应急供水规划调控方案优化模型的研究

目前应急供水方案通常是根据经验进行确定,缺乏对于各种方案及其成本的比较。本文以水源突发性事件造成的供水短缺为前提,将应急供水系统的方案分成备用水源供水、污染水的应急处理、水量的压缩3个方面,建立了符合实际的应急供水系统方案优化模型。运用遗传算法,得到新建应急供水系统的成本并求得其最优值。将该模型用于东莞市应急供水规划调控方案,可以为实际应急供水方案提供依据和指导。     

我国城市供水发展特征分析

利用1993—2008年的统计数据,分析了我国城市供水的总体发展状况,并从水源、净水工艺、输配水管网、二次供水等方面考察了我国城市供水系统的特征,认为我国城市供水能力显著提高,供水和用水总量趋向稳定,人均综合用水量下降,城市生活用水成为城市供水的主要对象。但是城市依然面临着水资源短缺和水源污染的严峻形势,迫切需要在水源保护、净水工艺、管网改造、二次供水管理等方面有所作为,总结并提出我国城市供水系统进一步发展的政策建议。     

招标信息

正一、给水管网工程项目性质:新建项目进展阶段:施工图审查总投资额:约7000万元(工程投资6000万元)资金来源:申请省循环经济专项资金及地方自筹相关工程:管网工程、土建工程。相关设备:格栅、工艺设备、泵类设备、仪器仪表、球墨铸铁管、格栅。工程概况:该项目为给水管网工程,主要用于工业厂区供水,建设地点位于青海省,新建供水管网77.15公里及配套附属设施,敷设方式为地下深埋,2米深,1~3米宽(根据挖方确定),每根管长为6米,管的直径为     

突发事故下应急供水分析

水是维持人类生存的必需品，它没有可供选择的替代品。因此在突发事故下应急供水是非常重要的。通过对供水受突发事故的影响分析，从应急水源、供水企业应急技术储备、区域供水应急响应系统方面说明了突发事故下需要采取的供水技术措施，给出了水源、水质、水厂和管网方面供水应急预案示意图。最后指出，在日常供水管理中需要重视供水风险的理论研究和技术应用，以提升供水系统的抗灾能力，减少损失。     

城市用水量需求调查、预测及节水对策

目前在各地供水规划工作中，首先需要预测确定供水总量，并且根据供水规划中确定的供水总量决定供水设施规模和建设投资总额，合理地安排供水系统设计工作，同时规划节水的对策与措施。本文针对我国现行的城市供水规划工程规范的使用情况，进行国内外城市供水量现状比较，并结合秦皇岛市的城市供水及城市节水各项措施运用的实际情况，对预测确定供水总量及节水问题，提出讨论和商榷。     

供水管网二次污染的原因及应对措施

本文在充分分析造成供水管网二次污染各种原因的基础上,参考国内管网清洗技术,结合秦皇岛市供水管网现状,提出了减少供水管网污染的措施。     

城市供水管网地理信息系统的建立与应用

本文根据供水管网日常管理的实际需求，建立了供水管网地理信息系统，并详细介绍了系统建立的进程、技术解决方案、主要功能设计及其系统完善。该系统于2002年投入使用，并在使用过程中始终保持良好的现势性。     

关于水厂规划设计与节能问题的探讨

选择合理的供水系统对供水节能可产生十分重要的作用，而水厂规划设计生产中注意提高泵房的综合效率，减少水厂中的能量消耗，关注输水管路设计的技术经济比较问题是供水节能的关键所在。     

基于Model Online给水管网水力模型的分析与应用

为了更好地模拟和优化西南H镇城乡供水管网的设计,应用Model Online给水管网平差软件,综合考虑供水安全性与经济性对管网进行优化和模拟,得出最佳供水效果,以指导设计施工,为供水技术进入互联网时代探寻新的道路.     

水工保护在管道建设中的实践

在管道工程建设中,管道通常在河、沟道地段,田坎、地坎穿越地段,顺坡、横坡敷设地段,山地、冲积平原以及水网地区等地段频繁遭受危害。山东天然气管网的水工保护设计遵循"预防为主、防治结合"的原则,采取合理的综合整治方案和有效的工程措施,结合管道的敷设方式,对沿线地形、地质、地貌、水文、水利、气象等条件进行综合考虑,并符合相关河道、航道管理条例及相关防洪标准。     

COST EFFECTIVE OPERATION OF URBAN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM USING DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING1

ABSTRACT: Efficient operation of a city water supply system is an important goal of all municipalities. Efficient operation should result in minimum operation cost through reduction in total energy use and/ or reduction in on-peak energy consumption. An optimization model was designed for operating the water supply systems of cities using groundwater. The Newton-Raphson pipe network was used for network analysis and a dynamic programming optimization algorithm was used for determining a schedule for pump operation in the pipe network system. The model is most suitable for use in small cities with up to 45,000 in population, but with large-scale disintegration techniques may also be used for larger cities. The savings in operation costs are a function of energy cost and energy use pattern and water use pattern in the area.     

