致歉声明

<正>由本人在《环境技术》2014年第4期发表的文章《ISO 26262对电动汽车电磁兼容性的影响》中大量引用了"Impact on EMC for Electrical Powertrains with Respect to Functional Safety:ISO 26262"英文版中的数据与表述而未列为参考文献,在此作者本人向该文章相关作者及读者表示诚挚歉意。     

标准动态

正市场监管总局(标准委)发布电动汽车安全系列强制性国家标准近日,市场监管总局(标准委)批准发布《电动汽车安全要求》《电动客车安全要求》《电动汽车用动力蓄电池安全要求》等三项强制性国家标准。这是工业和信息化部根据国务院《节能与新能源汽车产业发展规划(2012-2020年)》《汽车产业中长期发展规划》要求组织起草、我国电动汽车领域的首批强制性标准。这三项电动汽车安全标准,覆盖了电动汽车和电动客车的部件、系统以及整车多层次安全要求,主要内容与联合国电动汽车安全全球技术法规(UN GTR No.20)     

标准动态

正电动汽车强制安全标准征求意见稿发布1月24日,工信部网站发布了关于征求《电动汽车安全要求》等3项强制性国家标准(征求意见稿)意见的通知,针对新能源汽车的安全标准,工信部编制了《电动汽车安全要求(征求意见稿)》、《电动汽车用锂离子动力蓄电池安全要求(征求意见稿)》、《电动客车     

日本电安法和电波法相应标准对电磁炉EMC测试要求

概述S-mark认证中的EMC要求及相关标准。以电磁炉为例,对日本电安法和电波法对EMC测试要求重新梳理了章节的测试条款,对标准规定不够详细的地方提出了解读意见,以供实验室检测和厂家认证参考。     

ISO14000系列标准及其实施

本文从ISO14000系列标准的起源、标准的制定、标准的构成、标准的特点对ISO14000系列标准进行了全面介绍,阐述了我国实施ISO14000系列标准的必要性和组织如何实施环境管理体系,介绍了环境管理体系的认证和EMS审核员的要求,供读者对ISO14000系列标准有一全面的了解。     

道路车辆-电气和电子装备的环境条件和试验第5部分:化学环境(ISO16750.5)

1 范围 ISO 16750的本部分规定了可以影响直接安装在车辆上或车辆里的电气和电子系统和组件化学环境,以及相应的试验和要求.不包括电磁兼容性(EMC).     

考虑安全规范的电动汽车安全问题综述

电动汽车安全问题作为现代汽车技术的重点研究方向之一,在全世界范围内受到广泛关注。针对电动汽车安全问题,首先总结并分析了电动汽车驱动系统的典型部件,指明由于这些器件通常工作于高压、大功率状态下,且部分器件具有能量存储能力,成为电气安全问题的主要来源;其次,通过对联合国电动汽车安全规范(United Nations Regulations)的解读,从专业角度分析了电动汽车所存在的潜在的关键电气安全问题,主要包括在正常使用情况下的触电保护,电池安全,功能安全和故障保护以及碰撞工况下的安全问题。该文不但有助于增强电动汽车用户对汽车安全问题的认识,同时能为科研工作者提供研究电动汽车安全技术的方向。     

基于DSP的低压电器EMC综合测试控制仪研制

本文根据低压电器产品电磁兼容试验的要求,针对目前业界使用的测量设备功能单一、适用性差等特点,研发了一套能适用多个标准试验的低压电器EMC综合测试仪.文中主要介绍了测试仪的功能特性、技术研发的难点,并提出了完整的硬件和软件设计的实现方案,最后通过实际案例进行测试验证.     

新旧版电动汽车用动力蓄电池安全要求标准剖析

新能源汽车快速取代传统燃油汽车的趋势日益明显。动力电池是新能源汽车中关键的其中一部分，其续航能力、容量、安全性能等受到整车厂、消费者乃至政府相关部门的高度关注。本文就目前最新的标准GB38031-2020《电动汽车用动力蓄电池安全要求》[1]与被取代的国标GB/T31467.3-2015《电动汽车用锂离子动力蓄电池包和系统第3部分：安全性要求与测试方法》[2]、GB/T 31485-2015《电动汽车用动力蓄电池安全要求及试验方法》[3]进行详细剖析，旨在为试验人员能够更清晰地理解新旧版本之间对试验要求的差异，以便更快速准确地掌握试验的关键要素。     

