary from 2 to 14 cents per 1000 gallons depending upon the depth to the deep aquifer water. Treated water costs vary from 22 to 53 cents per 1000 gallons, the lower costs applying to the largest users because of the economy of scale. It is found that with proper distribution of pumpage there is sufficient water in storage in the deep aquifers to meet groundwater demands through 2020.     

SURFACE WATER-ESKER RECHARGE STUDY EAST LANSING-MERIDIAN TOWNSHIP,MICHIGAN1

ABSTRACT: The East Lansing-Meridian Water and Sewer Authority studied a sand-gravel esker near the existing water treatment plant to determine its potential as an independent surface water supply. The nearby Red Cedar River was also investigated as a possible source of water for immediate treatment or for recharge of the esker. Although the bedrock aquifer (Grand River and Saginaw Formations) yields water adequate for the next 20 years, potential savings in treatment (hardness, iron) and pumping costs, estimated at $30,000 per year for present demand of 5 MGD, are attractive incentives for a surface water-esker recharge program. Operation savings would also be realized by constructing additional bedrock wells in new areas. The river-esker-recharge and new wellfield alternatives are compared for cost-effectiveness. Land costs make the recharge alternative more expensive. The land is undeveloped suburban property with potential for recreational use in conjunction with water supply. More places of outdoor retreat and aesthetics are needed in the Lansig Metropolitan area. A portion of the land costs would have to be borne by these or other interests for the river recharge scheme to be economically feasible.