湖南城乡居民虚拟水消费结构及其用水效率评价

运用水足迹方法,根据2000—2008年的统计资料,对湖南省城乡居民虚拟水消费结构和城乡居民用水效率进行综合评价。结果表明,近年来湖南省总水足迹和人均水足迹均呈下降趋势;城镇居民虚拟水消费结构多样性指数值高于农村,城镇居民消费观念和消费模式更为合理;虚拟水消费结构多样性指数整体呈上升趋势,居民消费结构逐渐转向多元化;社会水资源稀缺指数不高,水资源利用还有较大空间,利用效率有了明显提高。     

基于因子分析的BP神经网络对成都市需水量的预测

在对四川省成都市的水资源进行综合规划与评价的过程中,通过主成分因子分析可知人口、GDP、给排水管道长度等因素对需水量预测有较大影响,如何建立这些因素与需水量之间的数学关系是预测工作的重点。本文将介绍通过MATLAB数学分析软件建立BP神经网络预测模型,并对模型的预测结果进行评价。     

Computer software tool REALM for sustainable water allocation and management

REALM (REsource ALlocation Model) is a generalised computer simulation package that models harvesting and bulk distribution of water resources within a water supply system. It is a modeling tool, which can be applied to develop specific water allocation models. Like other water resource simulation software tools, REALM uses mass-balance accounting at nodes, while the movement of water within carriers is subject to capacity constraints. It uses a fast network linear programming algorithm to optimise the water allocation within the network during each simulation time step, in accordance with user-defined operating rules. This paper describes the main features of REALM and provides potential users with an appreciation of its capabilities. In particular, it describes two case studies covering major urban and rural water supply systems. These case studies illustrate REALM's capabilities in the use of stochastically generated data in water supply planning and management, modelling of environmental flows, and assessing security of supply issues.     

RURAL RESIDENTIAL WATER DEMAND: AN ECONOMETRIC AND SIMULATION ANALYSIS1

ABSTRACT: This study proposes that demand management through pricing policies can be used in conjunction with supply management to solve water supply problems. Economic principles are shown to apply to rural residential water use. A demand function for water was developed based on cross-sectional water use data collected in Kentucky. Price was found to be a significant determinant of the quantity of water demanded. A constant price elasticity of -0.92 was found. The demand function was used in a simulation analysis to determine reservoir capacity needed to supply water needs of a rural community. The simulation revealed that price can significantly affect required reservoir storage.     

HYDRAULIC FRICTION LOSS IN SMALL DIAMETER PLASTIC PIPELINES1

ABSTRACT: Although estimation of hydraulic friction loss in pipelines is one of the most frequent routine computations made by water supply engineers, almost no post-construction analysis of the accuracy of these calculations exists in the literature. This paper reports the field measured friction losses in three one-mile sections of small diameter pvc pipe which had been in service for 10 years. Hazen-Williams and Darcy-Weisbach equations are examined to provide a framework for comparing Hazen-Williams coefficients recommended by pipe manufacturers to those obtained by the field measurements. The conclusion is that the C_HW factor of 150 recommended by most pvc pipe manufacturers is too high for the diameter-velocity combinations encountered in rural dead-end small diameter lines. The measured coefficients averaged 133 which is close to that predicted by superimposing Hazen Williams coefficients on the Moody diagram from which the friction factor for the Darcy-Weisbach equation is obtained.     

农村居民点土地整理研究--以芜湖市为例

农村居民点土地整理是近几年来产生的一种新型的农村土地整理形式，其研究尚处于不成熟阶段。运用定性与定量相结合的方法对农村居民点土地整理工作前期的几个理论要点，即土地整理的必要性、可行性以及效益等，并结合芜湖市农村居民点的具体情况进行了详细的分析论述。其研究成果不但有助于我国土地整理事业的发展，而且可为其它地区的农村居民点土地整理工作提供一定的理论基础。     

中国城市污水集中处理的现状与对策研究

随着我国城市的迅速发展，城市普遍面临着水资源缺乏和水环境恶化的问题，已影响到城市的可持续发展。城市污水集中处理是解决城市水危机的有效方法，也是保护城市水环境的重要防线。分析了当前我国城市污水处理业的现状以及存在的问题，提出了加快污水处理厂技术革新，建设城市污水管网，加快城市污水回用产业化和完善污水处理厂的运营模式等解决办法，以保证我国城市实现可持续发展。     

Analysis of a rural water supply project in three communities in Mali: Participation and sustainability

This paper presents a qualitative assessment of the participatory water management strategies implemented at the community level in rural Mali through a water supply project — The West Africa Water Initiative (WAWI) — coordinated by World Vision International, a non‐governmental and humanitarian organization. Data for the study were generated through a combination of primary and secondary sources in three villages. Results of the study indicate that while community‐based rural water supply is a positive step in responding to the needs of rural Malians, the installation of boreholes with hand pumps informed merely by consultative participatory approaches and limited extension involvement will not necessarily proffer sustainable rural water supply in the region. A “platform” approach to rural water supply management that can mobilize the assets and insights of different social actors to influence decision making at all stages, including the design and choice‐of‐technology stages, in water supply interventions is instead advocated.     

ECONOMIC DESIGN OF CENTRAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS FOR MEDIUM SIZED TOWNS1

ABSTRACT. Adequate and good-quality water supply for medium sized towns is costly when there are insufficient quantity and low quality of groundwater or surface water. In a central water supply system serving a number of towns, the economies of scale may permit a sufficient and good-quality supply at lesser rates. Such a system has the flexibility of supplying rural population through small service lines. The system may be an interbasin or intrabasin conveyance depending on the location of a suitable water source and the economics of the supply network. Seven cost elements are pertinent to the optimum or least-cost design of network consisting of pipelines and pumping stations. The relevant cost functions are based on the available data gathered from various sources. Water conveyance costs are calculated for various flow rates, pipeline diameters, flow variabilities, static heads, and interest rates, thus providing a measure of sensitivity of the conveyance cost to such variations. The economies of scale, the sensitivity of optimum unit conveyance costs, and variations in unit costs with change in cost functions are useful in making a feasibility study for a proposed conveyance system.