ISO 10605:2008+A1:2014与IEC 61000-4-2:2008标准差异研究及应用

本文对ISO10605:2008+A1:2014《道路车辆-静电放电产生的电干扰的试验方法》与IEC61000-4-2:2008 《电磁兼容性(EMC)-第4-2部分:试验和测量技术静电放电抗扰度试验》的差异内容进行了详细解读与比较分析,提炼总结出了两个标准在仪器要求、测试环境条件、测试场地、测试布置等方面的差异,并在此基础上结合实际经验提出一种可以兼容两种测试标准的实验场地解决方案,对于实验人员执行测试以及建设同时满足两个标准测试能力的第三方试验室或研发实验室提供有益借鉴。     

Cars and fuels for tomorrow: a comparative assessment

Light duty vehicles, i.e. passenger cars and light trucks, account for approximately half of global transportation energy demand and, thus, a major share of carbon dioxide and other emissions from the transport sector. Energy consumption in the transport sector is expected to grow in the future, especially in developing countries. Cars with alternative powertrains to internal combustion engines (notably battery, hybrid and fuel-cell powertrains), in combination with potentially low carbon electricity or alternative fuels (notably hydrogen and methanol), can reduce energy demand by at least 50%, and carbon dioxide and regulated emissions much further. This article presents a comparative technical and economic assessment of promising future fuel/vehicle combinations. There are several promising technologies but no obvious winners. However, the electric drivetrain is a common denominator in the alternative powertrains and continued cost reductions are important for widespread deployment in future vehicles. Development paths from current fossil fuel based systems to future carbon-neutral supply systems appear to be flexible and a gradual phasing-in of new powertrains and carbon-neutral fluid fuels or electricity is technically possible. Technology development drivers and vehicle manufacturers are found mainly in industrialised countries, but developing countries represent a growing market and may have an increasingly important role in shaping the future.     

The role of electricity in sustainable development

Current projections estimating world population growth read in conjunction with corresponding projections of increased world energy consumption, point to electricity as the cleaner fuel of the future, especially because of its high efficiency and low levels of pollution. Due mostly to the fact that the electrical end-use devices are considerably more efficient than those using other forms of energy, most developed countries show decreasing curves of energy intensity as technologies become more sophisticated and shift over to increased reliance on electricity. It is therefore argued in this article that a gradual shift away from fossil fuels to electricity is a promising possibility to bring down global air pollution and emissions of greenhouse gases to acceptable levels. Examples are given of greater efficiency achieved by electrification. Overall gains in energy efficiency from the change over from fossil fuels to electricity, are possible even in situations where the electricity is generated by fossil fuel combustion, despite the loss of primary energy in the conversion process. The article also presents electricity generating projects designed for developing countries and countries with economies in transition. The generation of electricity from the combustion of renewable sources (biomass waste), fossil fuels, and other innovative methods are outlined.     

Green energy for the battlefield

Population of the world is growing with increasing rate and it seems that existing fossil fuel energy sources will not be able to meet energy demand in the near future. Energy is not only crucial for civil sector but also it is one of the most important assets in defense sector. Energy for military operations is mostly provided from fossil fuel as it is the case in other sectors; however, fossil fuels have hazardous effects to the environment and cause global environment concerns. These drawbacks of fossil fuels are also valid for battlefield. Furthermore, transportation of fossil fuels causes extra safety and logistics problems in military case. In this study, we developed a hybrid green energy solution with wind, solar, and batteries together to minimize or eliminate the fossil fuel demand for the battlefield. Results of our algorithm are superior to the already used diesel generator solution from the point of view of cost and various other aspects. The novelty of our study stems from applying optimization of hybrid green energy solution to military case with battlefield constraints.     

The role of environmental impact assessment in coal production and utilization

Large-scale exploitation of fossil fuels and nuclear power can have an adverse effect on the human and natural environment. That need not be the case, if the effect on the environment is carefully assessed to ensure the development of a sustainable approach. This paper examines the process of environmental impact assessment (EIA) for coal from an international perspective. The concept of EIA is not new. A formalized process of EIA was introduced in the USA in 1970, and more recently similar legislation has been implemented in other countries. The member states of the European Community are required to adopt EIA regulations, as set out in Directive 85/337/EEC. Elsewhere, in Japan and Australia, there are requirements for EIA and a growing need for the process can be seen in developing countries. A comparison is made of the EIA process for coal in the international arena, and exemplary procedures are highlighted. Potential problems such as delays, modifications and additional costs are analysed, and the benefits of EIA, both to industry and environment, are discussed. A database of coal-related EIA would facilitate an exchange of information on the subject.     

Health and safety implications of alternative energy technologies. III. Fossil energy

This paper reviews both innovative fossil energy sources (tar sands, oil shale, and unconventional natural gas), and more established technologies that are being considered as suppliers of gaseous and liquid fuels (that is, coal gasification and liquefaction). Potential health and safety issues related to the technologies are discussed, although the absence of commercial-scale facilities in the United States restricts the discussion to health effects information derived from related processes. The available epidemiological and carcinogenic studies give cause for concern. The study of the health and environmental impacts of the emerging fossil fuel technologies will be important for quantification of adverse effects and rectification of problems before commitment to large-scale commercialization occurs.Operated by Union Carbide Corporation under contract W-7405-eng-26 with the U.S. Department of Energy.     

中国三大城市群经济能源交通结构对比及其对大气污染的影响分析

本文从经济、能源、交通结构三大领域分析了京津冀、长三角和珠三角三大城市群的异同点,探究了结构性特征对大气污染的影响。结果表明:我国东部三大城市群中,珠三角的空气质量最优,长三角次之,京津冀最差,空气污染程度自南向北呈现阶梯状上升态势;能源规模和结构、工业规模和结构、交通规模和结构同步呈现自南向北逐步偏化石燃料、偏重工业、偏公路运输的结构性特征,与空气污染的阶梯分布在一定程度上相吻合。从时间来看,空气污染呈现历史性发展和累积特征;从空间来看,重工业规模大、比重高,化石燃料在能源消费结构中占比高,汽车保有量和船舶货物吞吐量快速增高是京津冀和长三角大气污染重于珠三角的内在结构性主因。在数据分析的基础上,本文从分区施策和结构调整两方面提出了大气污染防控对策建议。     

电动工具EMC问题分析及解决

本文详细分析了电动工具电磁骚扰的来源，介绍了常见的解决电动工具EMC的方法，有利于针对不同产品、不同项目进行产品电磁兼容设计．可供EMC检测技术人员和产品设计者参考。     

Carbon management and biodiversity

International efforts to mitigate human-caused changes in the Earth's climate are considering a system of incentives (debits and credits) that would encourage specific changes in land use that can help to reduce the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide. The two primary land-based activities that would help to minimize atmospheric carbon dioxide are carbon storage in the terrestrial biosphere and the efficient substitution of biomass fuels and bio-based products for fossil fuels and energy-intensive products. These two activities have very different land requirements and different implications for the preservation of biodiversity and the maintenance of other ecosystem services. Carbon sequestration in living forests can be pursued on lands with low productivity, i.e. on lands that are least suitable for agriculture or intensive forestry, and are compatible with the preservation of biodiversity over large areas. In contrast, intensive harvest-and-use systems for biomass fuels and products generally need more productive land to be economically viable. Intensive harvest-and-use systems may compete with agriculture or they may shift intensive land uses onto the less productive lands that currently harbor most of the Earth's biodiversity. Win-win solutions for carbon dioxide control and biodiversity are possible, but careful evaluation and planning are needed to avoid practices that reduce biodiversity with little net decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Planning is more complex on a politically subdivided Earth where issues of local interest, national sovereignty, and equity come into play.     

控制温室效应的战略选择

尽管人类对温室效应和全球变化的认识还是很不充分的，但是继续拖延不采取措施是危险的，采取对抗温室效应和全球变化的措施是行不通的。只有在继续进行全球性科学研究的同时，积极寻求适应一定程度全球变化的措施，并立即着手减少温室气体的排放才是唯一明智的态度。化石能源是人类社会生存和发展的基础，既使用化石能源，又不排放二氧化碳是不可能是。首要的任务是减少化石能源的使用。     

A study of compliance with environmental regulations of ISO 14001 certified companies in Korea

This article investigates the impact of ISO 14001 certification on the compliance with environmental regulations by Korean companies. The impact of ISO 14001 certification on the industry was studied through a questionnaire survey and the compliance of environmental regulations were investigated using government-released data. The motivation for an environment management system was a result of the current international situation and the need to maintain fair competition. ISO 14001 certification has been recognized as an essential strategy for industrial competition and to improve company/product recognition. The certified and non-certified companies' environmental regulation violation (ERV) rates were 3.5% and 11.6%, respectively, in 1997. In 1998, the ERV rate had an eight-time difference with 1.0% and 8.5% for certified and non-certified companies, respectively. Annual regulation violation rates were reduced from 3.5% in 1997 to 1.0% in 1998 with certified companies and from 11.6% in 1997 to 8.5% in 1998 with their non-certified counterparts, respectively. ISO 14001 certified companies showed more improvement than non-certified companies in regards to environmental performance.